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INDIRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Session: Jan To Jun 2011

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³Name of Seminar Topic´

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This is to certify that the Seminar entitled ³ 
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approved by the department and submitted by  c
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´ in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Computer Engineering at Indira college of Engineering and management, Pune during the
academic session Jan to Jun 2011.

Date:

Place: ICEM,Pune

(Name of Guide) (Prof. Ashish Manwatkar)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

£ith immense pleasure, I am presenting this seminar report as part of the

curriculum of T.E. Computer engineering.

£e express our profound thanks to our respected Head of the Department, MR.
«««..whose advice and valuable guidance helped us in making this project interesting
and successful one.

£e are grateful to our guide c c for his/her support and
guidance throughout the course of our project.

£e also thanks all those who have directly or indirectly guided and helped us in
preparation of this project.

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ÿigBee is a new wireless technology developed by the ÿigBee Alliance to overcome the
limitations of BLUETOOTH and £i-Fi. ÿigBee is developed on the top of IEEE
802.15.4 standard. It is designed for low-power consumption allowing batteries to
essentially last forever. Though we have couple of methods for multimedia applications,
till now nothing has been developed for sensor networking and control machines which
require longer battery life and continuous working without human intervention. ÿigBee
devices allow batteries to last up to years using primary cells (low cost) without any
chargers (low cost and easy installation). The ÿigBee standard provides network,
security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4.IEEE
802.15.4 standard has two basic layers medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) wireless standard. The network layer supports various topologies such star,
clustered tree topology and self healing mesh topology. Apart from easy installation and
easy implementation ÿigBee has a wide application area such as home networking,
industrial networking, many more having different profiles specified for each field. The
upcoming of ÿigBee will revolutionize the home networking and rest of the wireless
world.

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LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii
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1.1 EVOLUTION OF LO£-RATE £IRELESS PERSONAL AREA
NET£ORK STANDARDIÿATION 1
1.2 ÿIGBEE AND IEEE 802.15.4 2
1.2.1 ÿigBee Alliance 3
1.2.2 £hy is it called ÿigbee? 4
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2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 5
2.2 ÿIGBEE CHARACTERISTICS 6
2.3 DEVICE TYPES 7
2.4 NET£ORK TOPOLOGIES 8
2.4.1 Star Topology 8
2.4.2 Peer-to-peer Topology 9
2.4.3 Cluster-tree Topology 10
2.5 ARCHITECTURE 12
2.5.1 Network and Application Support layer 13
2.5.2 Physical (PHY) layer: 13
2.5.3 Media access control (MAC) layer: 14
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3.1 RECEIVER ENERGY DETECTION (ED) 17
3.2 LINK QUALITY INDICATION (LQI) 17
3.3 CLEAR CHANNEL ASSESSMENT (CCA) 18
3.4 PPDU FORMAT 18
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4.1 SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE 21
4.2 CSMA-CA ALGORITHM 22
4.3 TRAFFIC TYPES 23
4.4 DATA TRANSFER MODEL 23
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5.1 AODV: AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR 28
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6.1 TECHNOLOGY COMPARISONS 31
6.2 ÿIGBEE APPLICATIONS 31
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2.1 Star topology Network 9
2.2 Cluster Network 10
2.3 Mesh Network 11
2.4 ÿigBee Architecture 12
3.1 Phy layer Reference model 15
3.2 Operating Frequency Bands 18
4.1 Mac layer Reference model 21
4.2 Super frame structure 23
4.3 communication to a coordinator in a beacon Enabled network. 25
4.4 communication to a coordinator in a nonbeacon Enabled network. 26
4.5 communication from a coordinator in a nonbeacon Enabled network. 27
4.6 communication from a coordinator in a beacon Enabled network. 28
5.1 Reverse and forward path formation in AODV Protocol 31
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3.1 Frequency Bands and data rates 16
6.1 Technology computation 31
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The cellular network was a natural extension of the wired telephony network that became
persistent during the mid-20th century. As the need for mobility and the cost of laying
new wires increased, the motivation for a personal connection independent of location to
that network also increased. Coverage of large area is provided through (1-2km) cells that
co-operate with their neighbors to create a seamless network. Cellular standards basically
aimed at facilitating voice communications throughout a metropolitan area. During the
mid-1980s, it turned out that an even smaller coverage area is needed for higher user
densities and the emergent data traffic.
The IEEE 802.11 working group for £ireless Local Area Network (£LAN) is formed,
to create a wireless local area network standard. £hereas IEEE 802.11 was concerned
with features such as Ethernet matching speed, long range(100m), complexity to handle
seamless roaming, message forwarding, and data throughput of 2-11Mbps.
£ireless personal area networks (£PANs) are used to convey information over relatively
short distances. £PANs are focused on a space around a person or object that typically
extends up to 10m in all directions. The focus of £PANs is low-cost, low power, short
range and very small size.
The IEEE 802.15 working group is formed to create £PAN standard. This group has
currently defined three classes of £PANs that are differentiated by data rate, battery
drain and quality of service (QoS).
Ô The high data rate £PAN (IEEE 802.15.3) is suitable for multi-media applications that
require very high quality of services.
Ô Medium rate £PANs (IEEE 802.15.1/Bluetooth) will handle a variety of tasks ranging
from cell phones to PDA communications and have QoS suitable for voice
communications.
Ô The low rate £PANs (IEEE 802.15.4/LR-£PAN) is intended to serve a set of
industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption, with
relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. The low data rate enables the LR-£PAN to
consume very little power. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive
solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices.

