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Review - Mathematics, Surveying and Transportation Engineering
Review - Mathematics, Surveying and Transportation Engineering
Review - Mathematics, Surveying and Transportation Engineering
TRIGONOMETRY
Hipparchus-Father of Trigonometry
TRIANGLES
Types of Triangles
Isosceles- 2 sides equal
Equilateral- 3 sides equal
Scalene- No Side Equal A reference angle is the acute angle formed
Right Triangle – 1 Angle is 90° by the terminal side of the given angle and
Oblique-Not a right Triangle the x-axis.
ANGLES
RIGHT TRIANGLE
Cofunction
Cot(90-A)= TanA
Sin(x+y)=SinxCosy+SinyCosx
Sin(x-y)=SinxCosy-SinyCosx
Cos(x+y)=CosxCosy-SinxSiny
Cos(x-y)=CosxCosy+SinxSiny
Tan(x+y)=(tanx+tany)(1-tanxtany)
Tan(x-y)=(tanx-tany)/(1+tanxtany)
Double Angle
Sin2A=2SinACosA
Cos2A=Cos2A-Sin2A
Cos2A=1-2Sin2A
Tan2A=2TanA/(1-Tan2A)
Half Angle
Sin A/2 =
Cos A/2 =
Tan A/2 =
Powers
Plot of Sine
The sine function has this beautiful up-down
Sin2A= (1-Cos2A) curve (which repeats every 2𝜋𝜋 radians, or
360°).
Sin2A=
Tan2A=(1-Cos2A)(1+Cos2A)
Product
SinxSiny =
𝜋𝜋
CosxCosy = It starts at 0, heads up to 1 by 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (90°)
2
and then heads down to -1.
SinxCosy =
CosxSiny =
Units of Angles
Frequency is how often something happens per should the couple buy? Round off to the
unit of time (per "1"). nearest foot. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
3. If a commercial jetliner is 5000 feet
The Phase Shift is how far the function is
shifted horizontally from the usual (about 1 mile ground distance) from the
position. runway, what should be the altitude of
The Vertical Shift is how far the function the plane to achieve 2 red/2 white PAPI
is shifted vertically from the usual lights? (Assume that this corresponds to
position. a 3° glide path.) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
At π/2 radians (90°), and at −π/2 (−90°), The x and y coordinates for each point along
3π/2 (270°), etc, the function is the circle may be found by reading off the
officially undefined, because it could
be positive Infinity or negative Infinity.
Examples:
1. Ben is checking to see if his fence
measures 90° at the corner. To do so, he
measures out 10 feet along the fence and
places a stake marking it point A. He
then goes back to the corner and
measures out 15 feet along the fence in
the other direction and places a stake
marking it point B as shown in the values on the x and y axes. If the take a
figure below. Finally, he measures the right triangle with one side along the x-
distance between points A and B and axis:
finds it to be 20 feet. Does his corner
measure 90°? NO Then the cosine of the angle would be the x-
coordinate and the sine of the angle would
be the y-coordinate. Since both are defined
by using a unit circle, they are often
called circular functions.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 +𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
Cosh x =
2
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
Sinh x = 𝐴𝐴 =
2
𝑏𝑏ℎ
2
Heron’s Formula
Sinh 0 = 0 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑐𝑐)
Sinh -x = -Sinhx 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆 =
2
The graph of cosh x is always between Given 2 angles and 1 side
the graphs of ex/2 and e-x/2. 𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝐶𝐶
𝐴𝐴 =
2 sin 𝐴𝐴
For the tanhx it is Sinhx/Coshx. Scissor’s Formula
1
Cosh2x – Sinh2x = 1 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶
2
Coshx + Sinhx = e
Coth2x – Csch2x = 1
Examples:
collowing: Mc = �
2𝑎𝑎2 +2𝑏𝑏2 −𝑐𝑐 2
a. Cos 0. 1 4
TRIANGLES
Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem
A2 + B2 = C2
Oblique Triangles
Sine Law
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Spherical Triangle – Triangle enclosed by 3
great circles of a sphere 𝐴𝐴̅ = 90 − 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵� = 90 − 𝐵𝐵
𝑐𝑐̅ = 90 − 𝑐𝑐
Napier’s Rules
SIN-COOP – Sine of any middle part is equal
to the product of the cosines of the
opposite parts.
SIN-TAAD- Sine of any middle part is equal
to the product of the tangents of its
adjacent parts
Law of Sines
Sin a/sin A = sin b/sin B = sin c/Sin c
Meridian – great circle passing thru the Area of Triangle Circumscribing a circle
North and South Pole.
