An Analysis of Speargun Performance: Thesis

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An Analysis of Speargun Performance
Thesis · May 2017
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AN ANALYSIS OF SPEARGUN PERFORMANCE
WITH THE AIM OF
JUSTIFYING DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS
by
Jacob Worthington
School of Marine Science and Engineering

Faculty of Science and Engineering
University of Plymouth
Honours project submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of
BEng (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering
May 2017
Supervisor, Dr Frank Abraham

An Analysis of Speargun Performance Jacob Worthington
1
1.0 ABSTRACT
This project analysed the factors that affect the performance of spearguns. Experimental and
theoretical analytic methods were used to quantify the performance of speargun design. This data
was then used to conclude on and justify recommendations to make a more suitable/efficient
speargun design.
A slow motion video analysis formed part of an experimental examination of a benchmarked
speargun design. This analysis measured the initial velocity of the spear and showed other factors
which affect performance.
The factors which had the largest bearing on the performance of the speargun were the stiffness of
the barrel and the power of the rubber bands. These factors were evaluated and used to construct a
theoretical model using engineering principles. This provided a basis to compare and create
alternative designs.
From this study it was found that the theoretical model created was suitable for predicting how a
speargun would perform. This model was then used to show that an improved barrel profile
featuring integrated rails would make the barrel stiffer, and that by using a roller power system, the
barrel flex could be reduced. This system also had the potential for delivering more energy to the
spear, resulting in a greater initial velocity. Because of this increased power, the length of the
speargun could be reduced without compromising on range.
Roller guns provide more opportunities for adjustment than traditional spearguns and, because of
this versatility, a single model of a roller speargun can be adjusted to suit the power requirements
and strength of the individual who uses it. The results of this study also show the correct setup of
this system in order to achieve the maximum performance capability.
2
2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the help provided by Dr Frank Abraham. Especially for his advice regarding
the subject of this study. I wish to thank Anthony at Spearfishing Store for kitting me out with rubber
samples and accessories. I hope the content of this report is of use. I would also like to thank
Barbara Fry for her encouragement and problem solving skills.
Finally, I wish to thank my family for their outstanding support and guidance throughout this project.
3
Contents
1.0 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 NOMENCLATURE .............................................................................................................................................. 5
4.0 LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.0 LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.0 LIST OF GRAPHS ................................................................................................................................................ 6
7.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 7
7.1 Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 7
7.2 What is Spearfishing? ................................................................................................................................... 7
7.3 How Does a Speargun Work? ....................................................................................................................... 8
7.4 This Report Includes: .................................................................................................................................... 9
8.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 9
9.0 PRACTICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................................... 10
9.1 Length, range and weight of speargun ....................................................................................................... 10
9.2 Speed of the Spear ..................................................................................................................................... 10
9.3 Penetration of the Spear ............................................................................................................................ 11
10. RUBBER ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 11
11.0 SLOW MOTION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 13
11.1 Experimentation ....................................................................................................................................... 13
11.2 Theoretical Comparison ........................................................................................................................... 14
12.0 Accuracy testing............................................................................................................................................ 15
13.0 Barrel Stiffness .............................................................................................................................................. 16
13.1 Theoretical Calculations ........................................................................................................................... 16
13.2 Comparison with Measured Values ......................................................................................................... 16
13.3 Material .................................................................................................................................................... 17
13.4 Profile ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
14.0 Additional Observations ............................................................................................................................... 19
14.1 Experimental Anomaly ............................................................................................................................. 19
14.2 Roller Systems Additional Variables ......................................................................................................... 19
15.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................ 20
16.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY ................................................................................................ 24
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Appendix A: Equations ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Appendix B Experimental Data......................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix C Supporting Figures ........................................................................................................................ 32
Appendix D Gantt Chart and Spreadsheets ...................................................................................................... 33
Appendix E Interim Report ............................................................................................................................... 37
4
3.0 NOMENCLATURE
All values in this report are in SI units and are given to 2 decimal places.
Symbol Units Description

π Mathematical Constant The ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter
E Pascals Young’s Modulus of a material
I metre4 Moment of Inertia
ρ Kg/m3 Density
A m2 Area
Cd Dimensionless Drag Coefficient
m kg Mass
v Metres/Second Velocity
KE Joules Kinetic Energy
PE Joules Potential Energy
σ Pascals Engineering Stress
ε A percent of original length Engineering Strain
σyield Pascals Yield Stress
Ῡ m Position of the neutral axis of a shape from a global coordinate
Terminology Description
Barrel The supporting structure of the speargun to which the handle and muzzle are attached.
The spear sits on top of the barrel.
Barrel Flex A bending of the speargun’s barrel due to the tension in the bands.
Buoyancy A property of an object or material where its weight when immersed is defined by the
weight of the object minus the weight of the fluid displaced. In this way an object may
be positively buoyant and float, or negatively buoyant and sink. An object that is
neutrally buoyant will neither sink nor float but remain at the depth where it is placed.
Circular Band A long rubber band with either end connected by a wishbone. This band is connected
to the speargun at the muzzle.
Demultiplied Refers to a speargun power system where the bands are connected near to the handle
and are extended forward through use of pulleys at the muzzle.
Modern A speargun featuring roller, demultiplied, fusion or other power system.
Speargun
Muzzle A feature at the furthest end of the speargun. The muzzle is used as a fixed point on the
gun to connect the power bands.
Percentage This is the amount of extension as a percentage of original length. This does not include
Elongation original length.
Power System The system in which the power bands deliver energy to the spear. E.g.
twin/circular/roller.
Roller Refers to a speargun power system featuring rollers at the muzzle. The bands are
connected to the speargun on the underside of the gun and feed through these rollers.
In this way the full length of the barrel can be used to extend the bands further than
traditional band arrangements.
Traditional A speargun featuring twin or circular band arrangements.

