Earthquake Resistant Design of structures

GTU # 3732007

Earthquake Resistant
Design of structures

Civil Engineering Department

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
dipak.jivani@darshan.ac.in
9409530079
Section - 2
Current Seismic Design Philosophy
• Current Seismic Code expects
(a) Minor (and frequent) shaking with no
SLE DBE
MCE damage to structural and non-structural
(Service Level EQ) (Design Basis EQ)
elements;
(b) Moderate shaking with minor damage to
structural elements, and some damage to
non-structural elements; and
without much
Protect Structural
structural damage, Must not collapse (c) Severe (and infrequent) shaking with
and Non Structural
Element
nonstructural damage suddenly
allowed damage to structural elements, but with NO
collapse (to save life and property
• Aim of Earthquake Resistance Design inside/adjoining the building).
• Prevent loss of Life
• Minimize Structural and Nonstructural Damage

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Earthquake proof v/s Earthquake Resistance Design
 buildings are designed only for a fraction (~8-14%) of the force that they would experience if they were designed to
remain elastic

 thereby permitting damage. But, sufficient initial stiffness is required to be ensured to avoid structural damage
under minor shaking

 Thus, seismic design balances reduced cost and acceptable damage

 For this reason, design against earthquake effects is called as earthquake-resistant design and not earthquake-
proof design.

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Basic strategy of earthquake design: Calculate maximum elastic forces and reduce by a factor to obtain design forces.

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Four Virtues Of Earthquake Resistant Buildings
1) Seismic Structural Configuration
2) Structural Stiffness - there is no discomfort to occupants of the building and no damage to contents of the
building
3) Strength - to resist low intensity ground shaking with no damage and prevent collapse under strong earthquake
shaking
4) Ductility - to accommodate the lateral deformation, along with the desired mechanism of behaviour at ultimate
stage

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Earthquake Resistant building architecture
 These studies enable architects to develop a systematic study and a methodology to be applied to the
architectural design of buildings to optimize earthquake resistant capacity and is called seismo-resistant building
architecture.

 The major aspects involved in seismo-resistant building construction are:

 Proper Configuration system;

 Selection of Lateral load resisting system;

 Dynamic characteristics and

 Construction quality.

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1) Configuration system
 An important feature in building
configuration is its regularity
and symmetry in horizontal and
vertical plane

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2) Selection of load resisting system
 Moment Resisting Frame

 Building with Shear Wall

 Building with Dual System

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3) Dynamic Characteristic
 The dynamic properties of the structure such as natural period, damping and mode shape play a crucial role
in determining the response of building.

 Buildings with higher natural frequencies, and a short natural period, tend to suffer higher accelerations but
smaller displacement. In the case of buildings with lower natural frequencies, and a long natural period, this
is reversed: the buildings will experience lower accelerations but larger displacements.

• The more damping a building possesses, the sooner it will stop vibrating—which is highly desirable from the
standpoint of earthquake performance.

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4) Construction Quality
 One of the main factors responsible for stepping of seismoresistant capacity of building is its quality of
materials and workmanship of construction.

 The factors affecting the Construction quality are described as follows.

 Quality of Concrete (Material used )

 Construction Joints

 General Detailing Requirements (as per IS-13920 detailing)

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Structural Irregularities
 Plan Irregularities
 Torsional Irregularities
 Re-entrant corners
 Diaphragm discontinuity
 Out of plan offset
 Nonparallel Lateral Force systems

 Vertical Irregularities
 Stiffness Irregularities (soft storey)
 Mass Irregularities
 Vertical geometrical irregularities (Setback)
 In plane discontinuities in vertical elements Resisting lateral forces
 Strength Irregularities (weak storey)
 Floating column
 short column

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Torsion Irregularities

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• Eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of stiffness
causes torsion in building which results in undesirable and
possibly dangerous concentration of stress
• Torsion or excessive lateral deflection may result in
permanent set or even partial collapse.
Torsional collapse of a building
in Mexico city, 1985

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Re-entrant corners

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• The re-entrant corners of the buildings are
subjected to two types of problems
• The first is that they tend to produce
variations of rigidity, and hence differential
motions between different parts of the
building, resulting in a local stress
concentration at the notch of the re-entrant
corner
• The second problem is torsion.