Equator – great circle perpendicular to the
meridians.
Parallels or Latitudes – small circles
parallel to the equator. Measured from 0° to Area of Triangle with an escribe circle
90°. adjacent to side a
Prime Meridian – meridian passing thru
Greenwich, England.
GMT – Greenwich Mean Time
Examples:
r = ab/2hc
Examples:
REFERENCES:
- Master Math Trigonometry
-Trigonometry Workbook For Dummies -For
Dummies (2005)
-Schaum's Trigonometry
-Trigonometry-Young
-College Trigonometry by Richard N. Aufmann
-Engineering Mathematics V1 by Gillesania
hour hand. Find the distance between the 3. A wooden post is imbedded 2 m deep at
tips of the hands at 5 AM. 23.52 in corner A of a concrete horizontal slab ABCD,
9. A plane hillside is inclined at an angle square in form and measuring 18 ft on a
of 40 degrees with the horizontal. A student side. A worker broke the post at a point 1 m
can climb hillside following a straight path above the slab and inclined toward corner C
incline at an angle of 12 degrees to the in the direction of the diagonal AC. The
horizontal and another student climbs it on vertical angles observed at the center of
a line inclined only at an angle of 6 the slab and at corner C to the tip of the
degrees. Find the angle between the flagpole were 70 degrees and 40 degrees
directions of the 2 lines. 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘ respectively. Determine the total length of
10. On the certain point on the ground. The the flagpole above the slab given. 17.05 ft
tower at the top of a 20 m high building 4. A rectangle ABCD which measure 16 x 22 cm
subtends at an angle of 45 degrees. At is folded once, perpendicular to diagonal
another point on the ground 25 m closer to AC, so that the opposite vertices A and C
the building, the tower subtends an angle of coincides.
45 degrees. Find the height of the tower. a) Find the length of the fold.
144.03 m 19.78 cm
11. The sides of a triangle are 16 cm, 22 cm b) At what point will one end of the
and 36 cm respectively. Determine the length fold be from point B? 5.18 cm
of the median to the 22 cm side. 25.59 cm c) Find the area of the folded
12. In triangle ABC, angle C = 80, A = 35 portion. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
and AB = 30 m. 5. A strip of 720 sqm is sold from a
a) Find the area of the triangle. triangular field whose sides are 86 m and 92
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 m and 90 m respectively. The strip of
b) Find the length of the median drawn uniform width h has 1 of its sides parallel
from vertex A to side BC. 27.47 m to the longest side of the field. Find the
c) Find the area enclosed by the width of the strip. 8.28 m
median and side AC. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 6. A 60 m high tower stands vertically on a
13. A square section ABCD has 1 of its side hillside which makes an angle of 14 degrees
equal to x. Point E is inside the square with the horizontal. A tree also stands
forming an equilateral triangle BEC having 1 vertically up the hill from the tower. An
side equal to the side of the square. observer on top of the tower finds the angle
a) Find the angle EDC. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘ of depression of the top of the tree to be
b) Find angle AED. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘ 36 degrees while the angle of depression of
c) If the area of triangle BEC is its foot is 40 degrees.
equal to 70 sqm, Find the area of a) Find the height of the tree.6.20 m
b) Find the inclined distance between
triangle AED. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 the tower and tree. 56.81 m
14. A square lot ABCD has 1 of its sides
c) Find the subtended angle of the
equal to 200 m long. It is to be subdivided
into 3 equal parts by 2 straight lines tree at the base of the tower. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘
parallel to the diagonal. Find the 7. Two towers A and B are placed at a
perpendicular distance between the lines. distance of 200 m apart horizontally. The
115.47 m height of A is 60 m and B is 40 m. Find the
15. A woman owns a triangular lot on the distance vertically above the ground will
corner of 2 intersecting streets which the intersection of the lines forming the
intersects at an angle of 64 degrees. The angles of elevation of the 2 towers are
frontage of 1 street is 300 m and on the observed from the bases of towers A and B
respectively. 24 m
other side is 250 m.
a) Find the perimeter of the 8. A steel tower for SmartCell Site was
lot. 844.52 m erected in a square lot having a side of 800
b) If the lot is worth Php m long. The steel tower was erected inside
2,000.00 per sqm and the man has Php but not necessarily at the midpoint of the
1.6 M with which to increase the size lot. The angle of elevation of the tip of
of the lot, how much can he lengthen the tower as observed from 1 corner of the
the 250 m frontage? 7.12 m lot at A is 40 degrees while its angle of
elevation as observed at the midpoint along
the edge AB of the lot is 65 degrees and
MISCELLENEOUS PROBLEMS (TAKE HOME) when it was observed at the opposite corner
of the lot but at the same edge at C the
1. From the top of a tower 200 m high, the angle of elevation at the tip of the tower
angle of depression of a point A due east of is 70 degrees. Find the height of the tower.