speargun
Twin bands Two separate bands connected at the muzzle and the wishbone.
5
4.0 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Annotated Traditional Speargun (Worthington, 2017)............................................................. 8

Figure 2 Annotated Roller Muzzle (Worthington, 2017) ........................................................................ 8
Figure 3 A still frame from the slow motion analysis showing motion tracker (Worthington, 2017) .. 13
Figure 4 Target Paper and Rig ............................................................................................................... 15
Figure 5 Side profile of speargun showing how deflection was measured (Worthington, 2017) ........ 16
Figure 6 Circular Cross-Sectional Profile ............................................................................................... 18
Figure 7 Cross-Section Featuring Integrated Rail.................................................................................. 18
Figure 8 Recommended Design (Worthington, 2017) .......................................................................... 22
Figure 9 showing how the extension is limited because the bands are attached at the muzzle
(Worthington, 2017). ............................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 10 showing how the extension of the bands can be increased by using rollers (Worthington,
2017). .................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.0 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Showing measured and calculated initial velocities. ............................................................... 14

Table 2 Measured and Calculated Displacement at Muzzle ................................................................. 17
Table 3 comparing the profile of a circular barrel to a barrel with integrated rails. ............................ 18
Table 4 Comparison of benchmarked design to recommended design. .............................................. 23
Table 5 Comparison of barrel flex between benchmarked and recommended design. ...................... 23
6.0 LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 Hysteresis Curve, showing only up to 150 Newtons to maintain detail ................................. 12
Graph 2 Standard Deviation in the X and Y Direction after vertical alignment .................................... 15
6
7.0 INTRODUCTION
7.1 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this project was to analyse a benchmarked speargun design to create an accurate
theoretical model with the intention of applying engineering principles to justify an improved design.
To achieve this aim the objectives were as follows:
1. Design, construct and undertake multiple experiments to simulate realistic working

conditions in order to gather data from an existing speargun design.
2. Analyse the data gathered from experimentation and model to assess the performance of
different aspects of speargun design.
3. Develop a theoretical model to represent the existing speargun design.
4. Create alternative design models to compare power and barrel properties.
5. Provide justifications for the redesign of several speargun components.
7.2 What is Spearfishing?
Recently spearfishing has grown in popularity. It has become easily accessible and can be practiced
worldwide. This activity involves diving down to the sea floor and then stalking fish on a single
breath hold. The spearfisher will use breath holding techniques used by freedivers, and use hunting
techniques to identify fish hotspots and lure prey. Spearfishing is a sustainable fishing technique
since one is able to target a fish of a certain species and size before killing it; there are no negative
effects such as bycatch or damage to habitat which are prevalent in other fishing methods. (Frisch,
et al., 2012) (Adam & Seiji, 2002)
The coastline around the United Kingdom hosts a large variety of marine life, however this
environment is harsh. While marine life has adapted and evolved to withstand these conditions,
humans must depend on materials and technology to survive in this environment. Like most sports
equipment, improved design offers improved performance and can make learning skills and
techniques easier. The analysis of speargun dynamics has implications for both recreational and
commercial users, and can benefit them by improving the ease of use, safety, power, or accuracy of
the speargun.
7
7.3 How Does a Speargun Work?
Spearguns utilise thick rubber bands or compressed air as a means of storing energy. Rubber bands
being the more common and easy to maintain configuration. For this reason, rubber powered
spearguns were the type analysed in this study. The spear is tethered to the gun with a length of
nylon monofilament for retrieval after shooting. For ease of understanding the different
components, their functions are annotated in Fig. 1 below.
Chest Loading Brace Safety Catch

Wishbone
Trigger Spear Shaft
Sensitivity Dial Band
Wishbone Adapter
Notch
Line Release (Closed)
Hook
Muzzle
Rubber
Band Flopper
Trigger
Second Band
Rail Barrel
Attachment
Figure 1 Annotated Traditional Speargun (Worthington, 2017) Spear Tip
The speargun shown here is the Apnea Rebel 75cm, and is the speargun used for comparisons and
benchmarked values. The marketing material boasts a high-performance speargun at a mid-range
price. This speargun features an aluminium barrel with a polyurethane foam core to displace water
so the gun is neutrally buoyant. The rubber bands are made of a high modulus natural latex rubber.
This gun features twin bands of equal length which are permanently fixed to the muzzle and also has
the option of fitting an additional circular band for increased power and range. (Apnea Spearfishing,
2015)
An alternative power system investigated in this study is the roller power system. See Fig. 2 below.
The benefit of this system is that the bands are tensioned on both the under and top side of the
speargun around the rollers at the muzzle. This system increases the amount the rubbers can be
extended and evenly distributes the vertical component of force. Due to the limited scope of this
project and resources available, neither fusion nor demultiplied systems have been analysed.
Roller Muzzle (Open)
Bands in tension
Rollers Rails Spear

