CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
 01 INTRODUCTION

PROCESS DESCRIPTION 02

APPLICATIONS OF CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS AND

03
ITS PRODUCTS

PRODUCTSDIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM

04
HYPOCHLORITE AND CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE

05 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BAKING

SODA AND BAKING POWDER
 WHAT IS CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS ?

The chloralkali process (also chlor-

alkali and chlor alkali) is an
industrial process for the electrolysis of
sodium chloride solutions.

The term chlor-alkali refers to the two

chemicals (chlorine and an alkali) which are
simultaneously produced as a result of the
electrolysis of a saltwater(brine).
The most common chlor-alkali chemicals are
chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda).
The first patent 1892, Hamilton
for electrolyzing Castener
brine was invented
granted in mercury cell.
England in
1851 to Charles
Watt.

Process based on The mercury

reaction of cell process
atmospheric O2 continues to
with HCl, available be in use till
as the by product of
this day.
LeBlanc process for
making NaNO3,was
introduced in 1868.
In 1895, The Castner-Kellner Alkali Company was
found, based on mercury cell process invented by
Hamilton Castener, which built plants employing the
process throughout Europe.

The mercury cell process continues in use to this day.

 Sodium Chloride
(NaCl)

- Brine
𝐻2 𝑂

2 NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)

 Chlor-alkali
processing is
CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS - SODIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTS essentially the
electrolysis of sodium
chloride (NaCl),
allowing for the
creation of chlorine
and sodium
The chlor-alkali process makes use of brine and a
STEP 1 hydroxide, along
membrane cell. with hydrogen.

The chlor-alkali process makes use of

STEP 2
brine and a membrane cell.
The anode oxidizes the chloride ion, which loses an electron to become free
chlorine gas.
STEP 3
At Anode : 2Cl-➔ 𝐶𝑙2 + 2e-
The hydrogen ions are pulled from water and reduced at the cathode, forming hydrogen gas.
The semi-permeable membrane at the center permits the sodium ions to travel to a second
STEP 4
chamber, where they react with water to produce sodium hydroxide.
At Cathode : 2H+ + 2e- → H
The simple apparatus illustrated on the right can be used in
simple school or college experiments for the electrolysis of
sodium chloride solution (often referred to as 'brine' in the
chemical industry). The graphite (carbon) electrodes are,
through a large rubber bung, 'upwardly' dipped into an solution
of the sodium chloride solution (the electrolyte).

The electrolysis will only take place when electricity is passed

through the sodium chloride solution.

Na+ Cl-
NaCl
O-
H+ H
H20
At Cathode: At Anode: Chlorine
Hydrogen gas is gas is evolved as
released as bubbles brisk efferences.
and NaOH settles at Test for the cathode
bottom. gas - pale green gas
Test for the cathode turns damp blue
gas - colorless gas litmus red and then
gives a squeaky pop bleaches it white –
with a lit splint – CHLORINE”
HYDROGEN”

The electrode reactions and products of the electrolysis of sodium

chloride solution (brine) are illustrated by the theory diagram above
 Sodium Hypochlorite-
NaOCl2
2NaOH + Cl2 → NaOCl
+ NaCl +H2O

HYDROGEN SODIUM
(H2) HYDROXIDE
(NaOH)
CHLORINE
(Cl2)

HYDROCHLORIC
ACID (HCl)
H2+ Cl2 → 2HCl
- FUEL

- FOR WELDING

- REDUCING AGENT IN
METALLURGY

- MARGARINE

- FOR PRODUCTION OF
METHANE

- PRODUCTION OF
AMMONIA(NH3)
USED IN FERTILIZERS.
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE
- ALSO KNOWN AS CAUSTIC
SODA

- USED FOR MAKING SOAPS,

DETERGENTS.