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The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless
networks and specifies the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers
for Multiple Radio Frequency (RF) bands, including 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz.
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed to provide reliable data transmission of modest
amounts of data up to 100 meters or more while consuming very little power. IEEE
802.15.4 is typically less than 32 kb in size, featuring a 64-bit address space, source and
destination addressing, error detection, and advanced power management.
ÿigBee technology takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and extends the
capabilities of this new radio standard by defining a flexible and secure network layer
that supports a variety of architectures to provide highly reliable wireless communication.
ÿigBee technology also offers simplicity and a cost-effective approach to building,
construction and remodeling with wireless technology. ÿigBee is all set to provide the
consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless
intelligence and capabilities into every day devices.
ÿigBee is expected to provide low cost and low power connectivity for equipment that
needs battery life as long as several months to several years but does not require data
transfer rates as high as those enabled by Bluetooth. This kind of network eliminates use
of physical data buses like USB and Ethernet cables. The devices could include
telephones, hand-held digital assistants, sensors and controls located within a few meters
of each other.
Thus, ÿigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost; wireless
networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications.
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The ÿigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable,
cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based
on an open global standard.
The goal of the ÿigBee Alliance is to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility,
mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day
devices. ÿigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and
applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets
worldwide. For the first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform
optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including
simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-power.
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It has been suggested that the name evokes the haphazard paths that bees follow as they
harvest pollen, similar to the way packets would move through a mesh network.
Using communication system, whereby the bee dances in a zig-zag pattern, worker bee is
able to share information such as the location, distance, And direction of a newly
discovered food source to her fellow colony members. Instinctively implementing the
ÿigBee Principle, bees around the world actively sustain productive itchiness and
promote future generations of Colony members.
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A LR-£PAN is a simple, low-cost communication network that allows wireless
connectivity in applications with limited power and relaxed throughput requirements. The
main objectives of an LR-£PAN are ease of installation, reliable data transfer,
shortrange operation, extremely low cost, and a reasonable battery life, while maintaining
a simple and flexible protocol.
The three license-free frequencies of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard include sixteen channels
at 2.4 GHz, ten channels at 915 MHz, and one channel at 868 MHz, to support global or
regional deployment. The maximum data rates for each band are 250 kbps, 40 kbps and
20 kbps, respectively. The air interface is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) using
binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for 868 MHz and 915 MHz and offset-quadrature
phase shift keying (OQPSK) for 2.4 GHz.
Other features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY include receiver energy detection, link quality
indication and clear channel assessment. Both contention-based and contention-free
channel access methods are supported. Maximum packet size is 128 bytes, including a
variable payload of up to 104 bytes. IEEE 802.15.4 employs 64-bit IEEE and 16-bit short
addresses, which supports over 65,000 nodes per network.
The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC also enables network association and disassociation, has an
optional super frame structure with beacons for time synchronization, and a guaranteed
time slot (GTS) mechanism for high priority communications. The access method is
carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA). Network routing
schemes are designed to ensure power conservation, and low latency through guaranteed
time slots. A unique feature of ÿigBee network layer is communication redundancy
eliminating ³single point of failure´ in mesh networks.
IEEE and ÿigBee Alliance have been working closely to specify the entire protocol stack.
IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on the specification of the lower two layers of the protocol
(physical and data link layer). On the other hand, ÿigBee Alliance aims to provide the
upper layers of the protocol stack (from network to the application layer) for
interoperable data networking, security services and a range of wireless home and
building control solutions.