Figure 2 Annotated Roller Muzzle (Worthington, 2017)
8
7.4 This Report Includes:
The following report shows the analysis of speargun design and investigates factors which affect
performance. This report will be useful for speargun designers to understand some important
aspects of speargun design.
The results of this report were focused on the use of spearguns around the UK coastline. The
diversity of habitats and marine life in the UK require a speargun suitable for a number of different
applications. Due to the limited visibility, and the size of marine life available to catch, the optimal
speargun design chosen may be vastly different to a speargun used for blue water spearfishing.
Speargun set up is not regarded as an exact science with users having a preferred setup which “just
feels right” (isotopez, 2014). The variables in speargun set up often depend on the conditions in
which the speargun will be used, for which manufacturers provide guidelines. This study attempts to
quantify the performance of a speargun and, based on the analysis of a benchmarked design, give
evidence-based justifications for an improved design.
8.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Due to the limited technical information available on the subject of spearfishing much of the
literature used for reference is specific to single aspects of speargun design. For relevant calculations
regarding Engineering equations the following sources were used. (Free Study, 2016), (Free Study,
2016), (Loh, 2013), (Fitzpatric, 2011), (AJ Design, 2015), (Engineering Archives, 2016).
Information on materials – mostly rubber and aluminium – has come from manufactures and
distributers. Regarding materials, information from manufacturers should be considered accurate.
The following sources were used. (Pidegree Gloves, 2015), (Synthomer, 2014), (South, 2001),
(Engineering Toolbox, 2016) (aalco, 2017) (Metal Supermarkets, 2017).
Specifically regarding spearguns, many internet forums provide information where enthusiasts and
amateurs have conducted their own experiments, or have made claims based on their experience
practicing the sport. Despite the questionable credibility of this information, it has provided a good
starting point for analysis, and shows that a detailed engineering report would benefit the sport. For
spearfishing related information the following sources were used (Dive Centre, 2017) (isotopez,
2014) (Coates, 2008).
Other literature which has provided a basis on some technical aspects has been from speargun
manufacturers. Most of this information is aimed at marketing products so despite being accurate
and correct, this may be seen as a limited resource (Apnea Spearfishing, 2015).
9
9.0 PRACTICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9.1 Length, range and weight of speargun
Spearguns vary in length depending on their purpose. Length adds to accuracy and range, however
this also makes them cumbersome and difficult to manoeuvre in confined spaces. The range of a
speargun is simply limited by the range of visibility since it is not necessary, and may be unsafe to
shoot beyond this. In the UK the visibility is quite restricted so for the purpose of this study it will be
assumed that this distance is five metres from the tip of the spear. A suitable length for a traditional
type speargun at this range can be around 0.75-1.00m, with the spear itself measuring up to 1.40m
(Spearfishing Tips, 2015).
For ease of use the gun should be near neutrally buoyant. This is usually achieved by sealing the
hollow barrel, or having a foam core insert to create a positive buoyancy that counteracts the mass
of the spear to achieve near equilibrium. As the length of the barrel increases, so does the buoyancy.
For this reason, when submerged, shorter spearguns may be less buoyant than longer spearguns.
9.2 Speed of the Spear
When targeting fish, the best chance of making an accurate hit is when the fish is perpendicular to
the gun. It is common for fish to swim this way, often circling the diver warily. If the spear is too
slow, the fish reacts to the gun being fired and will likely turn to swim away from the threat. This
drastically reduces the chance for the spear to penetrate the fish. For small fish species the reaction
times are also a lot faster than larger fish. By maximising the initial velocity of the spear improves
the likelihood of an accurate shot.
To give a rough indication of what speeds are necessary it was assumed that the maximum
permissible distance that the fish can travel while the spear is in flight was 0.10m. Assuming the
fish’s speed to be around 0.30m/s. The time that the spear must be in flight is 0.33 ṡ econds before
hitting the target. Using the following equation the average velocity of the spear is 15m/s.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 5𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.33 ̇
From the theoretical calculations it could be seen that the initial velocity of the spear is around 25-
30m/s, however due to resistance forces the spear quickly decelerates (See Appendix B Measured
Velocity Data).
10
9.3 Penetration of the Spear
In the UK the minimum landing size for several species of fish is 30cm. Fish of this size have a very
low mass and little water resistance. Because of this, the spear may deflect off the body of the fish
without penetrating the flesh. Factors affecting this are the mass of the fish, the angle of the shot,
the point of contact on the fish, and the sharpness of the spear tip. This was demonstrated from the
accuracy testing. When firing the spear at the top corners of the target paper, the paper would not
break, but rather be deflected by the spear. This can be attributed to the low mass of the paper and
the lack of tension (resistance) at the corners of the page. A small fish may be similarly affected by
being pushed by a spear rather than penetrated.
For information about what factors the UK coastline has on speargun design, see appended Interim
Report section 5.0 UK Coastal Water.
10. RUBBER ANALYSIS
This study analyses the properties of rubber used to provide the required energy. The type of rubber
used for speargun power bands is a natural dipped latex rubber. This type of rubber has a fairly high
modulus and breaking strain can be up to 800% elongation (Synthomer, 2014).
The experimental analysis involved testing the rubber with the Instron Tensile Testing machine.
Seven samples of different spearfishing rubbers were cut to uniform size. The tensile machine was
set to stretch the rubber to its maximum limit at a constant rate of 200mm/minute. In reality, the
rubber would be very quickly stretched to the point where it connects to the spear at somewhere
around 200-300% elongation. It would then stay at this extension until the spear was fired. See
Appendix B for Stress Strain curves to compare the rubbers tested. From comparing the rubbers in
this way and having a little information about the age and use of the rubbers it can be seen that the
characteristics of the rubber do change significantly with age. Both samples of the Apnea branded
rubber had regular use over several years. Appendix B Stress Strain graph shows how this rubber has
softened with age.
11
To test the effects of repeated use, two full loading cycles were conducted. See Graph 1 below. The
loading curve for the rubber tested was comparable to the unloading curve it was assumed that the
hysteresis of this rubber is not negligible over the life span of the rubber, but insignificant when
looking at the daily use of a speargun.
140
Rubber Hysteresis Curve
Two Cycles
120 Loading
100
Load N
80 Loading
60 Unloading
40
Unloading
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Extension mm
First Cycle Second Cycle
Graph 1 Hysteresis Curve, showing only up to 150 Newtons to maintain detail. Full graph is appended.
Applying the data gathered from the tensile test to the dimensions of the speargun, the force of the
rubber in tension was calculated based on the known length of extension. For example, applying the
data from the Apnea (2015) tensile test the benchmarked model had 478.16N of force with the twin
rubbers, and an additional 455.68N of force with the circular rubber also under tension. At this load
the potential energy was calculated based on the area under the Load Extension curve. This was
calculated using the trapezoidal rule for approximating this area with a 1mm strip width. Under this
load the energy stored in the bands was calculated to be 250 Joules. The kinetic energy equation
was used to calculate an initial velocity of 33.04 m/s. This value takes into account the mass of the
bands as well as the spear since they are also moving, but it does not account for resistance forces
such as drag. One purpose of the slow motion analysis was to verify these figures to determine the
accuracy of the theoretical model.
Alternative methods of storing energy were considered such as springs, and compressed air, but
were not the subject of experimentation.
12
11.0 SLOW MOTION ANALYSIS
Making use of the facilities in Plymouth University’s marine building, experiments were carried out
in the 20 Meter flume. Two experiments recorded the rapid release of energy with the use of a high
speed camera and also tested the accuracy of the speargun at different ranges, with different
combinations of bands. The slow motion analysis of the footage involved using video tracking
software to track frame-by-frame the motion of the spear as it leaves the gun. The velocity was
calculated against a known distance.
Figure 3 A still frame from the slow motion analysis showing motion tracker. (Worthington, 2017)
11.1 Experimentation
The speargun was secured to a rigid steel frame with fixing points at the handle, the muzzle and the
chest loading brace. A bicycle brake lever and cable was connected to pull the trigger remotely. In
order to achieve comparable results, the speargun was secured to a rig to hold the gun level and
perpendicular to the target. Since the gun had to be loaded by hand a secondary, weighted, base rig
was used to return the gun rig to the same position after each reloading. This was to limit the effect
of human error. A camera was mounted perpendicular to the speargun rig outside the glass of the
water flume.
This analysis was intended to validate the theoretical calculations for spear initial velocity; however,
it also proved useful for understanding what else happens in the short amount of time when the
spear is being powered by the rubber bands. This experiment identified factors that had not
previously been considered, such as the vertical barrel deflection from the sudden release of tension
in the bands, which is likely to have an effect on the accuracy of the speargun.
13
The footage also shows the spear wobbling as it leaves the gun. This is a phenomenon experienced
by archers, and is exacerbated when the arrow shaft is overpowered, or if the arrowhead has a high
mass (Leach, 2015). The resistance forces of the water seem to damp this oscillation quickly and
return the spear to a stable flight path. Coates performed a rudimentary experiment showing how
an overpowered spear is inefficient at greater ranges since the increased resistance forces caused
the spear to decelerate faster than it would with less initial power (Coates, 2008). To prevent the
effect of this the spear diameter may be increased or the length decreased. See link for experimental
footage.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIEwDV0wAVM
11.2 Theoretical Comparison
By analysing the footage of the spear being fired from the barrel, initial velocities were measured
when loaded with the three combinations of bands. Table 1 below shows the recorded values and
theoretical values based on the data gathered from the tensile test of the rubber. The losses that are
apparent in the measured velocity are likely attributed to the resistance forces that had not been
included in the theoretical calculations for velocity.
Measured Velocity Calculated Velocity

