2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA)
Research on Security Transmission Technologies
for Integrated Satellite and Terrestrial Networks
Huang Yao
China Satellite Maritime Monitoring
and Control Department
Jiangsu, Jiangyin
huangxy958@163.com
Abstract—The integrated satellite and terrestrial network
involves many technologies from the physical layer to the
application layer. This paper studies safe transmission
technology of the physical layer. Under the constraint of
suburban users achieving secure transmission, a joint security
transmission algorithm of ATC beamforming matrix and
artificial noise covariance matrix, which is based on the known
global channel state information is proposed to minimize the
ATC transmit power. The security performance of the
algorithm is verified by simulation.
Keywords—Integrated Satellite and Terrestrial Network,
Secure Transmission, Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC),
Beamforming, Artificial Noise
I. INTRODUCTION
Satellite communication mainly relies on the line-of-sight
transmission. The communication quality will be
deteriorated or even interrupted in some places where the
shadow is severe [1]. Ancillary Terrestrial Component
(ATC), which is an important way to realize the integration
of satellite and terrestrial wireless communication system, is
mainly used for forwarding the satellite signal to assist
indoor users or urban areas with indoor or high-rise buildings
in receiving signals from the satellite. The common
architecture of integrated satellite and terrestrial network is
shown in figure 1. The ground communication network is a
cellular network formed by base station or ground auxiliary
module ATC, and the ATC of reusing satellite frequency
band alone or together with the ground base station provides
services and improves the communication quality in areas
with poor reception of satellite signals, such as indoor or
high-rise urban areas[2].
Satellite overlap
area Satellite
gateway
ATC Net
ATC
SU
network
Satellite
coverage area
Base station
Base station controller
Fig. 1. The model of satellite-ground link
Based on cognitive radio technology, Reference [3] and
[4] studied the physical layer security problem in the hybrid
978-1-7281-1223-7/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Li Shengnan Yan Yan
China Satellite Maritime Monitoring College of Communication
and Control Department Engineering, the Army Engineering
Jiangsu, Jiangyin University of PLA
18761685289@qq.com Jiangsu, Nanjing
network. The research idea is to use the same frequency
interaction between heterogeneous networks to the
interference to the eavesdropper and achieve the goal of safe
transmission. In view of this, this paper aims at the problem
of the safe transmission of the line-of-sight link between the
satellite and the suburban user. A star-link eavesdropping
model around the suburban users is established based on the
known global channel state information. In order to achieve
secure transmission of suburban users, Artificial noise to
deteriorate the quality of the eavesdropping channel is
transmitted while multi-antenna ATC transmits satellite
signals for urban users. In order to minimize the ATC
transmit power, this paper proposes a secure transmission
algorithm for jointly designing ATC beamforming matrix
and artificial noise Artificial Noise covariance matrix under
the constraint of safe transmission of suburban users
II. SYSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM MODELING
The star-link eavesdropping model is shown in figure 2.
Assuming that the global channel state information is known,
(1)
the satellites send (forward) signal s to the urban
(2)
user(CU), and signal s to the suburban user (SU).
Suburban user has M eavesdroppers(Eve). ATC modeling is
equipped with K antennas and works in half-duplex mode.
SU, CU and Eve are equipped with single antenna. The
CU needs two stages to receive satellite signals. ATC
forwards signal for providing service to CU, and sends
artificial noise to interfere with Eve around SU so as to
realize the safe transmission of SU.
The second stage communication link
The second stage communication link
The second stage interference link
The second stage eavesdropping link
PSTN/PLMN
PSDN/WWW
SU
Core
ATC
 CU
Eve
Satellite coverage
area
Fig. 2. The satellite-ground link eavesdropping model
In the first stage of signal transmission, the received
437 Dalian, China
March 29-31, 2019
 signal of ATC is shown in Equation (1).
H
min w Tw + Tr ( ∑ )
w ,∑s0

=yR
(1) (1)
Ps f R s + n R (1) ( 2)
Ps fs
2
1+
H H 2
s.t.
w Sw + γγs ∑ s +s s ≥2
R
In the second stage of signal transmission, there are two ( 2) f 2 (4)
 
signal transmission processes:  Ps e,m 
max 1 +
1) ATC processes the received signals and forwards them m∈  H H 2 
 w G m w + γγ e,m ∑ e,m + e,m 
to CU by means of amplification and forwarding. At the  
same time, in order to achieve the safe transmission of SU, it H
w Cw
uses the remaining power to send artificial noise to >γ
H H 2
w Hw + h ∑ h + s c
deteriorate the quality of the listening channel.
(2)
H
(
w Tk w + Tr E k ∑ ≤ Pk ，∀k ∈  )
2) SU receives the signal s sent (forwarded) by
satellite. Introducing the slack variable, Equation (4) is turned
into Equation (5).
So the rate of CU is shown in Equation (2).

