CTION

FUNCTION
OF A COMPLEN VARIABLE
79
Note. The valuez +2 naiis called the
general value ofllog, w and is denoted by Log w.

Thus Loge W+2 nni

Loge w2 ntit log, w

f we put n=0 in the general value, we get the

principal value of z i.e., loge W.
to find the general value
of the logarithm of any complex number, add 2 n *i
value of the
to the
principal logarithm of that number.
Art-13. Prove that

() log N =x*2nTi where e ' = N such that N is a+ ve real number and x is

also real.

( log(-N) =
Ti+ log
N, where N is positive.
() log(i8) logß+i=

Proof. () Here e =N
x+2nai =. =e (cos 2 na+ is 2 nr)=¢ (1 +i0) =
e"
x+2n =N
by definition, log N =x +2 nni
Note. one value of the logarithm of a + ve real number is real (when n = 0) and there
are infinite number of imaginary values.
(i) - N=N(-1) =N (cos 7+isin r)
-N = N

log(-N) = log (N ) = log N+ log " = log N +Ti loge

log(-N) = log N + t i

Note. Log (-N) =2nrit log -N)

Log (-N) =2 nni+ log (-N)
Putting n= 0, the principal value of Log (-N) is log N

iB-Pcosisin
.. iß-Be?
log i)-log Belog +log e? log+ilog =
e

log(i) logß+5 i
 Cor. Put 1 NrTMThMAPoMEIY A MA
logloy I' '

log
ote. Laws of Logarithms
These laws are same as for real numbers.

into real and imaginary parts.

rt-14. Separate Log (a iß)
+

(H.P.U. 2009, 2016

isin 6)
0of:
Leta iß-r(cos8+
+

parts,
Equating real and imaginary
r cos a
2)
r sin -B
and (2), we get
Squaring and adding (1)
(cos+sin'0) =a +pF

-a+
a +2
tan 8 =

Dividing (2) by (1),

..4

0 tan'
lr (cos 6+i sin 0))
a
n a i t log
i)=2
nait log (a
+

Log (a + iß)=2
2 n a i t log
(re)
ie
loge"=2
nTi+ log r +
-2nni+ logr +
:of (3)and
++itan
-2nri+log a
2 n T + tan
+*) +i
(a +i)-; (a
log
Log

+B)
R [ L o g (a
+ i)]-
2 log(a
B
+i]=2na
+ tan
and ILog(a
 ON OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE.
Dutting n= 0, the 81
N o t e

principal value is given

by
log(a+ i)= log («* +B3)+i tan
(G.N.D.U. 2012)

1LLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES|
nle 1.
Examp Express Log |Log (cos + i sin 0) in the form A + iB.
log (cos 6+ i sin 6) = loge"- i0
Sol.
Log (cos &+ i sin 6) =2 ntiti6= (2 nt +0) i

-(2na+0) cos+isin
Log (cos + i sin 6) = (2 nn+0) e 2

L o g |Log (cos6 + i sin 6)] = Log| (2nT+ 0)e 2 |

2
Log (2 na+0)+ log e

=
2 mai+ log (2 nT +6) + i

Log [Log (cos 0+ i sin0) - log(2na +0)+i(4 m+ 1)5 where m ER

Example 2. Find the general and principal value of log(-1 +)-log(-1-).

(G.N.D.U. 2007; Pbi. U. 2010)

Sol. Let 1 +i=r(cos 6 +i sin 6)

Equating real and imaginary parts,
..(1)
T
r cos - 2)
r sin 6= 1
and (2)
Squaring and adding (1)
2,r=y2

sin 6
From (1) and (2), cos 6 2
 SPECTRUM
AND MAT
3T
82 when
-

quations
Both these«
aresatistied 3T
-
24
isin 4
*i v2cos
4
log 22
+ log e
-
log(-1+i)=log

log-1)- log2
Changing i to -i,
log 1-)-log2-
(3), we get,
Subtracting (4) from
-)=-
log(-1+)-log (-1
(-1-i)
Again Log (-1 -i) 2 nti+log

Log(-1--2 nri+ log 2 4

Also Log(-1 +9-2 mxi+ 5log 2+

Log(-1 +)-Log (- 1-)=2

mTi-2 n a i +
2m-2n+
-2 tan x.
Example3. Show that i log
(Pbi. U. 2010,2
Sol. Let x+i=r(cos 0 +i sin 6)
Equating real and imaginary parts,
r cos 6=x
r sin 6 = 1

Dividing, tan or cot 6=x

cotx
or 0 tan'r
2

tanx +cot"=
PNCT
OF A COMPLEN VARIABLE
- isin )1
LHS i log +
ilos(cosism )J
log(Cos

2 :of()
i log e i 210)-20-tan
T tan 'r - RHS.