Metres/Second Metres/Second
Twin Bands 23.75 25.44
Circular Band 24.01 26.68
Twin and Circular Bands 29.28 30.78
Table 1 Showing measured and calculated initial velocities
An attempt was made to calculate the drag coefficient of the spear using known ballistics data for
the G1 reference bullet (King, 2011). However, since several variables such as form factor were
assumed it was decided that this method of calculating the coefficient of drag was unsuitable given
the differences in velocity, profile, and medium through which the projectile was being released.
Using drag coefficients for standard shapes provided unrealistic results. It was concluded that the
coefficient of drag would most accurately be calculated empirically by measuring the velocity at
different loads. Further testing would determine this and enable the projection of the spear to be
modelled using the drag equation.
14
12.0 Accuracy testing Vertical Tension
A further rig was set up to hold a removable target at set

distances away from the gun. See Fig. 4. The target was a
piece of waterproof paper which was suspended in tension
perpendicular to the direction of the speargun. Upon firing,
the spear penetrated the paper. This point was later
measured from the bottom left corner and plotted on a
graph showing the other points of penetration. Six shots
were taken at each distance per combination of bands. See
Measured Accuracy Data in Appendix B. Horizontal Tension
Figure 4 Target Paper and Rig
Error Bars Showing One Standard Deviation It can be seen from appended graphs that
in Both the X and Y Direction the points drifted to the right the further
350 away the target was. Since the load was
evenly distributed it was assumed that this
325
was because the gun rig was not perfectly
300 perpendicular to the target rig. For
consistency of results this was not changed
275
throughout the experiment. The standard
deviation for each combination and range
Height Millimetres
250
was calculated from the recorded data. It

225
can be seen from Graph 2 that the speargun
200 is more accurate over greater distances with

both the twin and the circular bands. Also
175
since the spear is travelling faster it has less
150 time to drop as a result of gravity. This

information highlights how necessary it is to
125
compensate for the drop in height when
100 aiming for targets at any distance. The

-75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75
circular bands show the greatest vertical
Width Millimetres
Twin 4m Twin 3m Twin 2m displacement. This may be attributed to a
Circular 4m Circular 3m Circular 2m
Twin + Circular 4m Twin + Circular 3m Twin + Circular 2m greater vertical component of force when
Graph 2 Standard Deviation in the X and Y Direction after vertical alignment the band is in tension.
15
13.0 Barrel Stiffness
The barrel of the speargun is subjected to relatively large amounts of load. Most of this force is in
the axial direction of the barrel (horizontal), but due to where the bands are positioned at the
muzzle there is a component of this force in the vertical direction. This load causes the barrel to flex
vertically, especially on longer spearguns. When the spear is released this deflection retracts causing
an undesirable vertical movement at the muzzle while the spear is being released. It is likely that this
deflection has a substantial impact on the accuracy of the speargun. The link below shows footage
taken from the slow motion testing. Attention should be drawn to the vertical movement of the
muzzle as the spear is firing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-8K-szmn14
13.1 Theoretical Calculations
For this study, an analysis of the barrel’s stiffness has been carried out to see if there is scope for
design improvements. A theoretical model was constructed using equations for beams in bending
and buckling. By calculating the second moment of area about the barrel’s cross sectional profile the
amount of deflection caused by bending was calculated by applying material properties. To
determine the suitability of this model it was compared to the benchmarked model. When applying
the calculated loads based on the rubber’s extension, the vertical component of force caused the
barrel to bend.
Figure 5 Side profile of speargun showing how deflection was measured (Worthington, 2017)
13.2 Comparison with Measured Values
To compare the results of the theoretical model to the actual speargun, the gun was loaded with
each band combination in tension and the deflection was measured by resting the barrel on a flat
surface and measuring the distance the muzzle was raised. See Fig. 5. This was only measured along
the length of the barrel (72cm) since the gun had features which interrupted the ability to measure
against a flat surface. Table 2 overleaf shows the results of the measured and calculated deflection
at the muzzle. The calculated values were based on the data from the rubber tensile test, barrel
profile and material properties.
16
Measured Deflection Calculated Deflection

