i

REDEVELOPMENT OF K-12 SCHOOL

ADAPTING SUSTAINABILITY

APPLICATION IN SAN FABIAN, NUEVA

VIZCAYA

A Research Presented to

The College of Engineering and Architecture

University of the Cordilleras

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the

Degree AR 411 ARCHITECTURAL

DESIGN 8

By:

FRED MARK PATALEON GUTIERREZ

November 25, 2020

 University of the Cordilleras

Governor Pack Road, Harrison Road Baguio

City Department of Architecture

To: Arch. Jerico Jordan A. Bernardo

Thesis Adviser

RE: ENDORSEMENT LETTER FOR TITLE DEFENSE

Dear Architect,

May I inform you that my advisee/s, Gutierrez, Fred Mark P. with the

thesis entitled: Redevelopment of K-12 School Adapting Eco- Friendly Application

in San Fabian, Nueva Vizcaya had accomplished the requirements for and

analyzed 100% of his thesis.

I am hereby certifying and endorsing the presentation of the findings of

the research study for Oral Defense for panel evaluation requirement to the

architectural panel committee.

Thank you.

Arch. Nicanor K. Latogan. MS Arch.

AR 411 Design 08

Adviser Date:
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare this submission is my own work and that, to the best of

my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the

text.

I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my

own/our work, even though I/we may have received assistance from others on style,

presentation and language expression.

Fred Mark P. Gutierrez

Researcher

Date

Arch. Jerico Jordan A.

Bernardo Research

Supervisor/Adviser Date
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher deeply offers his thanks and appreciation to the following

persons who contributed and made the study possible:

To the Department of Education District In-Charge for the permission of the

thesis study of the existing primary school of San Fabian, Nueva Vizcaya.

To the officials of the municipality, the mayor, the vice mayor, and the head

of offices who gave the permission and shared a copy of documents for the

completion of this work.

To my adviser, Arch. Nicanor K. Latogan. MS Arch., who encouraged and

directed the class, patiently provided guidance and effective remarks for the

establishing this study.

To my family specially my aunt and uncle, who encourage him and aided in

acquiring the documents required for this paper.

Finally, to the Almighty God for providing him hope and strength to pursue

the completion of this study.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page.................................................................................................i

Endorsement Letter for Title Defense/Approval Sheet…..................................ii

Certificate of Originality.............................................................................iii

Acknowledgement....................................................................................iv

Table of Contents......................................................................................v

List of Figures.........................................................................................vi

List of Diagrams.......................................................................................vi

List of Tables...........................................................................................vi

Chapter 1 – The Problem

1.1Background of the Study…............................................................1

1.2Goals, Objectives, and Strategies of the Study................................5

1.3Significance of the Study............................................................10

1.4Scope and Limitation.................................................................12

1.5Review of Related Literature, Readings, and Studies.......................13

1.6Conceptual Framework..............................................................34

1.7Definition of Terms....................................................................39

References.............................................................................................40
 List of Figures

Figure 1 Island School proposed redevelopment…........................................21

Figure 2 Picton High School proposed redevelopment….................................22

Figure 3 Secmol School............................................................................24

Figure 4 Solar Cooker..............................................................................24

Figure 5 Bamboo as School Building Material..............................................26

Figure 6 Cross Ventilation Openings...........................................................27

Figure 7 Ateneo de Davao Senior High School Building…...............................29

Figure 8 Solar Panel Installation................................................................30

Figure 9 Eco- Friendly Cement..................................................................31

List of Diagrams

Diagram 1 Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold…..........................................2

List of Tables

Table 1. Research Paradigm…....................................................................36

 1

Chapter 1

1.0 THE PROBLEM

1.1 Background of the Study

In the pursue of thriving future, education is we ought to acquire. This

requisite is primarily obtained in school that aims to provide wisdom on various

fields in which we cultivate for progressive culture. With the active economic,

technological and environmental changes schools need to be more equip in

preparation of students intercepting the rapid transition of our global

development. This innovation is reinforcement in strengthening the awareness

of each seedlings for exceptional future generation. Thus, school as the essential

support becomes the vital core of each communities in every country in the

entire world. However, due to voluminous territorial many communities in

provincial or rural areas are still yearning for education by the reason of

deficiency in school facilities.