EXERCISE 4 (c)
1Provethat Log(-4)2log 2(2n+1)ai.
(H.P.U. 2006)

Findthe general value of

(ui) log(-3) () log(-5).
()logi )log(-)
(H.P.U. 2009) (Pbi. U. 2009, 2010)

sin (log i)=-1.

Prove that
Separate into real and imaginary parts

Log(-) (i) Log(1- ) (i) Log(1 +) () Log(4 +3

(Pbi. U. 2007)

Separate Log into real and imaginary parts

(H.P.U. 2010)

6 Express Log (Log ) in the form A+iB.

7. Prove that

(P.U. 2013)
tan i log-

a+ib
(i) cos i log
a -ib) ' a+62

(in
(i) log (a+iB= 2i tan
loga-iB)

(h) log (1+ cos 20+ i sin 26)

=
log (2 cos 6) + i6

(a+ib-x| n (a-x)+b tan

()logib+2 (a+x) +b *|tan atr

(vi)
(a-b)+i(a+b) i|2nT+tan
Log(a+b) +i (a-b) J
 SPECTRI
is ve
+
a
1 a
w h e r e

where
a
acute ad
sec
a

7)
k# (p?*q)*itan
itarn

A g ( 1

t h a r

P r o e

tan
4-

" ) a n d

(Ph
Ag( 1Sin
0+p*)+/
* )+/
(l+re"-,(d+2rcos +2rcos
r0+
e )

real.
g whollyreal
kg(lr

that cos0 is W h o l y
Proe
sin - i a0 |
sin
, i cos
D+ i
c o s

at the
at the origin andradius
Ori

og I +
sin/i
s i n

Hs
c e n t r e

thar h a v i n g

Sow
circle

the
on
point
ife.
y)is a
12
los
r - i y t a )

AYSWERS
tha

() 4n-)
+(2nt1)ai

(v) log5
)7i
(2n+

log3 n-1)
(ui)
part (4
=

imaginary
0,
4
Realpart
(8n-);
imaginary part
partlog 2,
() Real =
(8 n + 1)
imaginarypart
partlog 2,
(ui) Real 2
nr + tan
part=2
imaginary
=
log 5,
() Real part
tan' +2 n7

0, imaginarypart=-2
5. Real part

6. log
4n+) +(4m+1)'
2

Function
Art-15. The General Exponential 2 Loga
a =eDga
exponential function a is defined by the equation
Thegeneral
where a and z are complex numbers.
Note. Since Log a =2 n i t log a
a is a many-valued function and its principal value is obtained by

putting n =0.
 6. Express (r+ iyti in 85
the form A +
i B.

of: Let
tr+iy=r (cos + sin 6) (H.P.U. 2007)

So that
rx*+ y, 8= tan
iy)"* i
Now r t
=a*i)Log (r+ iy)_ i
B)[2 nni+ log (x +i y)
=
e+i B)[|2 n ri +
log r (cos 0+ isin 6)]
=
eti B)[2 nni+ log r e
=
ea+iB)[2 nni+logr + i6]
=
e+iB) [logr + i (2nr+0)]
=
ela log r-B(2nT+ 0)]+ i [8logr +a (2nn+ 0)]
=ti0_?
=e [cos Q+ i Q]
where A =e cos Q, B=e' sin Q such that
sin =
A+i

P-a logr-B(2na +0)= a log{x2 +y2 -p|2nr+tan"

=

a log (r +y)-p| 2nT+tan"

Q B log+a (2 nz+0)= log( +y>)+al 2 nr+tan|
2

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
+iß, prove that a? + = n * )p7
Example 1. If P =a

(P.U. 2014,2017; G.N.D.U. 2006

H.P.U. 2010)

el+i) Logi glatiD[2nmitlogi]

=fT'P=
=

Sol. Here a +iß

(a+i)2nni+loge
(+i 2nni+log|cos+isin
e

(a+1B 2nTi+i =
e
-P4n+D +i(dn+)ja
e

-B(4m+1) (4n+1);a
e
e

a+iß =e
-B(4n+ cos (4 n+ ) a+isin (4 n+1)"
 86 SPECTRUM TRIGONOMETRY AND
ND MAT.
MATRICYA
Equating real and imaginary parts,

a e BAn+D22.cos(4 n+ 1)a
and - e -B4n+D. sin (4 n+1)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2).