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The focus of network applications under the IEEE 802.15.4 / ÿigBee standard include the
features of low power consumption, needed for only two major modes (Tx/Rx or Sleep),
high density of nodes per network, low costs and simple implementation.
These features are enabled by the following characteristics.
Ô 2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz dual PHY modes.
Ô This represents three license-free bands: 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 868-870 MHz and 902-
928 MHz. The number of channels allotted to each frequency band is fixed at 16 channels
in the 2.45 GHz band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz band, and 1 channel in the 868 MHz
band
Ô Maximum data rates allowed for each of these frequency bands are fixed as 250 kbps
@2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz, and 20 kbps @868 MHz.
Ô Allocated 16 bit short or 64 bit extended addresses.
Ô Allocation of guaranteed time slots (GTSs)
Ô Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) channel access
Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and
controls.
Ô Fully ³hand-shake´ acknowledged protocol for transfer reliability.
Ô Low power consumption with battery life ranging from months to years.
Ô Energy detection (ED).
Ô Link quality indication (LQI).
Ô Multiple topologies : star, peer-to-peer, mesh topologies
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ÿigBee devices are required to conform to the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate £ireless
Personal Area Network (£PAN) standard. ÿigBee wireless devices are expected to
transmit 10-75 meters, depending on the RF environment and the power output
consumption required for a given application, and will operate in the unlicensed RF
worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). The data rate is
250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz.
There are three different ÿigBee device types that operate on these layers in any
selforganizing application network. These devices have 64-bit IEEE addresses, with
option to enable shorter addresses to reduce packet size, and work in either of two
addressing modes ± star and peer-to-peer.
Ô The ÿigBee (PAN) coordinator node: The most capable device, the coordinator forms
the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. It is able to store
information about the network.There is one, and only one, ÿigBee coordinator in each
network to act as the router to other network. It also acts as the repository for security
keys.
Ô The Full Function Device (FFD): The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data
from other devices. It needs lesser memory than the ÿigBee coordinator node, and entails
lesser manufacturing costs. It can operate in all topologies and can act as a coordinator.
Ô The Reduced Function Device (RFD) : This device is just capable of talking in the
network; it cannot relay data from other devices. Requiring even less memory, (no flash,
very little ROM and RAM), an RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD. This device talks
only to a network coordinator and can be implemented very simply in star topology.
An FFD can talk to RFDs or other FFDs, while an RFD can talk only to an FFD. An RFD
is intended for applications that are extremely simple, such as a light switch or a passive
infrared sensor; they do not have the need to send large amounts of data and may only
associate with a single FFD at a time. Consequently, the RFD can be implemented using
minimal resources and memory capacity.
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Figure 2.1 shows 3 types of topologies that ÿigBee supports: star topology, peer-to-peer
topology and cluster tree.
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In the star topology, the communication is established between devices and a single
central controller, called the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mains
powered while the devices will most likely be battery powered. Applications that benefit
from this topology include home automation, personal computer (PC) peripherals, toys
and games. After an FFD is activated for the first time, it may establish its own network
and become the PAN coordinator. Each start network chooses a PAN identifier, which is
not currently used by any other network within the radio sphere of influence. This allows
each star network to operate independently.
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In peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN coordinator. In contrast to star topology,
any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in range of one
another. A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing.
Applications such as industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor networks, asset
and inventory tracking would benefit from such a topology. It also allows multiple hops
to route messages from any device to any other device in the network. It can provide
reliability by multipath routing.
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Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are
FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the end of a
branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services to
other devices and coordinators.
Only one of these coordinators however is the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator
forms the first cluster by establishing itself as the cluster head (CLH) with a cluster
identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN identifier, and broadcasting beacon
frames to neighboring devices. A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request
to join the network at the CLH. If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it will
add this new device as a child device in its neighbor list. The newly joined device will
add the CLH as its parent in its neighbor list and begin transmitting periodic beacons
such that other candidate devices may then join the network at that device. Once
application or network requirements are met, the PAN coordinator may instruct a device
to become the CLH of a new cluster adjacent to the first one. The advantage of this
clustered structure is the increased coverage area at the cost of increased message latency.

