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TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY (from trigonon “triangle” +

metron “measure”)

Hipparchus-Father of Trigonometry

TRIANGLES

Triangles has 3 sides and 3 Angles All

angles add up to 180 Degrees

Types of Triangles
Isosceles- 2 sides equal
Equilateral- 3 sides equal
Scalene- No Side Equal A reference angle is the acute angle formed
Right Triangle – 1 Angle is 90° by the terminal side of the given angle and
Oblique-Not a right Triangle the x-axis.

ANGLES

An angle is said to be in standard position

if it is drawn on the Cartesian plane (x-y
plane) on the positive x-axis and turning
counter-clockwise (anti-clockwise). The
initial side of an angle is the ray where
the measurement of an angle starts. The
terminal side of an angle is the ray where
the measurement of an angle ends.

Co-terminal angles are angles which when

drawn at standard position share a terminal
side. For example, 30°, -330°, 390° are all Bearings
coterminal. We can find the coterminal
angles of a given angle by using the
following formula: • Designate the direction of a line by
an angle and quadrant letters (e.g
Coterminal angles of a given angle may be N30°E)
obtained by either adding or subtracting a • Bearings are never greater than 90°
multiple 360° or radians. • Bearings are referenced from north or
south and the angle to the east or
Coterminal of if is given west from the north-south meridian.
in degrees,
• True bearings are based on true north.
Coterminal of if is given in • Magnetic bearings are based on
radians. magnetic north
Two angles are coterminal if the difference
between them is a multiple of 360° or 2
Azimuths

• Angles measured clockwise from any

reference meridian
• Azimuths range from 0 to 360°
• Azimuths are referenced from north
• True azimuths are based on magnetic
north

A unit circle is a circle of radius one unit

with its centre at the origin.

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Types of Angles Examples:

Acute- Less than 90°
Right- Equals to 90°
Obtuse- More than 90°
Reflex Angle- More than 180°
Complimentary- 2 angles sum is 90°
Supplementary- 2 angles is sum is 180°
Explementary- 2 angles sum is 360°
1. Determine the supplement of an angle whose
compliment is 72°. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘
2. An angle has a supplement six times its
compliment. Find the angle. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘
3. The sum of two interior angles of the
triangle is equal to the third angle and
the difference of the two angles is equal
to 1/3 of the 3rd angle. What is the 3rd
angle? 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗∘

RIGHT TRIANGLE

Triangle Inequality Theorem

Functions of a Right Triangle

Any side of a triangle must be shorter than
the other two sides added together. When one Sin = o/h Csc = h/o
side is longer, the other two sides don’t Cos = a/h Sec = h/a
meet Tan = o/a Cot = a/o
When one side is equal to the other two
sides it is not a triangle. Pythagorean Theorem

Probable Angles A “Pythagorean Triple” is a set of

Given 2 sides an included angle: 1 triangle positive integers a, b and c that fits
Given 2 sides and not an included angle: 2 the rule: a2 + b2 = c2
triangles
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Quadrantal Angle- an angle that terminates
in axis Pythagorean

Cofunction

Sin(90-A)= CosA Csc(90-A)= SecA

Sec(90-A)= CscA Cos(90-A)= SinA

Cot(90-A)= TanA

Sum and Difference

Sin(x+y)=SinxCosy+SinyCosx
Sin(x-y)=SinxCosy-SinyCosx
Cos(x+y)=CosxCosy-SinxSiny
Cos(x-y)=CosxCosy+SinxSiny
Tan(x+y)=(tanx+tany)(1-tanxtany)
Tan(x-y)=(tanx-tany)/(1+tanxtany)

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Double Angle

Sin2A=2SinACosA
Cos2A=Cos2A-Sin2A
Cos2A=1-2Sin2A
Tan2A=2TanA/(1-Tan2A)

Half Angle

Sin A/2 =

Cos A/2 =

Tan A/2 =

Powers
Plot of Sine
The sine function has this beautiful up-down
Sin2A= (1-Cos2A) curve (which repeats every 2𝜋𝜋 radians, or
360°).

Sin2A=

Tan2A=(1-Cos2A)(1+Cos2A)

Product
SinxSiny =

𝜋𝜋
CosxCosy = It starts at 0, heads up to 1 by 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (90°)
2
and then heads down to -1.