'+-"Pdn+ Dm|cos(4n+)a+ sin2(4 n+1)a

a+B=erB(4n+1)r
Example 2. Prove that i is wholly real and find its principal value. Also show that 1
values of i form a G.P. the
(Pbi. U. 2009 H.P.U. 201
Sol. We have = Logi= i (2nzi+logi)

i 2nni+log e 2
2ni+o con+/sin
e 2ni+
-2n which is wholly real.

Putting n =0, the principal value of i' is e 2,

5T
Putting n-0, 1,2,.., the value of fare e 2, e 2,e2
which form a G.P. with common ratio e
Example 3. Prove that

cos8+ isin 6where - 4 (m +1) e (G.N.D.U. 2017)

Sol.
*
Consider = g nzitlog )

i2nri+loge 2
i
=
e

2nEi+1-2n- 4n+)
 TION OFA COMPLEX
VARIABL
W U N C T I O NO F ,

8
(i) ef(Log )= -4n+1)z
=
L.H.S. =

2 [2mri+ log i]
-(4 n+1)
2mmi+log| cos+i sin
-(4n+1)22 loge

4n+1)
2 2m7i+i 4n+1)
e e
(4m+1)

(4n+1)n
=
ewhere 0 =(4 m+1) 2

=
cos 6 + i sin 0 =
R.H.S.
n l e 4. If the principal values are considered, prove that
(1+- sin
(1-i)+i
(log 2) + i cos (log
2).
(G.N.D.U. 2005 ; P.U. 2014)
Sal, Here we are to take only principal values

e)log (1+) 5log(1+1)+ tan

+9
1-i +) log (1-i) 0+log (+1)-i tan
e

log(a+ib)=log(a +b*)+ itan

-08
e

=
e

coslog 2+isin-og 2- sin

(og2)+i cos (log 2)
R.H.S.
 88 SPECTRUM TRIGONOMETRY AN
AND MATI
2 tan16

Example 5. If (a +ibf - m, then prove that

log (a +b2 when only prine
ne

value is considered. pr'ineiya

Sol. (a+ibf =m*y (G.N.DU.201
log(a+ ibY =log m*""
p log (a + ib) = (x + iy) log m

log (a +b2)+ itan =

**iy) log m

plog (d+b)+ip tan'x log m+iy log m

Equating real and imaginary parts,
x log m =p
2
log (d 8) +

y log m =ptan
a

2 tan16
Dividing (2) by (1), we get, a
loglog(a +b)
Example 6. If i =A+iB and only principal values are considered, prove that
( tan
(P.U. 2008,201
(i) A+B=ezB (P.U. 2008, 2015; Pbi. U. 2009;
G.N.D.U. 201
Sol. A +iB
A+iB=A+iB
or A+iB=AtiB= A +iB)logi
(We have taken principal value only)

= e (A+/B)log cos +isim (A+

= p{A +iB). loge 2
.

e
(A+iB) 2 A3

BT
AT
A+iB e 2
cos+isin |
 TON OF ACOMPLEN VARIABIE 89
Equating real and imaginary parts,
B

Ae cos 2
)

B
An
Be sin (2)
2
pividing (2) by (1), we get,
Ar
tan or tan-
which proves part (/)
ain squaring andadding (1) and (2),
A+B =
e"Br|n2 Az
A+B - Br

or
or A + B =*7B

which proves part (i).

EXERCISE 4 (d)
. Find the real part of og (1+) (Consider only principal values)
Prove that
2.