- USED IN MANUFACTURING OF
PAPER

- USED FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL

TEXTILE FIBRES, LIKE RAYON

- USED IN DEGREASING METALS,

OIL REFINARIES

- USED TO MAKE DYES AND

BLEACHES
 CHLORINE
- USED IN SWIMMING POOL
TO KILL PATHOGENS

- USED FOR MAKING PVC

- MANUFACTURING OF
PESTICIDES

- USED FOR MAKING HCl

- USED TO MANUFACTURE
BLEACHING POWDER

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → Ca(OCl)2 + H2

 CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS – BLEACH AND BLEACHING POWDER
BLEACH
When chlorine gas is passed
through sodium hydroxide, sodium
hypochlorite is formed with the
liberation of hydrogen gas
Cl2 + 2 NaOH →NaCl + NaOCl + H O 2
PROPERTIES : Sodium hypochlorite is
generally used dissolved in water . Sodium
hypochlorite solutions are clear,
greenish to yellow liquids
with an odor of
chlorine.
BLEACHING POWDER
Bleaching powder is synthesized
by the action of chlorine gas
(produced from the chlor-alkali
process) on dry slaked lime.
(Ca(OH)2).
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
PROPERTIES : It is a pale yellowish powder
existing with a strong smell of chlorine.
Its chemical formula is CaOCl2 with its chemical
name as
Calcium hypochlorite.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLEACH AND BLEACHING POWDER
Sodium hypochlorite is an inorganic
Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with chemical formula
compound with chemical formula NaOCl.
CaOCl2
v s The molar mass of sodium
The molar mass of calcium BLEACH AND hypochlorite is NaOCl is 74.45
hypochlorite is 142.98 g/mol. BLEACHING POWDER g/mol.

The melting and boiling point of The melting point and boiling points
Ca(OCl)2 are 100oC & 115oC of the most common hydrates of
respectively. sodium hypochlorite (pentahydrate)
are 18oC and 101oC respectively.
Ca(OCl)2 contains two hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite contains one
anions associated with one calcium hypochlorite associated with one
cation sodium cation.

It is very unstable.
It is relatively stable.
Low amount of chlorine available
Higher amount of chlorine available.
compared to calcium hypochlorite.
It is a white powder.
It is a greenish-yellow solid.
 CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS – BAKING SODA AND BAKING POWDER
BAKING SODA
BAKING SODA:
When we pass ammonia and
carbon dioxide through
concentrated aqueous solution
called BRINE, baking soda is
formed as a product with
ammonium chloride as a by-
product.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
BAKING POWDER
BAKING POWDER:
When H+ ions of an edible weak
acid, such as tartaric acid or citric
acid combine with baking soda,
baking soda is formed as a
product along with some other
by-products.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BAKING SODA AND BAKING POWDER
It is chemically known as Sodium It is chemically known as Sodium
Bicarbonate (NaHCO3). tartrate.

v s
It is usually known as khane wala BAKING SODA It is also known as cooking powder.
soda or cooking soda. BAKING POWDER

Components
Components Baking powder contains sodium
Baking soda contains only sodium bicarbonate, an acidifying agent
bicarbonate such as cream of tartar.
Baking soda has no acidifying Baking powder contains either
agents. Baking soda is a base cream of tartar or a mixture of
therefore its p.H is 0.1 has 8.3 monocalcium phosphate and
sodium aluminium sulphate.

Gives crispness to the food Makes the food fluffy and soft.
Used in cookies, biscuits and Used in cakes, bread, pies etc.
pakoras etc.
 CHLOR ALKALI PROCESS SUMMARY
Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid → Sodium Chloride + Water
(NaOH) (HCl) (NaCl) (H2O)
BRINE
HCl

Electrolysis of Brine:
2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

Baking Soda Formation

NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl NaCl
Baking Powder Formation :
NaHCO₃ + H+ion (of Acid) →BAKING POWDER

Formation of Bleach: Formation of Bleaching Powder

2NaOH + Cl2 → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
MADE BY.:- NAMRATA BHALERAO
CLASS 10 B
GUIDED BY : VIJAYALAXI MAM

THANKS