SinxCosy =

CosxSiny =

Units of Angles

90 = radians = 100 grades = 1600 mils Plot of Cosine

Cosine is just like sine, but it starts at 1
1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of
the circle whose length is 1 radius and heads down until 𝜋𝜋 radians (180°) and
then heads down again.
Convert between degree and radian
measurement

1 DEGREE = PI/180 RADIANS

Coversed Sin = 1-Sin

Versed Sin =1-Cos
Exsecant = Secant -1
Haversin = Versed Sin
Amplitude, Period, Phase Shift
If Sec A = Csc B then A+B = 90 and Frequency
The Period goes from one peak to the next
(or from any point to the next matching
point):

The Amplitude is the height from the center

line to the peak (or to the trough). Or we
can measure the height from highest to
lowest points and divide that by 2.

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Frequency is how often something happens per
unit of time (per "1").
The Phase Shift is how far the function is
shifted horizontally from the usual
position.
The Vertical Shift is how far the function
is shifted vertically from the usual
position.
should the couple buy? Round off to the
nearest foot. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
3. If a commercial jetliner is 5000 feet
(about 1 mile ground distance) from the
runway, what should be the altitude of
the plane to achieve 2 red/2 white PAPI
lights? (Assume that this corresponds to
a 3° glide path.) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇

All Together Now! UNIT CIRCLE

We can have all of them in one equation:

y = A sin(B(x + C)) + D The circle in a coordinate system where

the circle’s center is at the origin and
amplitude is A has a radius of 1 is known as a unit
period is 2π/B circle.
phase shift is –C/B
vertical shift is D
Frequency = 1/Period
Period = 1/Frequency

Plot of Sine and Cosine

In fact Sine and Cosine are like good
friends: they follow each other, exactly π/2
radians (90°) apart.

Plot of the Tangent Function

The Tangent function has a completely
different shape ... it goes between negative
and positive Infinity, crossing through 0,
and at every π radians (180°), as shown on
this plot.

At π/2 radians (90°), and at −π/2 (−90°), The x and y coordinates for each point along
3π/2 (270°), etc, the function is the circle may be found by reading off the
officially undefined, because it could
be positive Infinity or negative Infinity.

Examples:
1. Ben is checking to see if his fence
measures 90° at the corner. To do so, he
measures out 10 feet along the fence and
places a stake marking it point A. He
then goes back to the corner and
measures out 15 feet along the fence in
the other direction and places a stake
marking it point B as shown in the values on the x and y axes. If the take a
figure below. Finally, he measures the right triangle with one side along the x-
distance between points A and B and axis:
finds it to be 20 feet. Does his corner
measure 90°? NO Then the cosine of the angle would be the x-
coordinate and the sine of the angle would
be the y-coordinate. Since both are defined
by using a unit circle, they are often
called circular functions.

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 +𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
Cosh x =
2

2. A couple want to put up Christmas Cosh 0 = 1

lights along the roofline of their Cosh x = cosh(-x)
house. If the front of the house is 100
feet wide and the roof has a 45° pitch, The graph of cosh x is always above the
how many linear feet of Christmas lights graphs of e2/2 and
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e-x/2. Areas of Triangles

𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
Sinh x = 𝐴𝐴 =
2
𝑏𝑏ℎ
2
Heron’s Formula
Sinh 0 = 0 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑐𝑐)

Sinh -x = -Sinhx 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆 =
2
The graph of cosh x is always between Given 2 angles and 1 side
the graphs of ex/2 and e-x/2. 𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝐶𝐶
𝐴𝐴 =
2 sin 𝐴𝐴
For the tanhx it is Sinhx/Coshx. Scissor’s Formula
1
Cosh2x – Sinh2x = 1 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶
2

tanh2x + Sech2x = 1 Angle of Depression and angle of Evaluation

Coshx + Sinhx = e

Coth2x – Csch2x = 1

Cosh x – Sinh x = e-x

Examples:

1. Find the value of θ in Cosh2θ-

Sinh2θ=3sinθ. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘
2. What is 𝜃𝜃 if Cosh2x-Sinh2x=2sinθ? 𝜽𝜽 = Median of a Triangle
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑∘
3. What is Coshx+sinhx=7.839 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 Ma = �
2𝑏𝑏2 +2𝑐𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑎2
4. Find x if Cosh2x - Sinh2x + Tanh2x + 4

Sech2x =Coshx + sinhx. 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 Mb = �

2𝑎𝑎2 +2𝑐𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑏2

5. In the unit circle, evaluate the 4

collowing: Mc = �
2𝑎𝑎2 +2𝑏𝑏2 −𝑐𝑐 2

a. Cos 0. 1 4

b. Tan 270 undefined

c. Tan 180 0
Altitude of the Triangle
6. Determine if the following exists:
a. Cos π/2 0
Ha = 2AT/a
b. Sin π/2 1

TRIANGLES

Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem

A2 + B2 = C2

Oblique Triangles

Sine Law

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 Angle of Bisectors of a Triangle

= =
sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝐶𝐶
Cosine Law Ba =
2
�𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)
𝑏𝑏+𝑐𝑐

𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 = 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 Examples:

1. Use the information in the picture below
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 to determine the height of the mountain.
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑪𝑪 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 4041.20 ft

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2. Two friends who are engineers at Kennedy

Space Center(KSC) watch the shuttle launch.
Carolyn is at the Vehicle Assembly Building
(VAB) 3 miles from the launch pad and Jackie
is across the Banana River, which is 8 miles
from the launch pad. They call each other at
lift off, and after 10 seconds they each Right Spherical Triangle
estimate the angle of elevation with respect
to the ground. Carolyn thinks the angle of This is a spherical triangle where one angle
elevation is approximately 40° and Jackie is 90 degrees.
thinks the angle of elevation is
approximately 15°. Approximately how high is Napier’s Circle indicates the sides and
the shuttle after 10 seconds? (Average their angle of a right spherical triangle
estimates and round to the nearest excluding the right angle.
mile.)3.76 mi
3. A ship with a heading of 330° first
sighted a lighthouse at a bearing of N65°E.
After traveling 8.5 miles, the ship observed
the lighthouse at a bearing of S50°E. Find
the distance from the ship to the lighthouse
when the first sighting was made. 8.81 mi
4.

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Spherical Triangle – Triangle enclosed by 3
great circles of a sphere 𝐴𝐴̅ = 90 − 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵� = 90 − 𝐵𝐵
𝑐𝑐̅ = 90 − 𝑐𝑐

Napier’s Rules
SIN-COOP – Sine of any middle part is equal
to the product of the cosines of the
opposite parts.
SIN-TAAD- Sine of any middle part is equal
to the product of the tangents of its
adjacent parts

Oblique Spherical Triangles

Law of Sines
Sin a/sin A = sin b/sin B = sin c/Sin c

Law of Cosines for Sides

cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A

Law of Cosines for Angles

Sum of interior Angles of a Sphere is less
cos A = -cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
than 540° and greater than 180°
Area
A = πR2E/180 Examples:
E = A + B + C - 180°
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠−𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠−𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠−𝑐𝑐 1.In a spherical triangle ABC if C = 90, b =
Tan E/4=�tan � � tan � � tan � � tan( )
2 2 2 2 40 and c = 120. Find angle B. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗∘
S = a+b+c/2
2. In the spherical triangle ABC, A = 140
degrees, B = 70 degrees and C = 90 degrees.
What is the value of side a.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∘

3. Calculate the area of a spherical

triangle whose radius is 8 m and whose
angles are 40,80 and 90. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐

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4. A right spherical triangle has an angle C

= 90, a = 60 and c = 80. Find side b. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∘

5. A spherical triangle have angles of 73°, TRIANGLE GEOMETRY

95° and 64°.Determine the area of the
triangle if the sphere has a surface area of Area with 2 sides and included angles
17,290 sqm. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐

Area with 1 side and 2 adjacent angles

Area of Triangle inscribed in a circle

Meridian – great circle passing thru the Area of Triangle Circumscribing a circle
North and South Pole.
Equator – great circle perpendicular to the
meridians.
Parallels or Latitudes – small circles
parallel to the equator. Measured from 0° to Area of Triangle with an escribe circle
90°. adjacent to side a
Prime Meridian – meridian passing thru
Greenwich, England.
GMT – Greenwich Mean Time

Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours or 15° per

hour.