at Muzzle ±0.2mm at Muzzle
Twin Bands 2.93mm 2.96mm
Circular Band 2.7mm 2.67mm
Twin and Circular Bands 5.37mm 5.64mm
Table 2 Measured and Calculated Displacement at Muzzle
These values confirm that the measured deflection is roughly congruent with the theoretical model.
In reality the load is transferred through the spear and through to the handle with a different profile
and material, but for simplicity the theoretical calculations just model this as a single beam of a
uniform profile. Since the measurements were taken past this connection, these values make a good
comparison.
An obvious improvement to this speargun design is to increase the stiffness of the barrel. This can be
done by increasing the wall thickness, reducing the length, adding a strengthening profile to the
barrel or by using a stiffer material.
13.3 Material
The most common materials for use as speargun barrels are aluminium tubes, solid wood and
carbon fibre tubing. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages for use in this
application. To adhere to the scope of this project, the design recommendations are aimed at large
scale commercial production, thus having a large bearing on the materials used. It was decided that
extruded aluminium was the most suitable material for large scale production for its formability,
material properties and availability. The crafting and manufacture of wood and carbon fibre were
deemed costly and time consuming to implement. Based on the different properties of these
materials it would be inefficient to use the same speargun design for a variety of materials.
5052 aluminium and 6061 aluminium were found to be the most suitable grades of aluminium based
on their manufacturability, corrosion resistance and strength (aalco, 2017) (Metal Supermarkets,
2017).
17
13.4 Profile
When loaded in the gun, the spear is supported by the rails due to
the length of the spear. Without these the spear will sag in the
middle and may deform when the tension is released. Low cost
spearguns may feature no rails, or may have a simple plastic strip
fixed to the top of the barrel. In medium and higher priced
spearguns, the rails are integrated into the barrel’s cross-sectional Figure 6 Circular Cross-Sectional Profile
(Worthington, 2017)
profile increasing stiffness.
Since the rail is necessary to support the spear it makes sense to

incorporate this into the cross-sectional profile of the barrel. Table 3
shows a comparison of properties between a barrel with a circular
cross-section and a barrel featuring integrated rails both at a length
of one metre. When compared to a barrel with a circular cross-
sectional profile, theoretical calculations show that under the same
Figure 7 Cross-Section Featuring
load and length, a barrel with integrated rails will have a 49% Integrated Rail (Worthington, 2017)
reduction in deflection at the muzzle for only a 32% increase in weight.
Property Circular Integrated Rails Units

Length 1 1 m
Cross-Sectional Area 1.25E-04 1.65E-04 m2
Volume of Air 4.91E-04 4.91E-04 m3
Volume of Material Used 1.25E-04 1.65E-04 m3
Second moment of area about the neutral plane 10997 18058 mm4
Weight of barrel (based on material properties of 5052 Al) 0.335 0.441 Kg
Deflection under a 10 Newton vertical load at the muzzle 4.33 2.64 mm
Table 3 comparing the profile of a circular barrel to a barrel with integrated rails.
For a roller gun set up the vertical displacement up to the pre-tension would only occur after the
spear has left the muzzle, and would also be in the downward direction not hindering the projection
of the spear. (Dive Centre, 2017)
18
14.0 Additional Observations
14.1 Experimental Anomaly
From analysing the slow motion footage the maximum deflection of the barrel at the muzzle under
the full load of both bands was measured to be only 2.29mm. This value is far less than both the
measured and theoretical value. This was attributed to the fact that the rig holding the speargun was
actually providing the barrel with additional structural support. This leads to the belief that this
would have affected the results of the experiment, and that the results are not a true representation
of how the speargun would perform. The accuracy data is the results that would be affected the
most by this. The values for initial velocity should not be have been affected.
14.2 Roller Systems Additional Variables:
Roller systems have several advantages. See Appendix C Fig. 9 and 10 for the comparison between
the rubber extensions of traditional and roller power systems.
The resistance forces and efficiency of the bearings in the rollers must be considered since energy is
lost at this point. A study carried out for a spearfishing magazine has shown that ceramic bearings do
have an advantage over standard glass bearings when used for this application (Coates, 2008). The
efficiency of the rollers have not been considered in the theoretical calculations.
19
15.0 CONCLUSION
The aim of this project was to analyse a benchmarked speargun design to create an accurate
theoretical model with the intention of applying engineering principles to justify an improved design.
This conclusion explains how the objectives of this study were achieved.
Objective – To design, construct and undertake multiple experiments to simulate realistic working
conditions. From this testing of an existing speargun design, the following information was
acquired.
 Initial velocities of the benchmarked speargun were measured.
 Accuracy Data shows the accuracy of the speargun for each band type at different ranges.
 Slow motion video footage showed the motion of the spear as it leaves the gun.
 Tensile testing showed the extension of rubber under different loads
 The deflection at the muzzle was measured under different loads.
Objective – To develop a theoretical model which represents a typical existing speargun design.
A theoretical model was created using data from a tensile test, known material properties, and
mathematical calculations. This was compared against the actual design and proved sufficient at
predicting how it would perform. It was concluded that the theoretical model was sufficient at
determining the energy, velocity and deflection in a speargun with a traditional power system. This
model was then developed to show how the alternative roller power system would perform in
comparison.
Objective – To analyse the data gathered from experimentation and model this to assess the
performance of different aspects of speargun design.
This gave rise to the following conclusions:
The slow motion analysis was a sufficient way of measuring the spear’s initial velocity. It also proved
useful for studying in detail the muzzle as the spear leaves the gun. The slow motion footage showed
that the motion of the spear was not in a straight line. This oscillation of the spear was considered to
be inefficient and as a result of excessive loads. The footage identified a vertical deflection at the
muzzle that was attributed to the vertical component of force unloading rapidly. Since this deflection
could be seen to interfere with the moving spear it was concluded that this was likely to have an
effect on the accuracy of the speargun.
The accuracy data showed that the greater the load, the more accurate the gun is. This initially
seemed contrary to other findings since the increased load also resulted in an increased deflection at
the muzzle. An explanation for this is that the horizontal component of force is so great that the
20
deflection occurs after the spear has left the muzzle. Regardless of this barrel flex should be reduced
to avoid this wasted energy which may also affect accuracy under less loads.
The accuracy test showed that despite the use of rails, any downward component of force will cause
the spear to drop more rapidly which must be compensated for when aiming at a target. The drop in
height will be more significant if only using twin or sling bands.
From the tensile testing of different aged rubbers it was seen that the age of rubber has a significant
impact on performance. The two rubber samples which had the least stress/strain were those that
had been subjected to use and age. To maintain an efficient speargun set up the rubbers should be
changed regularly.
The theoretical model applied the data from all rubber specimens to different band configurations
(twin, circular, and roller) to determine how to increase the energy delivered to the spear. For
traditional band arrangements – twin and circular – the power can be increased by using shorter and
thicker bands because the limit of extension is fixed. For roller band arrangements the distance of
bottom extension can also be increased to increase the energy stored in the bands.
As an observation from the accuracy testing it was seen that the factors that affect the spear’s
penetration are the mass of the fish, and the sharpness of the spear tip. Other factors likely to affect
this are the angle of the shot and the point of contact on the fish. From this it was concluded that
the penetration of the spear is less likely on smaller fish.
Objective – To consider roller power systems as an alternative to traditional power systems.