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Diaphragm discontinuity
 The diaphragm is a horizontal
resistance element that transfer forces
between vertical resistance elements
 The diaphragm acts as a horizontal
beam, and its edge acts as flanges.
 opening cut in tension flange of a beam
will seriously weaken its load carrying
capacity.

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Out of plan offset in Vertical Elements

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• In the case of columns or shear walls that do not continue up to the ground but end at an upper level,
shear is induced to overturning forces to another resisting element of a lower level.
• This imposition of overturning forces overwhelms the columns of lower level through connecting
elements.
• Therefore, the most critical region of damage is the connecting element (link between discontinuous
column to lower level column) and lower level columns.

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Nonparallel Lateral Force systems
 The vertical load resisting elements are not parallel or symmetrical about the major orthogonal axis of the lateral
force resisting system
 These situations are often faced by architects.
 High probability of torsional forces, because the centre of mass and resistance does not coincide.

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Stiffness and Strength Irregularities (soft storey)
Stiffness Irregularities (soft storey) Strength Irregularities (weak storey)

 Lateral stiffness < That in storey above.  Lateral strength < That in storey above.
 Structural Plan Density (SPD)
 When SPD of masonry infill > 20% ,
 Effect of URM infill shall be considered by
modelling in analysis.

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 increase in structural displacement and inter-storey drift, thus entailing a significant P-Delta effect, which is a
threat to the stability of the structure

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Mass Irregularities

 Multi-storeyed tall buildings often have service floors

with heavy mass compared to regular floors
 This causes sudden change or asymmetry in mass
along the elevation of buildings.
 With increase in mass in one storey, there is increase
in inertia force generated in that storey.
 Irregularity of mass distribution can result in irregular
responses and complex dynamics.
 Mansi complex, has failed in Bhuj earthquake due to
a massive swimming pool at the upper floor.

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Vertical geometrical irregularities (Setback)

 It refers to one or more abrupt reduction of floor size

within the building height.
 The problem created by them lies in abrupt change of
strength and stiffness at the point of setback, or the
notch.

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• Deformation of taller (flexible) frame is larger than that of
shorter (stiff) frame; and
• Force demand imposed on taller frame is higher than that on
shorter stiffer frame, because the mass imposed on former is
higher than that on the latter.

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In plane discontinuities in vertical elements Resisting lateral forces

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Floating Column
 Floating column is a column rest on beam or float
from beam
 Overturning forces thus developed overwhelm the
column of ground floor
 Cause concentrated damage in the structure

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Short Column
 In Buildings with different column heights, for instance on hills, shorter columns suffer more damage during
earthquake than longer columns.
 This is due to lateral forces on stiffer short columns that it may not counteract and thus fail. This is called ‘Short
Column effect’

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Pounding
 When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during strong shaking.
 With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem.
 When building heights do not match, the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid-height of the column of
the taller one; this can be very dangerous

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Performance of building in past earthquakes
 Load bearing masonry

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• Damage In RC Buildings

Soft Storey Failure

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 Floating Columns

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 Plan and Mass Irregularity

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 Poor Quality of Construction Material and Corrosion of
Reinforcement
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 Pounding of Buildings

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 Inconsistent Seismic Performance of Buildings

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 DAMAGE TO STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

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 DAMAGE TO NON-STRUCTURAL
PANEL ELEMENTS

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Lesson learnt from Past earthquakes
The occurrence of Bhuj earthquake has caused significant damage to multi-storeyed reinforced concrete buildings.
The lessons learnt from damages are presented below:

 The design of buildings should be based on seismic codes IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 and IS: 13920: 1993.

 The multi-storeyed reinforced concrete buildings with vertical irregularities and mass irregularities and the
buildings with floating columns should be designed on the basis of dynamic analysis and inelastic design.

 The ductility provisions are most important in such situations.

 More care is necessary at the time of planning.

 The torsional effects in a building can be minimised by proper location of vertical resisting elements and mass
distribution.

 Building design with strong-column weak beam can be achieved at the planning stage.

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• The soft storey stiffness can also be controlled by appropriate design procedure.

• The infill construction in RC buildings should be duly accounted for structural analysis.

• Shear walls should be employed for increasing stiffness and are uniformly distributed in both principal directions.

• There should be a greater emphasis on the quality of construction.

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  Looping

Thank you…!

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