Mean Radius of the Earth is 6373 km or 3959

miles and usually taken as 6400 km or 4000
miles.
Bisector of 3 angles of a triangle
1 Nautical Mile = 6080 feet or the length of
an arc on the surface of the earth subtended
by 1 minute of arc of the great circle.

Examples:

1. A plane takes off from Manila

(15∘ 𝑁𝑁, 121∘ 𝐸𝐸) to Sydney (35∘ 𝑆𝑆, 152∘ 𝐸𝐸). If the
plane has an average speed of 435 nautical Perpendicular Bisector of the sides of the
miles per hour, what is the time, in Sydney, triangle
at landing if the plane left manila at 8:00
pm, Manila time? 𝟓𝟓: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐: 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

2. Asian Airlines flew from Hong Kong whose

latitude is 16 degrees North and longitude
of 124 degrees E on a course S 30 W and
maintaining a uniform latitude. Determine
the longitude of the point where it crosses
the equator.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘ 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓′ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏" 𝑬𝑬

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Relation between 2 sides of triangle,

altitude on the 3rd side and radius of
circumscribing circle

r = ab/2hc

Examples:

1.The two sides of an isosceles triangle ABC

has sides AB = 24 and AC = 6.
a) Compute the maximum perimeter of
the triangle. 54
b) Compute the largest possible area
of the triangle. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
c) Compute the minimum possible
distance from the side AB to the incenter of
the circle. 2.65

2. In the triangle ABC, AB = 6 cm, BC = 8

cm. The distance from the incenter of the
circle to the side BC is 1.6 cm, If the area
of the triangle is 18.32 sqc:
a) Compute the side CA. 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
b) Find the radius of the circle which
is escribe outside the triangle if it is
tangent to side CA. 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
c) How far is the point of
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
of the side CA? 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

3. The area of the inner triangle ABC is 1/4

that of triangle ADE. AB = 40 m, AD = 64 m,
AE = 80 m and DE = 70 m. Point B is along
line AD and point C is along line AE.
a) Find the length of segment CE. 32 m
b) Find the length of BC. 35 m
c) Find the area of BDEC. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐

REFERENCES:
- Master Math Trigonometry
-Trigonometry Workbook For Dummies -For
Dummies (2005)
-Schaum's Trigonometry
-Trigonometry-Young
-College Trigonometry by Richard N. Aufmann
-Engineering Mathematics V1 by Gillesania