This demonstrated that there are efficiencies to be gained from:
1. Increased extension allowing greater power from shorter guns.
2. Reduced vertical components of force, thereby reducing barrel flex.
3. Rollers enable the bands to be pre-tensioned thus achieving greater loads.
Objective – To provide justifications based on this analysis for the redesign of a speargun.
These recommendations are based only on the findings in this study. Since fusion and demultiplied
power systems weren’t the subject of analysis, their qualities cannot be endorsed.
When designing a speargun it must be identified from the outset what power system is to be used.
That decision determines how necessary it is to increase the barrel’s stiffness. In traditional power
systems the load has a greater vertical component of force than modern power systems.
21
The desirable design of a speargun from a user’s perspective is a short, accurate, and powerful
speargun that is easy to load and is suitable for use in the harsh marine environment.
The ideal speargun would be short to allow the speargun to be manoeuvred with ease in confined
spaces conducive with the seascape that is present along the UK coast. However the accuracy of a
short speargun is reduced as it is easier to aim a longer gun than a short gun. A short speargun also
has a reduced potential range, since traditional band arrangements wouldn’t necessarily have
enough extension to reach the desired load. Using a roller power system would solve this problem
since it allows the extension of the rubber to be more than the length of the barrel.
The length based on what is comfortable and versatile to use was chosen to be 55cm. To achieve the
necessary power from the roller set up, the bands will have a pre-tension of 196.2N (20kg). This
amount of load is what is considered comfortable to physically pull from the muzzle (Coates, 2008).
There may also be scope to increase this amount of load since the length of the speargun is short.
Testing of this set-up would confirm this.
The type of rubber recommended for the improved design is the SFS Large rubber. From the tensile
test this rubber showed to have the highest stress/strain. This shows that it has the capacity to store
more energy at the required extension than the other rubbers.
The results of this study show that the barrel of the gun must be resistant to flexing. The proposed
speargun design accounts for this since it is already fairly short. Also by using a roller setup the
vertical force is separated into both positive and negative components, so most of this force is
cancelled out. Additional strengthening features to the barrel were deemed not
necessary since there is such a small component of force in the vertical direction.
Figure 8 Recommended Design (Worthington, 2017)
22
Table 4 and 5 below show the calculated performance of both the benchmarked design and the
improved design.
Rubber Type Rubber Length Distance of Total Total Spear Initial

(m) Extension (m) Load Energy Mass Velocity
(N) (J) (Kg) (m/s)
Benchmarked Apnea(2015) Twin= Circ= Twin= Circ= 884 217 0.312 30.78
Design 0.26 0.49 0.44 0.91
Improved SFS Large 0.3 Top= Bot= 602 204 0.21 37.91
Design 0.56 0.44
Table 4 Comparison of benchmarked design to recommended design.
Length Material Cross- Vertical Vertical

