Flood Assessment through 1D/2D coupled

Hydrodynamic modeling and Google Earth Image

Dr Dhruvesh Patel
Date: 08/05/2018
Asst. Prof., PDPU

“Satellite based Hydrology and Modeling, Sac Bopal Campus, 2-11 May 2018”
 Contents
• Introduction
• Flood Assessment Models
• HEC-RAS Hydrodynamic model
• Case Study: Surat City
• Modeling outcomes and discussion
• Limitations
• Conclusion
• Opportunity
 Introduction
Background:
Catastrophic events ► on rise
(man-made & natural both)
No. of victims ► varying
(showed no definite trend)
Source: Swiss-Re 2017

Year 2017 reported; http://www.swissre.com/library/editors-pick/sigma_1_2018_en.html

- 301 Catastrophic events

- 183 Natural Disaster, 118 Man-Made Disaster
- 11,404 people killed
- 190 million people affected
- 337 billion US$ economic loss
Disaster types:
• Occurrence for
flood is
much higher

Source: http://nidm.gov.in/default.asp

Flood events increased 10-folds during 1980-2009

i.e. Total 395 events; 184 events (Floods)

Causing major damage to:

1. Property (human, housing, industrial)
2. Productivity (agriculture, industry)
3. Infrastructure (road, bridge)
Therefore, Flood Prevention, Mitigation, Management
measures are MUST! and MOST- URGENT!!
 Flood Events-2017 (India)
Date Country Event Number of victims and
amount of damage
2.7.‒30.7 Assam, Floods caused 156 dead
(July) Arunachal by heavy INR 23bn (USD 360m)
Pradesh, monsoon total damage
Nagaland, rains ‒
Manipu precipitation
driven floods
20.7.‒31.8 Gujarat Floods caused 224 dead
by heavy INR 20bn (USD 313m)
monsoon total damage
rains
 Flood Events-2017 (India)
Date Country Event Number of victims and
amount of damage
31.7.‒3.8 India Floods caused 58 dead
West by heavy 25,000 homeless
Bengal, monsoon rains INR 7.8bn (USD 122m)
Jharkhand ‒ 7868 houses total damage
destroyed, 44
361 houses
damaged, 1
059
000 ha of
cropland
flooded
 Flood Events-2017 (India)
Date Country Event Number of victims and
amount of damage
12.8.‒26.8. Araria, Floods 514 dead
Jogbani caused by INR 100bn (USD 1.567bn)
(Bihar) heavy total
monsoon damage
rains
in Bihar ‒
River
Gandak
burst its
banks in
8 points
 Flood Events-2017 (India)
Date Country Event Number of victims and
amount of damage
29.8. Mumbai, Flash flood 14 dead
Thane, INR 5bn (USD 78m)
Palghar insured loss
USD 300m (USD 300m)
total damage

Total : 5 Floods; 966 dead; USD 2662 million

[Loss of 1,77,34,24,40,000.00 INR]

http://www.swissre.com/library/editors-pick/sigma_1_2018_en.html
Types of Floods
 Flood Assessment Models
• MIKE 11, MIKE-SHE, MIKE-FLOOD
• LISFLOOD-FP
• HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS, RAS Mapper (Free)
• FLOW 2D
• FLOW 3D
• TUFLOW (Classic and GPU)
• InaSAFE (http://inasafe.org/)
• TELEMAC-2D
• FEMA Flood Maps
HEC-RAS Hydrodynamic Modeling
1D Modeling 2D Modeling
HEC-RAS Hydrodynamic Modeling
1D/2D Coupled Modeling
 1D Modeling

• Step-1: Geometry Preparation

 1D Modeling

• Step-1: Geometry Preparation

 1D Modeling

• Step-1: Geometry from (HEC-GeoRAS)

 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• SRTM DEM (30 X 30 m) (Free)
(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• AW3D
(http://www.aw3d.jp/en/products/)

(5 X 5 m) (1 X 1 m)
 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• UAV or Drone base Surveying (30 cm x 30 cm)
 1D Modeling

• Step-2: Boundary Condition

 1D Modeling

• Step-3 : Run the Model

 1D Modeling

• Step-4 Out put

 1D Modeling

• Step-4 Out put

1. Q total
2. W.S. Elev.
3. Crit W.S.
4. E.G. Elev.
5. E.G. Slope
6. Vel. Chnl
7. Flow Area
8. Top Width
9. Froude Chl.
 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 1 : Generation of 2D Geometry (DEM)

 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 1 : 2D Flow Area Computation Points

(DEM)
 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 2 : Boundary Condition

1D

2D
 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 3: Run the Model

 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 4: RAS Mapper (Out Put)

Case of Surat City
Study area : Lower Tapi Basin-Surat City
 Down stream of Ukai Dam
Tapi River Reach Ukai Dam Surat

North West India
Flood control
7th largest city in India

Ukai Dam to the
Year completion: 1972
Area: 326 km2
Arabian Sea
Max. Spill 46,270 m3/s
Population: 6.2