-'=4n-)
(Pbi. U. 2008)

( cos (4n+1)x+isin(4 m+ 1)
( eu [cos (log r)+isin (log x)
(iv) (i=cos-isin 6, where 6-(4n+ 1)
3. Prove that P=¢' (cos y+ i sin y
where
--(4n+ 1)zß,y=4n+1)aa
Also deduce that if P = a + iß, then a+B?= e4n+)rp

4. If sin log t =a+ib, find aand b. Hence find o log

5. Prove that
() (1 +i tan a)'= e2n7 +a) -ilog seca

(G.N.D.U. 2011)
Gi9 log
 90
log 2+inr wherem EI,n¬l
i t
Log2 log 2 + m

l, n El.
* wherem E
(i) Los,i 4n+l real or wholy
* i s wholly
value of (a
+ i b)"
that the principal Dis
i s an
an even
even or
an oda
6) +a tan a
Prove
6. +
as log (a
according
imaginary

multiply of.
(a+ib)P*ig
is
value o f
principal
that the
(a-ib)P-14

7. TOve

sin 2 (pa +q log r)

cos 2 (pa+qlog r) i +

+b2 =
tan
where r a ,a

+i)D *i that tan

8 - P+q log2.
8. If a+iß, then prove 2
(1-1)Pig9

values)
(Consider only principal (P.U. 2007; G.N.D.U. 2010)

that
9. If "iP =(x + iy "", then prove

aplog,(r+y)-qtan lo, X

l o patqhB
gt9B (Consider only principal values)
2
and loga (r+y)=

=a+ib and a +b * 1, then prove that

10. Iftan log (x +iy)
2 a

tanlog (r+y)
=.

1-a-b

ANSWERS

4. a-1, b=0;0
1. e 8coslog
4
2
 ION OF A
FUNC MPLEX VARIABLE
Art-17. Gregory's Series 91
If-1 Srs 1, then
tan r-
3
Or
(G.N.D.U. 2008)

-s0s then 0
tan 4 tan'0+
3 tan' b
roof We know that
(G.N.D.U. 2008, 2009, 2010)
log (1+i) log (1+x)+ itanx
1)
Alsolog (1+x)=r- .
Replacing x by ix, we get,

log(1+ix)-ix - ,PË_
3 4

or log (1+ ix)= ix+

loglog(1+ix)=
2)
From (1) and (2), we get,

log(1+)+itan'
2 x=|
Equating imaginary parts, we get,
tan'x=x-
Puttanx = 0 or
x= tan G6

B tan - tan'+
5 tan'8.
Cor.1. We have

tanx-+ 5

Put x= 1

tan tan1-1+
Cor. 2.
 S P E C T R U MT R I G O N O M E T R Y

ATRCE
92 2009; D.U. 2010)
G.N.DI
find
value ofa 2005;
Pbi. U.
Art-18. Use Gregory's series to H.PU.

.
Proof: Consider tan +tan 3

tan - tan'

tan tan

0-7854 nearly
T3-1416 nearly Euler's
Series.

of r is due to
find value
method used to the value of
z.
Note 1. This
us in finding
other series, which help
2. There are two
Machine's Series: We have

4 tanan 239
1

5(239)

= 0-7853983 nearly
73-14159

Rutherford's Series: We have

=4 tan 5
tan 10
+ tan 99

n=3.14161 nearly
Note 3. Whenever we are to find the
sum of a given series, we arrange it in the form

and use the result

tan=a
 that 1-.
mple11.
Example
Prove

7 (Pbi. U. 2010)

Sol. L.H.S. =

Series]J
- tan : ofGregory's

= R.H.S.
23
-+...
Prove that
Example 2. (Pbi. U. 2010)

1 +
Sol. R.H.S. 9-11

Prove that
Example 3. Pbi. U. 2007)
(H.P.U. 2005; P.U. 2005;

Sol. L.H.S.

tan
-2tan +3
 2 tan X= tan

94

tan
'1 R.Hs
+ t a n t a n -

7
tan that
show
2-
I,
< r <

I f - ( 2 - 1 )

4.
Tample
(G.N.D.U. 2015,Ju
-1 22-1
<r<2
Sol
-(2-)
2-2- 2 -2-1
1
I-x*
2(W2-1)

1-241-2/2)1-21-(2+1-2/2)
1-Hy2-D

-2( 2 -
2x 1-2+1-2N2)

22-2
2 (2-)
202-9
22-1)
2(2-1)

-1
2x
1-x

2 tan
-

L.H.S.

of

R.H.S.
Prove that
Example 5. +tan'
=nT++tan6-tan0+ 5
tan
cos + sin
cos 6-sinn6
cos 6 sin

cOs 6 sin 6 (1+ tan- 6

cos + sin 0
tan
tan (1-tan&
Sol. L.H.S. = tan Cos 6 sin
cos -sin 6
cos 6 cos 6

On generalsig
na++0
tan
=R.H.S.
na++ tan 6tan' 0+ 5 tane..