of Barrel Sectional Component Displacement
(m) Profile of Load (N) of Muzzle (mm)
Benchmarked 0.75 5052 Al Circular 19.1 5.64
Design
Improved 0.55 5052 Al Circular -0.17 -0.0229
Design
Table 5 Comparison of barrel flex between benchmarked and recommended design.
23
16.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
The following points identify aspects of analysis that would be beneficial for a greater understanding
of speargun design.
 To test the recommended set up to see how it compares with the proposed theoretical
model. This would determine the credibility of these findings.
 To identify the factors which affect accuracy and to what extent. From this these factors can
be controlled and improved.
 To understand how the geometry of the spear affects the flight of the spear. This can be
used to justify design improvements.
 To analyse other modern power systems such as demultiplied speargun setups. The
compounding effect of adding a dynamic pulley may provide a basis for using alternative
materials to store energy.
 To attribute the difference in measured and theoretical velocity to resistance forces and
apply this to the theoretical model to calculate a more accurate initial velocity. A
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis would go some way to achieving this.
 To study the aging effects of rubber based on different extensions, and under different
conditions such as UV exposure and wear. From this an operational lifespan of rubber may
be assumed.
 To look at alternative methods of storing energy such as compressed air or springs.
 To look in greater detail at the wobbling effect as the spear is projected. It would be useful
to determine the critical limit of energy that can be delivered to the spear without its
projection being affected.
 To repeat the experiments in this study with greater resources. From this the theoretical
model can be amended and made more robust.
 To design a test rig that can support the speargun securely without also adding structural
benefits. This would make the results of the experiments more true to life.
Word Count: 5296
24
REFERENCES
aalco, 2017. Aluminium Alloy - Commercial Alloy - 5052 - H32 Sheet and Treadplate. [Online]
Available at: http://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy-5052-H32-Sheet-and-
Treadplate_138.ashx
[Accessed 15 February 2017].
AJ Design, 2015. Kinetic Energy Equations Formulas Calculator. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ajdesigner.com/phpenergykenetic/kenetic_energy_equation.php
[Accessed 14 December 2016].
Apnea Spearfishing, 2015. Apnea Rebel 75cm. [Online]
Available at: http://www.apneaspearfishing.co.uk/apnea-rebel-75cm-spear-gun.html
Askeland, D. R., 1996. The Science and Engineering of Materials. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
BBC, 2014. Kinetic energy and momentum. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/forces/kineticenergyrev5.s
html
[Accessed 09 March 2017].
Coates, C., 2008. Unrolling the Roller. Ultimate Spearfishing Magazine, Volume 19.
Dive Centre, 2017. The "demultiplied" spearguns from Roisub. Copenhagen: s.n.
Engineering Archives, 2016. True Stress, True Strain, Engineering Stress, and Engineering Strain.
[Online]
Available at:
http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_mom_truestresstruestrainengstressengstrain.html
Engineering Toolbox, 2016. Young's Modulus and Tensile Modulus for Common Materials. [Online]
Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/young-modulus-d_417.html
Fitzpatric, R., 2011. Projectile Motion with Air Resistance. [Online]
Available at: http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newtonhtml/node29.html
Free Study, 2016. Bending Moment and Shear Force. [Online]
Available at: http://www.freestudy.co.uk/c105/t7.pdf
Free Study, 2016. Moment of Inertia. [Online]
Available at: http://www.freestudy.co.uk/c105/t13.pdf
Frisch, A. et al., 2012. Effects of Spearfishing on Reef Fish Populations in a Multi-Use Conservation
Area. Public Library of Science, pp. 1-2.
Hibbeler R, C., 2004. Statics and Mechanics of Materials. 1st ed. Singapore: Prentice Hall.
isotopez, 2014. Your doing it wrong - Aiming Speargun. [Online]
Available at: http://www.spearboard.com/showthread.php?t=178296
[Accessed 24 April 2017].
25
King, W., 2011. Drag Coefficients of Bullets, Arrows, and Spears. [Online]
Available at: https://sites.google.com/site/technicalarchery/technical-discussions-1/drag-
coefficients-of-bullets-arrows-and-spears
[Accessed 11 March 2017].
Leach, M., 2015. Archery, Arrows & Arrow Flight: Recurve Bow Tuning. [Online]
Available at: http://www.meta-synthesis.com/archery/archery.html
Loh, J., 2013. Area under the Force-Extension Graph. [Online]
Available at: https://prezi.com/mvnxruvpagqw/area-under-the-force-extension-graph/
Math is Fun, 2014. Standard Deviation and Variance. [Online]
Available at: http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-deviation.html
Metal Supermarkets, 2017. Aluminum 5052. [Online]
Available at: https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/metals/aluminum/aluminum-5052/
[Accessed 15 February 2017].
NASA, 2015. The Drag Equation. [Online]
Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/drageq.html
Pidegree Gloves, 2015. Natural Latex Physical Properties. [Online]
Available at: http://www.pidegreegroup.com/Natural-latex-physical-properties-id60449.html
Smith, A. & Nakaya, S., 2002. SPEARFISHING – IS IT ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE?. Sydney, Elsiever,
p. 500.
South, J. T., 2001. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Natural Rubber Compounds and
Composites, Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute .
Spearfishing Tips, 2015. Speargun Length. [Online]
Available at: http://www.spearfishingtips.com/speargun-length.html
Synthomer, 2014. Technical Datasheet. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.synthomer.com/index.php?id=76&tx_productdatabase_pi1[view]=1&tx_productdataba
se_pi1[mat]=3012&L=0&tx_productdatabase_pi1[rev]=42116
Worthington, J., 2017. Slow Motion Analysis. Plymouth: s.n.
Worthington, J., 2017. Speargun CAD. Plymouth: s.n.
26
APPENDICES
Software Used:
Tracker – Video Analysis and Modelling Tool
SOLIDWORKS – Computer Aided Design
Microsoft Excel – Spreadsheet Software
Microsoft Word – Word Processing Software
Appendix A: Equations Default dimensions of barrel cross-

section
Moments of Inertia
Shape Area Position of neutral axis Moment of Inertia about the centroid position
from general x axis of the shape
Rectangle 𝐻×𝐵 𝐻𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵3 𝐻
𝐻𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 −
2 12
Right Angled 𝐻×𝐵 𝐻𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵3 𝐻
𝐻𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 −
Triangle 2 3 36
Semi-circle 𝜋𝑑2 𝑊
4 × 21
𝜋 8 4
( − )𝑅
8 𝐻𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 8 9𝜋
3𝜋
Circular (sin(2𝜑)) 4𝑟 × (sin 𝜑)3 2⁄ 2(sin(𝜑))3 cos(𝜑) 𝑟 2
Segment 𝑟 2 (𝜑 − ) +𝑟 𝐴𝑟 4 (1 + ) − 𝐴 (𝑦 − )
2 3 × (2 × 𝜑 − sin(2𝜑)) 𝜑 − sin(𝜑) cos(𝜑) 2
Outer Ellipse 𝐻𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 3
𝐵𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟
2 2 12
Inner Ellipse 𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 3
𝐵𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
+
2 2 2 12
2 𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 4
Outer Circle 𝜋𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜋𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟
4 2 64
2 𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 4
Inner Circle 𝜋𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝜋𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
+
4 2 2 64
(Hibbeler R, 2004)
27
Description of Equation Equation Source