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TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLES
4. The measure of 2 ½ revolutions counter
clockwise is:𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗∘
5. Determine the angle in mils subtended by a
line 12 yards long at a distance of 8000
yards. 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
6. If the bearing of A from B is S 70 W. Find
the bearing of B from A. 𝑵𝑵 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘ 𝑬𝑬
7. Which quadrant is sec θ<0? QII, QIII
8. Which quadrant is tan θ<0? QII, QIV
9. Determine which quadrant does the terminal
side of Tan θ>0 and Sin θ<0 located? QIII
10. If Sin θ=1/3 and Cos θ<0, find Tanθ. −
11. If Sin θ=3/5 and sec θ<0, find Cot θ. −
𝟑𝟑
12. Given triangle ABC where A=40°, a = 12 and
b = 14. How many possible triangles can be
formed? 𝟐𝟐
13. Given the properties of the triangle a =
24 cm, c = 19 cm and C = 34°, how man
distinct triangles can be formed? 2
14. Given the properties of the triangle a =
33 cm, b = 24 and C = 46°, how man
distinct triangles can be formed? 1
15. The two sides of the triangle ABC has
sides AB = 22 and AC = 8 cm. How many
possible integer values of BC are there?
15
16. Determine the number of possible triangles
for the given data, b = 22, c = 6 and C =
35. 0
17. Determine the number of possible triangles
given data, a = 29, b = 31 and A = 65. 2
18. Given for real number A: (Sec A-2)(2SecA-
1)=0. The termination point of A is in
what quadrant? QI, QIV
19. What is the reference angle for standard
position angle -300? 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∘
20. Simplify the expressions sin(120-Ɵ).
Express coefficient in three decimal
places.
√𝟑𝟑
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽
𝟏𝟏
+ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
RIGHT TRIANGLES AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Given three angles A, B and C of a
triangle. If tanA+tanB+tanC = x. Determine
tanA tanB tanC. x
2. If coversine Ø is 0.12. Find the value of
Ø.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟒∘
3. With Sin3A = Cos6B then:
A. A+B=180° B. A-2B=30°
B. A+2B=30° D. A+B=30°
4. If xcosØ + ysinØ = 1 and xsinØ – ycosØ =
3, What is the relationship of x and y?
A. x^2+y^2 = 4 B. x^2+y^2 = 12
C. x^2+y^2 = 10 D. x^2+y^2 = 8
5. Find the value of sin(90°+A). 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝑨𝑨
6. If Csc(A+x)=Sec(B+2y), then A+B is. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 −
𝒙𝒙 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
7. Find the value of the acute angle θ in
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘ 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ∘ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘
Tan(6θ+1) = Cot16° , ,
𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔
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8. What is the acute angle 𝜃𝜃 if exsec 𝜃𝜃=4?
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘
9. If A = 3sinθ+4Cosθ and B= 3Cosθ-4sinθ.
What is A2+B2? 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
4
𝑥𝑥 + 4 cos2 𝑥𝑥 − �cos4 𝑥𝑥 + 4 sin2 𝑥𝑥
10. �sin
Simplify. Ans: 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
11. Given the function f(x) = 1/2Sin4x.
𝟏𝟏
a) Find the amplitude.
𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
b) Find the period.
𝟐𝟐
c) Find the frequency.
𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅
TRIANGLES
√𝟐𝟐 1. The rectangular box in the figure
𝟒𝟒
𝟒𝟒 measures 6.50 feet by 3.25 feet by 4.75
feet. Find the measure of the angle Ɵ that
is formed by the union of the diagonal shown
on the front of the box and the diagonal
shown on the right side of the box.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖∘
2. Given the angle ABC whose angles are A =
30, B = 110 and side b = 40 cm. Find the
length of the bisector of angle C. 26.11 cm
3. The sides of a triangular lot are 160 m,
170 m and 190 m. the lot is to be divided by
a line bisecting the longest side and drawn
from the opposite vertex. Determine the
length of the dividing line. 135 m
4. From a point outside of an equilateral
triangle, the distance to the vertices are
14 cm, 14 cm and 22 cm. Determine the
dimensions of the triangle. 10.39 cm
5. Points A and B are 1400 M apart and are
plotted on a straight highway running East
and West. From A, the bearing of a building
C is 47 degrees N of W and from B the
bearing of C is 33 degrees N of E. Find the
shortest distance of building C to the
highway. 813.11 m
6. A man finds the angle of elevation of the
top of the building to be 45 degrees. He
walks 200 m nearer the tower and finds its
angle of elevation to be 60 degrees.
Determine the height of the building. 473.21
m
7. The angle of elevation of a point C from
a point B is 40 degrees and the angle of
elevation of C from another point 42 m
directly below B is 72 degrees. How high is
C from horizontal line thru A. 59.37 m
8. A clock has a dial face 19 inches in
radius. The minute hand is 17 inches long
while the hour hand is 7 inches long. The
plane of rotation of the minute hand is 3