Figure 2.3
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The LR-£PAN architecture is defined in terms of a number of blocks in order to
simplify the standard. These blocks are called layers. Each layer is responsible for one
part of the standard and offers services to the higher layers. The layout of the blocks is
based on the open systems interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model. The interfaces
between the layers serve to define the logical links between layers. The LR-£PAN
architecture can be implemented either as embedded devices or as devices requiring the
support of an external device such as a PC.
An LR-£PAN device comprises a PHY, which contains the radio frequency (RF)
transceiver along with its low-level control mechanism, and a MAC sub layer that
provides access to the physical channel for all types of transfer.
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The network layer permits growth of network sans high power transmitters. This layer
can handle huge numbers of nodes.
This level in the ÿigBee architecture includes
Ô The ÿigBee Device Object (ÿDO)
Ô User-Defined Application Profile(s)
Ô The Application Support (APS) Sub-layer.
The APS sub-layer's responsibilities include maintenance of tables that enable matching
between two devices and communication among them, and also discovery, the aspect that
identifies other devices that operate in the operating space of any device.
The responsibility of determining the nature of the device (Coordinator / FFD or RFD) in
the network, commencing and replying to binding requests and ensuring a secure
relationship between devices rests with the ÿDO (ÿigbee Define Object). The userdefined
application refers to the end device that conforms to the ÿigBee Standard.
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The PHY service enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data units
(PPDU) across the physical radio channel.
The features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY physical layer are Activation and deactivation of
the radio transceiver, energy detection (ED), Link quality indication (LQI), channel
selection, clear channel assessment (CCA) and transmitting as well as receiving packets
across the physical medium.
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The MAC service enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units
(MPDU) across the PHY data service. The features of MAC sub layer are beacon
management, channel access, GTS management, frame validation, acknowledged frame
delivery, association and disassociation.
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AODV is a pure on-demand route acquisition algorithm: nodes that do not lie on active
paths neither maintain any routing information nor participate in any periodic routing
table exchanges. Further, a node does not have to discover and maintain a route to
another node until the two needs to communicate, unless the former node is offering
services as an intermediate forwarding station to maintain connectivity between two other
nodes.
The primary objectives of the algorithm are to broadcast discovery packets only when
necessary, to distinguish between local connectivity management and general topology
maintenance and to disseminate information about changes in local connectivity to those
neighboring mobile nodes that are likely to need the information.
£hen a source node needs to communicate with another node for which it has no routing
information in its table, the Path Discovery process is initiated. Every node maintains two
separate counters: sequence number and broadcast id. The source node initiates path
discovery by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbors, which
includes source addr, source sequence number, broadcast id, dest addr, dest sequence
number, hop cnt. (Source sequence number is for maintaining freshness information
about the reverse route whereas the destination sequence number is for maintaining
freshness of the route to the destination before it can be accepted by the source.).
The pair source addr, broadcast id uniquely identifies a RREQ, where broadcast id is
incremented whenever the source issues a new RREQ.£hen an intermediate node
receives a RREQ, if it has already received a RREQ with the same broadcast id and
source address, it drops the redundant RREQ and does not rebroadcast it. Otherwise, it
rebroadcasts it to its own neighbors after increasing hop cnt. Each node keeps the
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following information: destination IP address, source IP address, broadcast id, expiration
time for reverse path route entry and source node¶s sequence number.
As the RREQ travels from a source to destinations, it automatically sets up the reverse
path from all nodes back to the source. To set up a reverse path, a node records the
address of the neighbor from which it received the first copy of RREQ. These reverse