Engineering Stress 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (Askeland, 1996)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠‐ 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Engineering Strain 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (Askeland, 1996)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
The Drag Equation 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0.5 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 2 ∗ 𝐶𝑑 (NASA, 2015)
Euler’s column Formula 1 (Hibbeler R, 2004)
𝐵𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿2
(maximum compressive force 4
before failure occurs)
Kinetic Energy Equation 1 (BBC, 2014)
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Area under the graph 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 (Hibbeler R, 2004)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) ∗
2
Maximum Bending Moment 𝐼𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (Hibbeler R, 2004)
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
Equation Ῡ
Velocity Equation 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Standard Deviation 𝑁
(Math is Fun, 2014)
1
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √ ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2
𝑁
𝑖=1
Sample Standard Deviation 𝑁

(Math is Fun, 2014)
1
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √ ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑁−1
𝑖=1
Appendix B Experimental Data
Links to video footage taken
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-8K-szmn14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1K0EunoKvk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvGMJtd2CUk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yc-c4DZ7Q1w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIEwDV0wAVM
28
Measured Velocity Data

Twin Bands
30.00
Velocity Against Displacement
23.75
25.00
20.00
Velocity m/s
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Extension m
Velocity Bands go slack
30.00 Circular Band

Velocity Against Displacement 24.01
25.00
20.00
Velocity m/s
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
VelocityExtensionBands
m go slack
30.00
Twin and Circular Bands 29.28
Velocity Against Displacement

25.00
20.00
Velocity m/s
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Extension m
Velocity Bands go slack
29
Measured Accuracy Data
Twin Bands Circular Band Twin Bands + Circular

350 Band
350 350
325
325 325
300 300
300
275 275
275
Height mm
250
Height mm
Height mm
250
225 250
225
200 225
200
175 200
175
150
175
150 125
125 150
100
100 75 125
200 225 250 275 300 325 200 225 250 275 300 325 200 225 250 275 300 325
Width mm Width mm Width mm
4m 3m 2m 4m 3m 2m 4m 3m 2m
Rubber Tensile Testing
Rubber Hysteresis Curve

2 Cycles
200
150
Load N
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Extension mm
First Cycle Second Cycle
30
Load Extension Graph

700
600
500
Load Newtons
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Extension Millimetres
Amber Apnea (2013) Beuchat 18mm SFS 14mm SFS 16mm SFS 18mm Apnea (2015)
Stress Strain Graph

3
2.5
2
Stress MPa
1.5
0.5
0
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350% 400% 450% 500%
Strain
Amber Apnea (2013) Beuchat SFS Small SFS Medium SFS Large Apnea (2015)
31
Appendix C Supporting Figures
Traditional Power System

250
200
Load N
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Extension m
Figure 9 showing the extension is limited because the bands are attached at the muzzle
(Worthington, 2017).
Roller Power System

300
250
200
Load N
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Extension m
Pre-tension Full Tension
Figure 10 showing the extension of the bands can be increased by using rollers
(Worthington, 2017).
32
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An Analysis of Speargun Performance

Thesis · May 2017

An Analysis of Speargun Dynamics View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

School of Marine Science and Engineering

Honours project submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Supervisor, Dr Frank Abraham

Symbol Units Description

Traditional A speargun featuring twin or circular band arrangements.

4.0 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Annotated Traditional Speargun (Worthington, 2017)............................................................. 8

5.0 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Showing measured and calculated initial velocities. ............................................................... 14

6.0 LIST OF GRAPHS

7.1 Aims and Objectives

To achieve this aim the objectives were as follows:

1. Design, construct and undertake multiple experiments to simulate realistic working

7.2 What is Spearfishing?

7.3 How Does a Speargun Work?

Chest Loading Brace Safety Catch

Roller Muzzle (Open)

Rollers Rails Spear

7.4 This Report Includes:

8.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

9.0 PRACTICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

9.1 Length, range and weight of speargun

9.2 Speed of the Spear

9.3 Penetration of the Spear

10. RUBBER ANALYSIS

11.0 SLOW MOTION ANALYSIS

11.2 Theoretical Comparison

Measured Velocity Calculated Velocity

Table 1 Showing measured and calculated initial velocities

12.0 Accuracy testing Vertical Tension

A further rig was set up to hold a removable target at set

Figure 4 Target Paper and Rig

was calculated from the recorded data. It

200 is more accurate over greater distances with

150 time to drop as a result of gravity. This

100 aiming for targets at any distance. The

13.0 Barrel Stiffness

13.1 Theoretical Calculations

13.2 Comparison with Measured Values

Measured Deflection Calculated Deflection

Table 2 Measured and Calculated Displacement at Muzzle

Since the rail is necessary to support the spear it makes sense to

reduction in deflection at the muzzle for only a 32% increase in weight.

Property Circular Integrated Rails Units

14.0 Additional Observations

14.1 Experimental Anomaly

14.2 Roller Systems Additional Variables:

Objective – To consider roller power systems as an alternative to traditional power systems.

Figure 8 Recommended Design (Worthington, 2017)

Rubber Type Rubber Length Distance of Total Total Spear Initial

Table 4 Comparison of benchmarked design to recommended design.

Length Material Cross- Vertical Vertical