H
1 min w Tw + Tr ( ∑ )
=Rc
2
(
log 2 1 + SINRc ) (2) w ,∑s0

Ps
( 2) fs
2
R
The reachable security rate of SU is shown in Equation s.t. 1+ ≥ r 2
H H 2
w Sw + γγ
s ∑ s +s
s
(3). (5)
Ps
( 2) f e, m
2
1 + max ≤ r，∀m ∈ 
+ m∈ w H G w + γγ
H 2
   ( 2)   ( 2 )   m e, m ∑ e, m + e, m
=Rs  min  I  y s ; s
m∈ 
 − I  ye,m ; s   ，∀m ∈  (3) H
      w Cw
>γ
H H 2
w Hw + h ∑ h + s c
Among them, f R ∈ 
K ×1
is the vector channel from H
(
w Tk w + Tr E k ∑ ≤ Pk ，∀k ∈  )
(1)
satellite to ATC, P s
(1)
is the power of s . The energy Solve Equation (5) by using step-by-step optimization
(1)  2 algorithm. Using Semidefinite Relaxation technique,
of s has been normalized, that is   s (1)  = 1 and
  introducing variable W = ww H and removing non-convex
 
(1) ( 2) (1) restriction rank ( W ) = 1 , the slack problem of Equation (5)
s   ( 0,1) . s and Ps are also the same as s
( 2)
and
is obtained.
Ps(1) . n R is an additive white Gaussian noise of multi-
antenna ATC with the average value of 0 and a covariance
P (r ) ( ) ( )
σ 2I
= min Tr TW + Tr ∑
matrix of .At the
R K same time, Wss
0, ∑ 0


I  ys ; s
( 2 )  = log
 2 (1 + SINRs ) I  ye,m ;=
,  ( 2) 
s  (
log 2 1 + SINRe,m ).
s.t. ( ) ( ( )
Tr CW − γ Tr HW + Tr ∑ hh ( H
)) > γs
2
c
(6)
   
( ) ( )
Tr Tk W + Tr E k ∑ ≤ Pk ，∀k ∈ 

fs − ( r  2 − 1) ( Tr ( SW ) + Tr ( ∑ γγ
s s ) ) ≥ ( r  2 − 1)
III. A SECURE TRANSMISSION ALGORITHM FOR MINIMIZE ( ) 2
2 R H R 2
Ps s
TRANSMIT POWER.
fe,m − ( r − 1) ( Tr ( G m W ) + Tr ( ∑ γγ
e,m e,m ) ) ≤ ( r − 1)
( 2) 2 H 2
Under the constraint of the safe transmission limitation Ps e,m，∀m ∈ 
of SU ,the Qos of CU, and the single antenna forwarding
Equation (6) is a convex semidefinite programming,
power PR , k ,this paper jointly designs ATC's forwarding which can be solved through standard optimization package.
beamforming matrix W ∈ 
K ×K
and cooperative jamming Assuming the optimal solution is W  *，
∑ * ,η * , the optimal
( )
artificial noise covariance matrix ∑  0 to minimize the solution of Equation (5) is obtained.
ATC transmit power. The optimization problem is shown in
Equation (4).

438
 Step by step optimization algorithm for solving problem (5) 1) For the same reachable security rate, the transmit
Given initial channel conditions power of the ATC when the terrestrial link experiences FHS
begin is greater than ILS.
For the given r , solve problem (6) to obtain the optimal solution
( W ，∑ ) and dual variables (τ , λ ) .
* * 2) When the satellite-ground link goes through FHS, the
satellite signal is seriously attenuated, and ATC needs to
check rank ( W ) whether it is 1 amplify it with a higher power to achieve the purpose of
∗

suppressing eavesdropping. At this time, the performance of

if rank ( W ) = 1
∗
algorithm 1 is superior to algorithm 2.
Decomposition matrix to get w ;
*

or
Obtain an approximate optimal solution w* by using
Gaussian randomization;
end
Update r by using gradient descent;
End output the approximate optimal solution w* .

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The effectiveness of the safety transmission algorithm
for QoS of SU was verified by Monte Carlo simulation.
Suppose the departure angle of CU θ c = 0.001o ; the
departure angle of SU θ s = 40o , and the beam Angle is
0.1 ; the departure angle of Eve θ e, m =
−20o ，m ∈  , and Fig. 4. The influence of the number of ATC antennas on the ATC transmit
power
the beam Angle is 0.2 ; Noise variance
ssss
2
= = =
R
2
c
2
s
2
e,m =1，m ∈  , the maximum power of ATC
is Ptot , the maximum power limit of the KTH antenna
is Ptot K ,the number of ATC antennas K = 4 , the number
of eavesdroppers M = 2 . In addition, the channel
parameters of satellite-ground link consider two situations:
Infrequent Light Shadowing (ILS) and Frequent Heavy
Shadowing (FHS). All the simulation results are the average
of 1000 random channel implementations.
Algorithm 1 is a two-layer optimization algorithm which
jointly designs ATC beamforming matrix and artificial noise
covariance matrix. Algorithm 2 is a two-layer optimization
algorithm which only designs the ATC beamforming matrix.
In the following, algorithm 1 and algorithm 2 are compared
and analyzed through simulation, and algorithm 2 is denoted
as noAN . The simulation results are shown in Figure 3. Fig. 5. The influence of the number of ATC antennas on the solvable
probability

Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the influence of the number

of ATC antennas on the ATC transmit power and solvable
probability, which is the approximate optimal solution of the
problem(5). It can be concluded from the figure that whether
the satellite ground link experiences FHS or ILS, the CU
rate increases with the increase of the number of ATC
antennas. the ATC transmit power continues to drop and the
solvable probability to improved. That is to say, the increase
of the number of antennas brings about the increase of space
freedom, which can not only effectively overcome the
eavesdropping, realize the safe transmission of SU, but also
improve the capacity of wireless channel and realize the
increase of CU rate.

Fig. 3. The impact of SU reachable security rate on ATC transmit power V. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
This paper establishes a star-link eavesdropping model
Figure 3 shows the variation of the ATC transmit power
for multiple eavesdroppers around suburban users. Under the
when the SU accessible safety rate increases. According to
constraint of SU’s achieving secure transmission, a joint
Figure 3,

439
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