inches above the plane of rotation of the
𝟔𝟔
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 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
hour hand. Find the distance between the
tips of the hands at 5 AM. 23.52 in
9. A plane hillside is inclined at an angle
of 40 degrees with the horizontal. A student
can climb hillside following a straight path
incline at an angle of 12 degrees to the
horizontal and another student climbs it on
a line inclined only at an angle of 6
degrees. Find the angle between
directions of the 2 lines. 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘
10. On the certain point on the ground. The
tower at the top of a 20 m high building
subtends at an angle of 45 degrees. At
another point on the ground 25 m closer to
the building, the tower subtends an angle of
45 degrees. Find the height of the tower.
144.03 m
11. The sides of a triangle are 16 cm, 22 cm
and 36 cm respectively. Determine the length
of the median to the 22 cm side. 25.59 cm
12. In triangle ABC, angle C = 80, A = 35
and AB = 30 m.
a) Find the area of the triangle.
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
b) Find the length of the median drawn
from vertex A to side BC. 27.47 m
c) Find the area enclosed by the
median and side AC. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
13. A square section ABCD has 1 of its side
equal to x. Point E is inside the square
forming an equilateral triangle BEC having 1
side equal to the side of the square.
a) Find the angle EDC. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘
b) Find angle AED. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘
c) If the area of triangle BEC is
equal to 70 sqm, Find the area of
triangle AED. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
14. A square lot ABCD has 1 of its sides
equal to 200 m long. It is to be subdivided
into 3 equal parts by 2 straight lines
parallel to the diagonal. Find
perpendicular distance between the lines.
115.47 m
15. A woman owns a triangular lot on the
corner of 2 intersecting streets which
intersects at an angle of 64 degrees. The
frontage of 1 street is 300 m and on the
other side is 250 m.
a) Find the perimeter of the
lot. 844.52 m
b) If the lot is worth Php
2,000.00 per sqm and the man has Php
1.6 M with which to increase the size
of the lot, how much can he lengthen
the 250 m frontage? 7.12 m
MISCELLENEOUS PROBLEMS (TAKE HOME)
1. From the top of a tower 200 m high, the
angle of depression of a point A due east of
it is 40 degrees. From point B south of the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top is
70 degrees. Find the distance AB. 249.22 m
2. A post cast a shadow of 18 m long when
the angle of elevation of the sun is 70
degrees. If the pole has leaned 16 degrees
from the vertical directly toward the sun,
determine the length of the pole. 242.48 m
3. A wooden post is imbedded 2 m deep at
corner A of a concrete horizontal slab ABCD,
square in form and measuring 18 ft on a
side. A worker broke the post at a point 1 m
above the slab and inclined toward corner C
in the direction of the diagonal AC. The
vertical angles observed at the center of
the slab and at corner C to the tip of the
the flagpole were 70 degrees and 40 degrees
respectively. Determine the total length of
the flagpole above the slab given. 17.05 ft
4. A rectangle ABCD which measure 16 x 22 cm
is folded once, perpendicular to diagonal
AC, so that the opposite vertices A and C
coincides.
a) Find the length of the fold.
19.78 cm
b) At what point will one end of the
fold be from point B? 5.18 cm
c) Find the area of the folded
portion. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
5. A strip of 720 sqm is sold from a
triangular field whose sides are 86 m and 92
m and 90 m respectively. The strip of
uniform width h has 1 of its sides parallel
to the longest side of the field. Find the
width of the strip. 8.28 m
6. A 60 m high tower stands vertically on a
hillside which makes an angle of 14 degrees
with the horizontal. A tree also stands
vertically up the hill from the tower. An
observer on top of the tower finds the angle
of depression of the top of the tree to be
36 degrees while the angle of depression of
its foot is 40 degrees.
a) Find the height of the tree.6.20 m
b) Find the inclined distance between
the tower and tree. 56.81 m
c) Find the subtended angle of the
tree at the base of the tower. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒∘
the 7. Two towers A and B are placed at a
distance of 200 m apart horizontally. The
height of A is 60 m and B is 40 m. Find the
distance vertically above the ground will
the intersection of the lines forming the
angles of elevation of the 2 towers are
observed from the bases of towers A and B
respectively. 24 m
8. A steel tower for SmartCell Site was
erected in a square lot having a side of 800
m long. The steel tower was erected inside
but not necessarily at the midpoint of the
lot. The angle of elevation of the tip of
the tower as observed from 1 corner of the
lot at A is 40 degrees while its angle of
elevation as observed at the midpoint along