According to Herald (2018) at the Montessori Model United Nations, MMUN

NYC conference of 2018, the delegates point out the lack of education in rural

areas of the Philippines which the situation leads to thousands of children being

illiterate. The delegates added that this degree of predicament is one of the

reasons of intensifying poverty of Filipinos. Hawn (2017) stated that the

constraints of inequality of education in provincial areas of the Philippines are the

lack of local government fund or the communities are in remote areas.

The communities in the remote area of municipality of Kayapa, Nueva

Vizcaya, Philippines is requiring for more development of K-12 schools to

support the Educational and Safety needs of the youths. Despite of having 6

high schools with senior high level the students are still challenged in going to

school. Kayapa is situated in mountainous province of Cagayan Valley with a

territory area of 482.9 square kilometer consisting of 30 barangays, it is also

known as the summer capital of Nueva Vizcaya due to its Baguio- like climate

and panoramic view of mountains in the area. Considering its wide sector, the

schools are located distant away from communities added that it has a

mountainous geographical condition, the children

of the neighborhoods are having difficulty in going to school. Moreover, the

public transportation is excessively numbered and with the long-distance travel,

public vehicles are hardly seen since there are no transportation depot. The

impact of this situation affects the students’ performance in the class on account

of the experience of being distressed before getting in the school on time. While

the safety of the students is being exposed to risks particularly when rainy

seasons. The degree of concern resulted to certain students being out of school

youths and rather diverting their selves to do farming or becoming a construction

worker. The situation ensued to the decline of socio- economic of the community

and the risk of intensification of poverty.

Diagram 1 Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold, By Province, Cagayan Valley, 2015 & 218.
Reprinted from Cagayan Valley provinces increased in poverty threshold. (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2020)

The 2018 Family income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) of the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported that across provinces in the

region II, Nueva Vizcaya is the fourth province that has the highest

increase rate of poverty.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority the reason of the enlargement of

poverty rate is due to low income of families which is not enough to sustain the

needs of family members due to lack of stable and sufficient work.

 From the meeting with the local officials, Punong Barangay of San

Fabian, Nueva Vizcaya Mr. Ngaloy (2020) strengthen the fact that several

families are suffering from starvation owing to lack of educational attainment

which was the essential requirements in applying for more decent work. In

consonance with the local officials the community point out that having a K-12

school facilities in the barangay will up-lift the educational constraints providing

a quality of education and sustaining the needs of the community. Thus, the

community is eyeing the San Fabian Primary School to be redevelop and have

an additional K-12 facilities which consist of kindergarten, primary, secondary

and senior high level considering the school expansive zone, advantageous

location and passable accessibility.

Mr. Ngaloy (2020) affirmed that the primary school of San Fabian, Kayapa

was constructed since year 1960’s without proper lay out of architectural plan

and design. The spaces within the site are not properly utilized being

unfunctional areas and not properly tended off. The school have number of

buildings that serve as the educational facilities in the community. These

structures are designed specifically for one storey high only and not suitable for

vertical expansions, furthermore, it is starting to deteriorate by the cause of

aged building materials which would be prone to natural disasters. In this case,

the community is calling for innovation for a new development that will provide

adequate school facilities and could support the growing population of the

neighborhood. Hence, the primary school requires re- planning and a proper

architectural solutions that will revitalize the site in the means of

redevelopment.

Redevelopment, Saputra et. al., (2018) stated that typically perceived as the

physical placement and regulation of land uses that ensures the empowerment of

community enhancing the quality of life and environment in the interest of

architectural solutions. It involves removal of existing buildings and the re- use

of cleared lot for new project. This approach is applied to facilities or areas where

severely deteriorating without preservation value and where building layouts are

deplorable to community welfare.

 Schools are generally distinguished as a home of knowledge resources

and a foundation where youths are to be nurtured. Consequently, it can deliver

information of global trends that might influence the awareness of students

which could show an impact to their daily lifestyle. Now, environmental

concerns are actively extending due to our rapid development, degenerating the

natural resources and contributing to negative impact in environment. The

effect of this plight has been experienced in several countries which the affected

communities are suffering from pollution and the exhaustion of natural

resources. To control this adversity, the adaptation of sustainable development

approach has been acknowledged as the effective solution to address these

issues. By the virtue of recognized as the hope of future, youths are the best

candidates to understand and adapt the concept of sustainability through the

integration of its features and principles in school buildings. This innovation will

equip the school to have a physical environment that could influence the

awareness of students, understanding the method of sustainability and to apply

in their daily lifestyle.

