Lecture outcomes

Quiz
ECV 4414 SWME Student is able to

▪ Discuss the importance of quantifying solid waste production and

Solid Waste Characterisation and Quantities composition

▪ Define the parameters and methods for quantifying solid waste
production and composition

Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and 2 3

Technology Sandec Training Tool 2 Sandec Training Tool 3

Definitions & Objectives Definitions & Objectives Definitions & Objectives

Define municipal solid waste. Definition of municipal solid waste (MSW) What is integrated solid waste management?

▪ Waste:
“Unwanted product or material generated by households or industries that has
no value for the one who discards it”

▪ Municipal solid waste:

All refuse except industrial, construction and debris waste

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Indiscriminate dumping
 Definitions & Objectives Definitions & Objectives Definitions & Objectives

What is integrated solid waste management? What are the objectives of integrated solid waste What are the objectives of integrated solid waste
management? management?

▪ Protect environmental health ▪ Protect environmental health

▪ ..? ▪ Promote the quality of the

▪ ..? urban environment

▪ ..? ▪ Support the efficiency and

productivity of the economy

▪ Generate employment and

income

(Eawag/Sandec)

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Introduction Introduction Introduction

How much waste do we produce? How much waste do we produce? How is SWM generation related to urbanisation?

[kg/capita/yr]

Country Large cities Middle cities Small cities

Nepal 0.5 0.35 0.25

Egypt 1.0 – 1.3 0.5 – 0.8 0.25

Sri Lanka 0.65 – 0.85 0.45 – 0.65 0.2 – 0.45

Eawag/Sandec

The urbanisation level of a city indicated by its population size correlates to

waste generation rates. Rural villages and small towns have significantly
MSW generated worldwide (2006): MSW generated worldwide (2006): lower values of generated waste per capita.
Approx. 2.02 billion Sandec
tonsTraining Tool 10 Approx. 2.02 billion Sandec
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 Introduction Introduction Household hazardous Wastes

What is the present state of SW collection? What is the present state of SW treatment? What are household hazardous wastes?
▪ Households generate small quantities of hazardous wastes
such as oil-based paints, paint thinners, wood
preservatives, pesticides, household cleaners, used motor
oil, antifreeze, and batteries

▪ Household hazardous waste (HHW) in industrialized

countries such as the US accounts for a total of 0.5% of all
Only a tiny fraction of waste generated at home
the collected waste is ▪ In developing countries the percentage is even lower.
(Eawag/Sandec, 2008)
treated or properly
disposed of. Most of
the waste is disposed
of in unsanitary
About 30 - 50% of the wastes generated in
landfills.
developing countries are never collected Sandec Training Tool 13 Sandec Training Tool 14
Glues, paints, pest control etc. Sandec Training Tool 15
(Eawag/Sandec, 2008)

Household hazardous Wastes Household hazardous Wastes Credits

What are the dangers hazardous wastes can pose? What are the problems related to E-waste? Credits

Publisher: Eawag, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in

▪ Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) or E-waste is Developing
▪ Surface Water Contamination Countries, P.O. 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, Phone +41 (0)44 823
one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. 52 86,
▪ Groundwater Contamination Fax +41 (0)44 823 53 99
▪ In developed countries, it equals 1% of total solid waste on an
▪ Air Contamination Editors: Yvonne Vögeli
average. In developing countries, it ranges from 0.01% to 1% of the
▪ Leachate total municipal solid waste generation.
Concept and Content: Benjamin Hemkendreis and Karin Güdel

▪ Soil Contamination ▪ It contains more than a 1000 different substances, Layout: Benjamin Hemkendreis
which fall under “hazardous” and “non-hazardous”
Copyright: Eawag/Sandec 2008
categories. Eawag/Sandec compiled this material, however much of the text and
figures are not Eawag/Sandec property and can be obtained from the
▪ Old computers are being dumped in Asia where Internet. The modules of the Sandec Training Tool are not commercial
products and may only be reproduced freely for non-commercial purposes.
they are releasing toxic materials into the The user must always give credit in citations to the original author, source
and copyright holder.
environment. This Powerpoint presentation and its matching lecture notes are available
on the CD of Sandec‘s Training Tool and can be ordered at:
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e-waste info@sandec.ch
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 Household hazardous Wastes Household hazardous Wastes Household hazardous Wastes

Why do we need to quantify waste? Why do we need to quantify waste? Why do we need to quantify waste?

▪ Information on waste quantity and composition is important in

evaluating alternatives and sizing equipment, systems, plans
and management programmes.

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Household hazardous Wastes

Where do we quantify waste? How do we quantify solid waste generation? How do we quantify solid waste generation?

1. By sampling, sorting and weighing 1. By sampling, sorting and weighing

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 Household hazardous Wastes Household hazardous Wastes

How do we quantify solid waste generation? How do we quantify waste transfer and disposal? How do we quantify waste transfer and disposal?

1. By weighing 2. By measurement and calculation

2. Extrapolation to entire population ○ by identifying the average density of waste samples,
▪ given that the average per capita generation is known, the the number of loads collected per day, and the average
generation per population can be determined volume per load (% utilisation of vehicle body), the total
▪ estimate of future quantities can be determined using models of daily weight may be determined.
population growth. ○ This process can be undertaken for representative
▪ Commercial waste can be accounted for at 0.7 x domestic samples of each type of collection vehicle.
generation.
Example problem: given that waste density is 300
Example problem: given that solid waste generation is 0.5 kg/m3, vehicles are 75% full, the average waste volume
kg/capita-day, estimate the total solid waste produced per day in a is 4 m3, and the total number of loads per day is 100,
population of 50,000, account for commercial solid waste determine the total daily input to the disposal site.
production.

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Household hazardous Wastes Household hazardous Wastes

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/
Why do we need to quantify waste composition? earth/wtert/sofos/Gidarakos_C
ounrty%20report.pdf

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Physical properties Chemical properties
Lecture outcomes
bit.ly/SWcharacter
▪ Particle size and ▪ Proximate analysis:
distribution ▪ % moisture
▪ % volatile matter (biodegradability) Student is able to
▪ Bulk Density
▪ % fixed C
▪ Discuss the importance of quantifying solid waste production and
▪ Material Density ▪ % ash
▪ CHONS and halogens composition
▪ Field capacity
▪ Define the parameters and methods for quantifying solid waste
▪ Permeability
▪ Ultimate analysis production and composition
Performance tests ▪ major elements: CHONS
▪ trace elements: heavy metals

▪ Compressibility test
▪ Leaching test ▪ Fusing point of ash
▪ Respiration test ▪ Energy content
▪ Biochemical
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methane potential 32 33
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