path route entries are maintained for at least enough time for the RREQ to traverse the
network and produce a reply to the sender.
£hen the RREQ arrives at a node, possibly the destination itself , that possesses a current
route to the destination, the receiving node first checks that the RREQ was received over
a bi-directional link. If this node is not destination but has route to the destination, it
determines whether the route is current by comparing the destination sequence number in
its own route entry to the destination sequence number in the RREQ. If RREQ¶s
sequence number for the destination is greater than that recorded by the intermediate
node, the intermediate node must not use this route to respond to the RREQ, instead
rebroadcasts the RREQ.
If the route has a destination sequence number that is greater than that contained in the
RREQ or equal to that contained in the RREQ but a smaller hop count, it can uncast a
route reply packet (RREP) back to its neighbor from which it received the RREQ. A
RREP contains the following information: source addr, dest addr, dest sequence number,
hop cnt and lifetime. As the RREP travels back to the source, each node along the path
sets up a forward pointer to the node from which the RREP came, updates its timeout
information for route entries to the source and destination, and records the latest
destination sequence number for the requested destination.
Nodes that are along the path determined by the RREP will timeout after route request
expiration timer and will delete the reverse pointers since they are not on the path from
source to destination as shown in Figure 5.1. The value of this timeout time depends on
the size of the ad hoc network.
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The ÿigbee Alliance targets applications "across consumer, commercial, industrial and
government markets worldwide". Unwired applications are highly sought after in many
networks that are characterized by numerous nodes consuming minimum power and
enjoying long battery lives.
ÿigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications, for the reason that it
enables reduced costs of development, very fast market adoption, and rapid ROI. £ith
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ÿigBee designed to enable two-way communications, not only will the consumer be able
to monitor and keep track of domestic utilities usage, but also feed it to a computer
system for data analysis.
A recent analyst report issued by £est Technology Research Solutions estimates that by
the year 2008, "annual shipments for ÿigBee chipsets into the home automation segment
alone will exceed 339 million units," and will show up in "light switches, fire and smoke
detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and audio remote controls,
landscaping, and security systems."
Futurists are sure to hold ÿigBee up and say, "See, I told you so". The ÿigBee Alliance is
nearly 200 strong and growing, with more OEM's signing up. This means that more and
more products and even later, all devices and their controls will be based on this standard.
Since £ireless personal Area Networking applies not only to household devices, but also
to individualized office automation applications, ÿigBee is here to stay. It is more than
likely the basis of future home-networking solutions.
The technology is designed to be simpler and cheaper than other £PANs such as
Bluetooth. The most capable ÿigBee node type is said to require only about 10% of the
software of a typical Bluetooth or £ireless Internet node, while the simplest nodes are
about 2%. ÿigBee is aimed at applications with low data rates and low power
consumption.
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The ÿigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks
with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product to run for
years on inexpensive primary batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is also, of
course, capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh networking technologies ÿigBee
is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by
building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices.
The mission of the ÿigBee £orking Group is to bring about the existence of a broad
range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for
unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest
cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices
anywhere in and around the home.
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1. £illiam stalling ,´wirless communication and netwoks´,Fourth edition pearson
publication limited,2004
2. Andrew S. Tenenbaum, ³Computer Networks´, Fourth Edition Pearson
Publication, Limited, 2003
3. Behrouz A. Frouzan, ³Data Communication´, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing , company Limitted, 2004
4. http://www.zigbee.org/en/documents/zigbeeoverview4.pdf