The integration of sustainability application in school provides plenty of

benefits not only to our economic aspect and for the betterment of our well-

being but also for supporting the movement in mitigating the issues in our

environment. The sustainability advocacy of school could provide leverage to

other establishments and stakeholders by adapting the features and principles

of sustainability.

The researcher aims to propose a redevelopment of the primary school

with additional facilities that could cater the curriculum from kindergarten,

primary, Junior high and senior high level. The features and principles of

sustainability application will be adapted in the architectural solutions of the

redevelopment. This method aims to equip the school providing an amiable

learning physical atmosphere and enhancing the awareness of the students. The

approach is a way to promote apprehension and solutions in addressing the

concerns in our environment as well as promoting the sustainable way of living

that could provide quantity of benefits and the improvement of our well- being.
1.2 Goal, Objectives and Strategies

The goal, objectives, and strategies will serve as a guide in the

development of the study. The set of points of which will aid establishing the

advancement of the researcher. And these are the endeavors the researcher

determined to achieve that serve as a foothold for the study.

1.2.a. Main Goal

The primary goal of the study is to provide an appropriate architectural

solutions of K -12 school adapting the approach of sustainability that meet the

needs of community, uplifting the educational constraints and increase the

environmental awareness of the community.

1.2.b. Objectives of the study

The objectives of this research study are the targets that the researcher

intends to attain. This will serve as the direction of the advancement of the study

towards its main goal. The specific objectives will take the related planning and

design principles in regard are the following:

1. To examine the existing conditions of the site and to

determine the potentials for locating new features in terms of:

A. Site Design and Planning

a. Natural features

i. Site Topography

ii.Vegetation

b. Size and Zoning

i. Neighborhood context

ii.Legal restrictions

c. Climate

i. Microclimatic conditions
 B. Building Aspect

a. Man- made features

i. Existing buildings and facilities

2.To adapt Sustainability approach, features and principles in terms of:

A. Building Design

a. Physical Expression

i. Building character

ii.Building materials

c. Physical Environment

i. Natural air conditioning

ii.Natural lighting

B.Building Planning

a. Space Planning

i. Dimension of areas

b. Plan organization and circulation

i. Zoning and location of spaces

c. Building sustainability

i. energy and water conservation

d. Health, Security and Safety

3.To design the propose redevelopment of the K-12 School of San

Fabian, Nueva Vizcaya in consideration of:

a. Improvement of the quality of education in the

community and its neighborhoods

b. Securing the safety, heath, and welfare of the students

 c. Promotion of environmental awareness and sustainability

1.2.c. Strategies

The strategies are the set of course of action needed to be done that could

help the researcher accomplish the objectives and main goal of the study. The

following schemes and activities for the strategies of the study are listed

accordingly below:

1. To examine the existing conditions of the site and to determine the

potentials for locating new features.

A. Site Design and Planning

a. Conduct an evaluation and analysis of the existing natural

elements of the site to understand the natural features that

would have an impact in the building lay out and other

outdoor spaces.

b. Observation and understanding the existing neighborhood

attributes around the site. The existing natural conditions,

establishments, architectural elements such fences and light

posts, as well as the movements of people around the site that

could influence the planning and design of the proposal.

c. Inquiry and gathering data regarding the national and local

prevailing codes and provisions in relation with the intended

proposal that would serve as constraints and shall be

conform in planning and design of the development.

d. Analysis and study of the existing microclimatic condition of the

site determining the local humidity record, pathway of the sun,

source of prevailing and other climatic aspects that will

contribute to planning sustainability of the development.

e. Investigation on the existing landscape and vegetation of the

site in consideration of preservation of its nature and taken as

advantage in planning and design of the site.

 f. Accumulation of related literature and case studies particularly

about utilizing the existing site and climatic conditions into

school buildings as a reference and insight creating

architectural solutions of the development.

B.Building Aspect

a. Investigation on the existing man-made features in the

site particularly building and facilities that will be take

onto consideration in planning and design of the site.