it is 40 degrees. From point B south of the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top is 9. A point O within an equilateral triangle
70 degrees. Find the distance AB. 249.22 m ABC has a distance 4 m, 6 m and 8 m from A,
2. A post cast a shadow of 18 m long when B and C respectively.
the angle of elevation of the sun is 70 a) Find the perimeter of the triangle.
degrees. If the pole has leaned 16 degrees 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
from the vertical directly toward the sun, b) Find the radius of the circle
determine the length of the pole. 242.48 m escribed outside the triangle which is
tangent to 1 of the sides of the
triangle. 8.58 m
INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER
REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
c) Find the distance from the A range from 20 to 60 and that angle B can
circumcenter of the circle to 1 of the range from 95 to 100. What would be the
sides of the triangle. 2.86 m range of measure possible for angle C? 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘ <
10. A column is placed on top of a pedestal 𝑪𝑪 < 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∘
at a distance of 16 m from the observer. The 21. If the midpoints of the sides of a
height of the pedestal is 24 m. If the angle certain triangle are connected, the area of
subtended by the flagpole at the observer is the triangle thus formed is what part of the
12 degrees compute the angle of elevation of area of the original triangle? 25%
the flagpole. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑∘ 22. A huge sporty sailboat has 2 sails that
11. A triangular lot ABC has angles B = 60̊ are in the shape of similar triangles. The
and C = 60̊. Distance BC 400 m. A line DE larger sail measures 10 x 24 x 26. If you
which is 120 m long is laid out parallel to measured the dimension of the shortest side
BC with point D on the side AC and point E of the smaller sail and found it to be 6 m.
on the side AB. Find the perimeter of the smaller sail. 30 m
23. In a steel tape survey, the size if a
a. Find the area of triangle triangular lot was measured at 260,302 and
216. Find the angle opposite the longest
ABC.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
side. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘
b. Find the area of DEBC. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 24. To find the elevation of an inaccessible
c. Find the length of the dividing line point x, two observation stations were set
FG that will divide the area of the up at A and B, which is 290 m nearer to A
triangle ADE into two equal areas but 35 m lower in elevation than A. The
which is parallel to side BC. 282.84 m respective angle of elevations from A and B
are 26 and 46. If the elevation of A is
12. A 7 m long ladder leans against a known at 92 m, find the elevation of the
vertical wall. If the top of the ladder is distant inaccessible point. 390.54 m
3.8 m above the floor, how far is its foot 25. Two insects fly from the same point but
from the wall? 5.88 m towards different directions. One was flying
29. The interior angles of a triangle ABC at a speed of 12 m/min and the other was
are A = 80̊ and B = 60̊. Which of the flying at 18 m/min. The angle between their
following statements is correct? directions is 89̊. How many meters are they
a. b<a<c c. c<b<a apart after 3.6 minutes? 77.25 m
b. c<b>a d. a<c>b 26. A theodolite is set up at point A with
elevation 600 m. The angle of elevation of
13. The three sides of a triangle measure 34 the top of the building observed from the
cm, 16 cm and 26 cm. What is the length of theodolite is 24̊. If the theodolite is
the longest median? 29.19 cm moved to point B, 320 m nearer to the
14. If the perpendicular bisectors of two building but 20 m lower than point A and the
sides of the triangle meets at the third angle of elevation of the building is 42̊.
side, what kind of the triangle is being Find the elevation of the top of building.
described by this? Right triangle 791.55 m
15. A seaman observed that the angle of
elevation of a cliff is 24̊. If the height SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
of the cliff above sea level is 40 m, how 1. A spherical triangle has the following
far is he from the shore? 89.84 m parts: 𝐵𝐵 = 42∘ , 𝐶𝐶 = 128∘ , 𝑎𝑎 = 63∘. What is/are the
16. Evaluate the product possible value/s of b? 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘ , 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘
(1 + tan 1∘ )(1 + tan 2∘ ) … (1 + tan 44∘ ) 2. In a spherical triangle, 𝐵𝐵 = 82∘ , 𝐶𝐶 = 95∘ , 𝑐𝑐 =
Answer: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 90∘. What is the value of 𝐴𝐴? 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘
17. Given the following data, how many
triangles can be formed:
b. Sin(-x) = -Sinx
c. Cos(-x) = -Cosx
d. Tan(-x) = -Tanx