120 km
PMF: 59, 920 m3/s million

Surat City Ukai Dam

Tapi River
Sea

Source: Google.maps.co.in
 Upstream of Ukai Dam

Catchment area: 62,000 km2

90% of the annual rainfall is received during the monsoon
months (June to October)

Average annual rainfall: 830 mm
Lower Tapi Middle Tapi Upper Tapi
Basin Basin Basin
Surat Ukai
Arabian Sea

•5 major floods since the construction of the dam (1972)

 Ukai Dam:
M F L 106.98m ( 351ft)
F R L 105.15m (345ft)

Water spread Area = 600 Km2

Live Storage = 7369Mm3

Section

25768 m3/s P.M.F :59747.9 m3/s

Plan
 Final Jury

Ukai Dam
42,617
Constructed 63,87,000

Surat, 1984
25,768 Area 112 Sq.
Km

Average Flood 12,256 6,42,000

2,36,000

Ukai Dam Constructed in

1972
1968 1972 19 20 20
98 06 13
Peak Floods Each Year

Surat, 2013
Area 326 Sq. km

Source: Sumiran, 2018, CEPT

 Performance of Ukai Dam (1972-2017)

Surat city : Surat city affected by Catastrophic flood in year of

1959,1968, 1978, 1979, 1994, 1998, 2006, 2013
Population : 6.288 million people Rural area and Surat city
 Surat Flood 2006
Ukai Dam Release 2006 flood

Flood Warning level

- Intense Rainfall in the Tapi Catchment

- Reservoir Level Max. 105.32 m (345.5 ft.)
- Dam release near 25,768 m3/s (9.1 lakh Cusecs)
- Channel capacity near Surat city 11,326 m3/s (4.0 lakh Cusecs; Ref. SMC )
- Hope Bridge Gauge level 12.5 m
Hydrograph:2006

25768 m3/s (910000 ft3/s)

FRL:105.32 m (345.5 ft)
 Section at Hope Bridge
Water Spill Gauge Level 12.5m (25768 m3/s) Water Spill

Left Bank R.L. 8.34 m

Gauge Level 0.0m

Right Bank R.L. 7.5 m

Bed Level -3.10m

Nehru (Hope) Bridge of Surat City West Zone of Surat City

Swaminarayan Temple H.F.L Marking at West Zone

H.F.L.
 Levees after 2006 Flood
• Total 11,558 and 8,700 m bank protection work completed
• Approximate INR 125.60 Crores (~1250 Million)
• Total 3920 m flood retaining wall completed
• Approximate INR 37.15 Crores (~ 370 Million)
• 16.55 m to 21.21 m (Right RLs); 16.00 to 18.40 m (Left RLs)
• Gauge Level 12.5 m at Hope Bridge in 2006 Flood

Levees Structures
 Objectives
Strengthen the flood resilience at Surat City requires:
1. To develop 1D-2D coupled hydrodynamic model for urban
coastal flood inundation mapping.

2. To investigate the characteristic of 2D flow velocity in urban

floodplain.

3. To explore the significant of Tide cycle effect on urban coastal

flooding.

4. To develop Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

 Methodology
Use of HEC-RAS 5.0.3 1D/2D coupled flow model to Simulate flooding in Surat City

Stage 1: Model the flow of water (Ukai Dam to Sea) 1D Analysis

Stage 2: Model the flood inundation at Surat (With and Without levees) 1D/2D Couple

Stage 3: Model the influence of Tide

Surat City
Ukai
Dam

Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1

Arabian
Sea
 Methodology
HEC-RAS 5.0.3 Model

1. Open Source Model

2. Low Computation demand
3. Low data requirement
4. Water is routed over landscape in the X and Y direction (2D) from the raster cell to cell
using simplification of the shallow water equation
5. HEC-RAS is storage cell model, where a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) represents the
landscape and Water is stored at the raster cell locations.
 Stage 1: Modeling Ukai Dam to Surat
1D Modeling
1. 120 km river stretch from Ukai Dam to Arabian Sea
2. 299 cross-section after 2006 flood Upstream Boundary
3. 150 m apart
4. 5 m chainage
 Stage 2: Modeling Flooding in Surat
1D/2D Coupled Modeling

1. 30 m SRTM DEM for LTB

2. 0.5 m contour interval, 5m DEM of Surat city
3. 299 cross section, 5 m DEM for Lower Tapi River
4. Levees and Retaining wall

DEM of Tapi river 5*5, Surat 5*5, SRTM 30*30 0.5 m interval contours superimposed on SRTM
Flood Inundation
Gauge level +DEM= Inundation ( Risk assessment)

13/12/2007
Stage 3: Modeling Flooding in Surat
Tidal Input for D/S Boundary

Flood scenario with Levees

Downstream Boundary
Surat City Flooding- 1D
Velocity-Slope Curve
 Surat City Flooding: 1D/2D Coupled
Discharge : 9998 m3/s Discharge : 23038 m3/s Flood inundation map
Represent the
Maximum water depth
At each DEM location

Discharge : 23980 m3/s Discharge : 25770 m3/s

Animation (Flood Inundation)
 Flood Inundation Map Superimposed on
Google Earth Image