2. To adapt Sustainability approach, features and principles

A. Building Design

a. A review of gathered data and information in related

literature and case studies pertaining the integration of

sustainability application creating a school character that

could promote environmental awareness and express the

concepts of sustainability.

b. Investigation of the availability of natural local materials

that is classified as an effective sustainable materials to be

incorporated as one of the building materials.

c. Applying method and concepts of passive cooling in

planning and design that could provide a natural air

conditioning which will aid the building interiors to maintain

comfortable temperature.

d. Inducing natural lighting to the school building facilities

from daylight by applying the methods and application

adapting from the approach made in case studies.

B. Building Planning

a. Conforming the set standards of Department of

Education- Educational Facilities manual in determining

the minimum requirements in planning and design of

the facilities.
 b. Consideration of other implementing rules and regulations in

planning and design of the proposal that will serve as a

guideline in meeting the standard requirements which

include the PD 1069- the National Building Code of the

Philippines, BP 344- the Law to Enhance Mobility of Disabled

Persons, PD 856- Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and

PD 1185- Fire Code of the Philippines.

c. Determining the appropriate zoning and circulation of

facilities in planning and design of the school that will

provide an effective architectural solution and secure a

connection of well learning physical environment between

teachers and students.

d. Applying method and concepts of conservation of water and

energy resources in planning and design that could sustain

the school needs and for cost savings.

e. Identifying the security and safety measures in planning

and design of school such as CPTED- Crime Prevention

Through Environmental Design and in consideration of

the methods applied in the accumulated case studies.

3. To design the propose redevelopment of the K-12 School of San

Fabian, Nueva Vizcaya in consideration of its socio- economic

aspect.

a. To determine the adequate school facilities that will meet

the quality of education needed to acquire and that will

provide sufficient facilities to cater the youths in the

community and its neighboring barangays.

b. To provide an architectural solutions considering the

enhancement of the well- being of teachers and students as

well as creating a school physical environment which will aid the

students in improving their education.

 c. To identify the appropriate features and principles of

sustainability that will be adapted in planning and design of the

proposal which will render an architectural solutions that could

showcase the approach of sustainability and be experienced by

the teachers and students as well as serve as a role model and

leverage to the locality.

d. To conduct an interview on the community regarding the

approach and application adapted in creating the proposal

redevelopment of school as to get an evaluation of inputs

and insights as well as to provide information and gain the

social acceptance of the community.

1.3 Significance of the study

The research endorses and signifies the national vision of Department of

Education. It gives importance on addressing the inequality of education in

provincial areas thru development of adequate educational facilities that supports

the growing population of the communities. The result of the study will be

immense support and signifies the following aspects.

1.3.a. Social Significance

The study is beneficial to the local community as well as to the national

government. It conveys the needs of community in remote areas that need to

be address. This study promotes the improvement of local community

educational attainments that could help to increase the municipality’s socio-

economic aspect. This study will also conceivably help the municipality to reduce

the poverty rate of the province.

1.3.b. Environmental Significance

The integration of sustainability approach will equip the school and

acquire an innovation that provides a better learning facilities. Concurrently, it

provides solutions that supports the movement of mitigating the issues

regarding our
environmental concerns. This application enhances the community’s environmental

awareness that could influence them in adapting the features and principles of

sustainability that will greatly help balancing our ecological resources.

1.3.c. Architectural Significance

Creation of an innovative architectural solution for school that promotes

sustainability as well as serve as a role model to other educational institutions in

adapting such approach through redevelopment. This will act as a force movement

expressing the importance of sustainability and the understanding about our

environmental condition in relation to our rapid development.

1.3.d. Socio- economic Significance

The development of school could lead the revitalization of the local

community. It will invite stakeholders and provide more development in the

community that will support the enlarge population of the school. This will

produce benefits and opportunities to the community to raise the socio-

economic of the municipality.

1.3.e. To the researcher and future researchers

This study will serve as part of the personal growth as well as

expanding the awareness of the researcher. It would help the researcher to

experience and understand the importance of aiding the community through

volition service. The study will also act as an information source and help

guide researchers in formulating their research who have similar studies

related to the thesis problem. It will provide methods and applications on how

to plan and design sustainable schools for the enhancement of education.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

This section provides information onto what extent the researcher

intends to cover for this study. This margin is to limit the range of discussion

to be done to
prevent confounding the goal and objectives of the study. The prime focuses of

the study are given below.