the edge AB of the lot is 65 degrees and
when it was observed at the opposite corner
of the lot but at the same edge at C the
angle of elevation at the tip of the tower
is 70 degrees. Find the height of the tower.
9. A point O within an equilateral triangle
ABC has a distance 4 m, 6 m and 8 m from A,
B and C respectively.
a) Find the perimeter of the triangle.
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
b) Find the radius of the circle
escribed outside the triangle which is
tangent to 1 of the sides of the
triangle. 8.58 m
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c) Find the distance from the
circumcenter of the circle to 1 of the
sides of the triangle. 2.86 m
10. A column is placed on top of a pedestal
at a distance of 16 m from the observer. The
height of the pedestal is 24 m. If the angle
subtended by the flagpole at the observer is
12 degrees compute the angle of elevation of
the flagpole. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑∘
11. A triangular lot ABC has angles B = 60̊
and C = 60̊. Distance BC 400 m. A line DE
which is 120 m long is laid out parallel to
BC with point D on the side AC and point E
on the side AB.
a. Find the area of triangle
ABC.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
b. Find the area of DEBC. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
c. Find the length of the dividing line
FG that will divide the area of the
triangle ADE into two equal areas
which is parallel to side BC. 282.84 m
12. A 7 m long ladder leans against a
vertical wall. If the top of the ladder is
3.8 m above the floor, how far is its foot
from the wall? 5.88 m
29. The interior angles of a triangle ABC
are A = 80̊ and B = 60̊. Which of the
following statements is correct?
a. b<a<c c. c<b<a
b. c<b>a d. a<c>b
13. The three sides of a triangle measure 34
cm, 16 cm and 26 cm. What is the length of
the longest median? 29.19 cm
14. If the perpendicular bisectors of two
sides of the triangle meets at the third
side, what kind of the triangle is being
described by this? Right triangle
15. A seaman observed that the angle of
elevation of a cliff is 24̊. If the height
of the cliff above sea level is 40 m, how
far is he from the shore? 89.84 m
16. Evaluate the product
(1 + tan 1∘ )(1 + tan 2∘ ) … (1 + tan 44∘ )
Answer: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
17. Given the following data, how many
triangles can be formed:
a. b=91, c=62 and B=101̊ 1
b. a=18, c=7 and C=22̊ 2
c. a=82, c=52 and B=65̊ 1
18. An isosceles triangle has two sides 15
cm and 17 cm. Find the greatest possible
perimeter. 63 cm
19. Given the following conditions
b. Sin(-x) = -Sinx
c. Cos(-x) = -Cosx
d. Tan(-x) = -Tanx
where Tan x is defined. Which of them is
true? A, C
20. An engineer plans to create a triangular
park by drawing 1st triangle ABC. For
aesthetics purposes, she proposes that angle
A range from 20 to 60 and that angle B can
range from 95 to 100. What would be the
range of measure possible for angle C? 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘ <
𝑪𝑪 < 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔∘
21. If the midpoints of the sides of a
certain triangle are connected, the area of
the triangle thus formed is what part of the
area of the original triangle? 25%
22. A huge sporty sailboat has 2 sails that
are in the shape of similar triangles. The
larger sail measures 10 x 24 x 26. If you
measured the dimension of the shortest side
of the smaller sail and found it to be 6 m.
Find the perimeter of the smaller sail. 30 m
23. In a steel tape survey, the size if a
triangular lot was measured at 260,302 and
216. Find the angle opposite the longest
side. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∘
24. To find the elevation of an inaccessible
point x, two observation stations were set
up at A and B, which is 290 m nearer to A
but 35 m lower in elevation than A. The
respective angle of elevations from A and B
are 26 and 46. If the elevation of A is
known at 92 m, find the elevation of the
distant inaccessible point. 390.54 m
25. Two insects fly from the same point but
towards different directions. One was flying
at a speed of 12 m/min and the other was
flying at 18 m/min. The angle between their
directions is 89̊. How many meters are they
apart after 3.6 minutes? 77.25 m
26. A theodolite is set up at point A with
elevation 600 m. The angle of elevation of
the top of the building observed from the
theodolite is 24̊. If the theodolite is
moved to point B, 320 m nearer to the
building but 20 m lower than point A and the
angle of elevation of the building is 42̊.
Find the elevation of the top of building.
791.55 m
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
1. A spherical triangle has the following
parts: 𝐵𝐵 = 42∘ , 𝐶𝐶 = 128∘ , 𝑎𝑎 = 63∘. What is/are the
possible value/s of b? 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘ , 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕∘
2. In a spherical triangle, 𝐵𝐵 = 82∘ , 𝐶𝐶 = 95∘ , 𝑐𝑐 =
90∘. What is the value of 𝐴𝐴? 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∘
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