Maximum Water Depth map for Ukai Dam, Lower Tapi Basin
 WSE and Depth Map
• West zone is the low lying area
• 4-5 m inundation; release of 25768 m3/s
• North Zone is least

Maximum Water Surface Elevation map Maximum Water Depth map

 Velocity and Arrival Time Map
• Velocity of water marked 0.5 to 1 m/s
• 90-95 % of West zone under inundation in 30-33 hrs; Release
of 14429 m3/s from Ukai Dam.
• Rander road, Morarji roads and rail network during emergency
exit or Emergency Action

Maximum Velocity map Maximum Arrival Time map

Validation
Validation
 Limitation
• It is assumed that the hydrological processes like infiltration,
evaporation and precipitation directly on the river are small and are
assumed to be neglected. Although the dry soil and heavy precipitation
at LTB can affect the simulation results.
• The bank protection work located in HEC-RAS model is based on
Google earth image and expert advice. Although a GPS survey is
required to find the actual length and position of flood retaining
structures.
• LU/LC is produced by the help of IRS P6 LISS III data of 2005–2006
periods; it has significant chances to change the LU/LC in the last
decade which will affect the roughness coefficient (‘n’) of the
floodplain. In this condition, it will affect depth, duration, velocity,
recession and arrival time of the flood.
• Aggradational and degradational features and the related its time
series analysis for flood inundation mapping are not performed in this
research because none of the stations are available at D/S of Ukai dam
on
 Conclusions
• Ukai dam and its prepared EAP in preset study is an
important case study for developing of an EAP for any other
large dams in India under the DRIP project.

• The HEC-RAS version 5.0.3 is applicable tool to develop the

Water Surface Elevation (WSE), Depth, Velocity and Arrival
time map for similar case worldwide.

• Presently, at 14,429.68 m3/s, major zones of Surat city are safe

against flood inundation. If water rises and accelerates
gradually then the same inundation conditions will be followed
as in 2006. It shows that present levees are not enough to fully
protect the Surat city against 25,770 m3/s release from Ukai
Dam
 Conclusions
• The flood maps overlaid on Google Earth Image is
efficient techniques to prepare the escape routes thus
applicable to prepare the detail EAP
 References
1. Agnihotri P, Patel J (2008) Preparation of Flood Reduction Plan for Surat City and
Surrounding Region (India) International Journal on Transactions on Fluid
Mechanics:116-125
2. CWC 2016. Guidelines for Developing Emergency Action Plan for Dams,Government
of India, Central Water Commission, Central Dam Safety Organisation, New Delhi,
pp:1-76. (https://www.damsafety.in/ecm includes/PDFs/Guidelines_Developing_EAP_Dam.pdf)
3. Patel D, Patel I (2002) Flood control operation of Ukai multipurpose reservoir issues
and need Basin-storming session on application of system techniques for water
resources management in India–Current Trends & Future Directions:13-31
4. Patel DP, Srivastava PK (2013) Flood Hazards Mitigation Analysis Using Remote
Sensing and GIS: Correspondence with Town Planning Scheme Water Resources
Management:1-16
5. Patel, DP, Ramirez, JA, Srivastava, PK, Bray, M. And Han, D. (2017). Assessment of
flood inundation mapping of Surat city by coupled 1D/2D hydrodynamic modeling: a
case application of the new HEC-RAS 5. Natural Hazards, 1-38.
6. Timbadiya P, Patel P, Porey P (2014) One-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling of
flooding and stage hydrographs in the lower Tapi River in India CURRENT SCIENCE
106:708-716
7. www.google.com
8. www.google.earth.com
 Thank You

Dr Dhruvesh Patel
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU)
Gujarat, India
Email Id: dhruvesh.patel@pdpu.ac.in
Ph.D. Opportunity
 Opportunity
• Full time Ph.D. at PDPU
(http://www.pdpu.ac.in/admissions-doctoral.html)

• 25000/- per month (1st & 2nd Years)

• 30000/- per month (3rd Year)
 PDPU (Travel Support)
• Office of International Relation (OIR)
• (Visa Fees, Registration, Air Fare)
8-13 April, 2018

EGU-2018

Vienna

Austria
(Central Europe)
 International Connection
• University of Bristol, UK (Prof. Dawei Han)
• University of Cardiff, UK (Dr.Michaela Bray)
• IH Cantabria, Spain ( Dr. Cristina)
• University of Bern, Switzerland (Dr. Jorge)
 www.serbonline.in
SERB Overseas Visiting Doctoral Fellowship (SERB-OVDF)

• Monthly fellowship amount equivalent to US $

2000,
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allowances of Rs. 60,000/- to cover visa fee,
airport transfer charges, medical insurance
etc.
 www.ugc.ac.in/ugc_ic.aspx
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 www.pmrf.in
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 National Connection
• ISRO (Submitted Project on Flood Assessment;
Under review)
• GUJCOST (Submitted project on Water
Quality; Under review)
• SERB ( Project under preparation, Flood risk )
• Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat
Research & Project Opportunity
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 1D/2D Coupled Modeling

• Step 4: RAS Mapper (Out Put)