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Referencing Guides ▼

APA Referencing Guide

Sentence Starters, transitional and other
APA Referencing: A Brief Guide
APA Referencing: Legal Materials useful words
APA Referencing Information
APA Referencing: FAQs It can sometimes be difficult to start a sentence to express ideas, or find words to show the relationship between ideas.
Quoting, Paraphrasing and Below is a list of possible sentence starters, transitional and other words that may be useful.
Summarising
Developmental Stages in the
Integration of Literature into To introduce
Academic Writing Skills
Endnote Basics
This essay discusses … … is explored … … is defined …
APA - Test Yourself
The definition of … will be given … is briefly outlined … … is explored …

How do I reference? ▼
The issue focused on …. … is demonstrated ... … is included …

A book
A brochure In this essay ….. … is explained … … are identified …
An article from a database
An ebook
An article from a journal The key aspect discussed … … are presented … … is justified …
A website

Views on …. range from …. … is evaluated … … is examined …

How do I reference a figure? ▼
The central theme … … is described … … is analysed …
From a book
From an article from a database
… is explained and illustrated with
From an article from a journal Emphasised are …
examples …
From a website

Academic Integrity ▼ To conclude

Academic Integrity In summary, … To review, … In conclusion, …

Academic Misconduct
Plagiarism
In brief, … To summarise, … To sum up, …
Copyright

To conclude, … Thus, … Hence, …

Academic Writing ▼
It has been shown that, … In short, …
Assignment Writing
Analysing the Question
Instruction Words
Sentence Starters and Transitional To compare and contrast
Words
Reporting Verbs
Similarly, … In the same way … Likewise, …
Ten Easy Ways to Improve Your
Writing
Development Stages in the In comparison … Complementary to this … Then again, …
Integration of Literature into
Academic Writing Skills
Descriptive, Analytical, However, … This is in contrast to … In contrast, …
Critical/Evaluative, Reflective
Writing Compared
And yet … Nevertheless, … Conversely, …

Instruction Words - Test

Yourself - 1 On the contrary, … On the other hand, … Notwithstanding …

Instruction Words - Test

Yourself - 2 Whereas … In contrast to … That aside, ...

While this is the case … ... disputes … Despite this, ...

APA Style ▼

Abbreviations To add ideas

Appendices
Brackets Also, … Equally important ... Subsequently, …
Bullet points and numbered lists
Italics
Headings Futhermore, … Moreover, … As well as ....
Numbers
Quotation Marks
Next… Another essential point… Additionally, ...

Writing Skills ▼ More importantly, … In the same way … Another ...

Comma
Comma Fault Then, … In addition, … Besides, ...
Colon
Semi-colon
Then again, … Firstly, ... secondly, ... thirdly, ... finally, ... To elaborate, ...
Apostrophe
Capitals
Sentence Fragments
Sentence Structure To present uncommon or rare ideas
Paragraph Structure

Paragraphs - Test Yourself - 1 Seldom ... Few ... Not many ...

Paragraphs - Test Yourself - 2

A few ... ... is uncommon ... is scarce ...

Parts of Speech ▼ Rarely ... ... is rare ... ... is unusual ...

Nouns
Pronouns To present common or widespread ideas
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs Numerous ... Many ... More than ...
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Several ... Almost all ... The majority ...
Interjections
Articles
Most ... Commonly ... Significant ...
Articles - Test Yourself - 1

Articles - Test Yourself - 2 ... is prevalent ... ... is usual ... Usually ...

Study Skills ▼ To present inconclusive ideas

Note-taking Perhaps ... ... may be ... ... might be ...

Overcoming Writer's Block
Learning Styles
Memory Tips There is limited evidence for ... ... is debated ... ... is possibly ...
Critical Thinking
Exam Preparation
Reading Effectively ... could ... ... may include ...
~Reciprocol Reading Prompts
~PQRST Method
Time Management
To give examples

Assignment Types ▼ For example, ... ... as can be seen in ... ... supports ...

Essay Writing An illustration of ... ... as demonstrated by ... ... is observed ...
Essay Checklist
Oral Presentation
Report Writing Specifically, ... ... is shown ... ... exemplifies ...
Writing a Research Proposal
Writing a Bibliography
Writing a Literature Review Such as ... As an example ... To illustrate, ...

For instance, ...

Specific Programme Guides ▼

Reflective Writing in the Social To show relationships or outcome

Sciences
BASS Formatting Requirements
BN Formatting Requirements Therefore ... As a result ... For that reason ...
Applied Science Lab Report - Level 5
Applied Science Lab Report - Level 7
Hence, ... Otherwise, ... Consequently, ...

Exemplars ▼ The evidence suggests/shows ... It can be seen that ... With regard to ...

Essay Exemplar After examining .... These factors contribute to ... It is apparent that ...
Report Exemplar

Considering ... it can be concluded that

Subsequently, .... The effect is ...
Evaluating Sources of ...
Information
▼
 The outcome is ... The result ... The correlation ...
Evaluating Websites
Evaluating Information - Applying
the CRAAP Test The relationship ... The link ... The convergence ...

The connection ... ... interacts with ... Both ....

o Primo Search ... affects ... Thus it is ... ... causes ...

o Credo Reference
... influences ... ... predicts ... ... leads to ...
o Library Databases
o Subject Guides ... informs ... ... presupposes ... emphasises

... demonstrates ... ... impacts on ... ... supports ...

o Study Guides To present prior or background ideas

o APA Referencing
In the past, ... Historically, ... Traditionally, ...

Customarily, ... Beforehand, ... Originally, ...

o Computer Guides Prior to this, ... Earlier, ... Formerly, ...

o Database Tutorials
Previously, ... Over time, ... At the time of ...

Conventionally, ... Foundational to this is ... In earlier ...

Initially, ... At first, ... Recently ...

Until now, ... The traditional interpretation ...

To present others' ideas

Based on the findings of ... it can be

According to … … proposed that …
argued...

As explained by … … states that … … claims that …

However, ... stated that … ... suggested … … concluded that …

Similarly, … stated that …. … for example, … … agreed that …

Based on the ideas of … … defined …. as …. … relates …

As identified by … … disputed that … … contrasts …

With regard to … argued that … … concluded that … … confirmed that …

... argues …. … highlights … … demonstrates …

… found that … … identifies … ... wrote that …

… demonstrated … … also … … reported ….

… pointed out that … … maintained that … … hypothesised that …

… expressed the opinion that … ... also mentioned …. ... asserts that ….

… identified … … goes on to state/suggest/say … emphasises

… challenges the idea …. … showed that … … explored the idea …

 Adapted from the following source
Manalo. E., Wont_Toi, G., & Bartlett-Trafford, J. (2009). The business of writing: Written communication skills for business
students (3rd ed.). Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand.

Updated August 22, 2012

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