1.4.a. Scope of the study

The sole purpose of this study is to plan and design establishing an

architectural solution for the redevelopment of K-12 School of San Fabian, Nueva

Vizcaya. It covers about local and international related studies for sustainable

schools and its features and principles which were published not beyond five

years after the publication of this study. This will serve as information source and

reference for the research in formulating the study.

Considerations of the updated local and national prevailing laws related

to the study will be included to establish a clear guideline in generating the

architectural solution. The National Building Code (PD 1069), The Law to

Enhance Mobility of Disabled Persons (BP 344), Code on Sanitation of the

Philippines (PD 856), Fire Code of the Philippines (PD 1185), and other related

laws. The Educational Facilities Manual created by Department of Education

specifical in planning and design of educational institution from kindergarten to

senior high level.

The researcher will present architectural design schemes and rationale.

This will be presented through the site development plan, floor plans, elevations,

sections, interior and exterior perspectives, three-dimensional model, and an

animation for the visualization of the redevelopment.

1.4.b. Limitations

The study will not include the other technical details such as structural,

electrical, mechanical, plumbing and sanitary design of the proposal. The study

focuses more on establishing architectural solutions on the physical environment

of the site and buildings of the study as well as providing additional application

for the developers to enhance the concepts on planning and designing

sustainable schools in the near future.

1.5 Review of Related Literature and Case Studies

The review of related literature and case studies will serve as a

foundation and reinforcement of knowledge on topic of the study. This will help

the researcher to gather valuable data and ideas as a guide which provide

insights into the theoretical of the background of the study. The following

related literature and studies will provide the rationale of the framework of the

study.

1.5.a. Related Literature

1.5.a.1. Examining the existing conditions of the site and to

determine the potentials for locating new features.

Related literature and readings about the site design and planning

and the approach on sustainability to be adapted in planning and design of

the school.

A. Site Design and

Planning Natural

Features

According to Moussa et. al., (2017) The school siting decision benefit the

entire community. Schools vital entities in the society not only for education

purposes but also providing physical spaces for community gathering such

cultural or sports events. Thus, the site should be analyzed and evaluated

thoroughly, and the following list are some consideration for school site

features.

1. The school site terrain should be gently sloping with an elevation

and contour that ensure good drainage.

2. Allow the flow of sewage in the school according to gravity as much

as possible without the use of pumps.

3. The school site should be able to provide adequate space to

sustain physical education and having a variety of vegetation.

Furthermore, Moussa et. al., (2017) point out that in consideration of the
vegetation in the analysis of the site for schools should include the landscaping,
greenery, trees, and open spaces. This will help the planner to take advantage

the potential natural features of the site as well as the consideration of the

preserved trees that will contribute to the restrictions of planning and design of

school campus.

Landscaping is important element in altering the microclimatic of the

site. With proper landscaping it can reduce the direct sunlight and heating up

building surface. It creates also different airflow patterns and can be used to

divert wind directions advantageously by causing a pressure difference. The

benefits in landscape and vegetation lies on the comprehensive analysis of the

microclimatic and natural features of the site. (Godson, 2018)

Size and Zoning

Moussa et. al., (2017) affirmed that the neighborhood context of the schools

such existing infrastructure decreases the need for new school facilities. By

taking advantage of the current resources, schools can lessen their physical,

financial, and environmental impact on the community. Furthermore, Archi-

Monarch (2019) stated that in determining the information relevant to the

neighborhood analysis, it is needed to identify the extent of neighborhood. This

scale and range of neighborhood conditions investigation will be dependent on

the complexity of the project.

In the implementing rules and regulation of National Building Code of

the Philippines (PD 1069) under the complexity classification of the study,

2000 m or 2.0 km as the scale of diameter of circle used in identifying the

neighborhood conditions for investigation. Archi- Monarch (2019) asserted

that the features if neighborhood include the environmental elements and

landform, land uses, built form character and environmental values of the

area.

Legal restrictions, Archi- Monarch (2019) declared that some details are

needed to be consider including the site boundary and dimensions, access to

the site, easements location and dimensions, buildable area on the site, and

the
building height restriction. Moreover, the project shall conform to the local prevailing

building laws.

Climate

Climatic condition has a critical consideration in planning process. The

overall climate conditions of a region generally a large geographic area and

distinguished from microclimate. The information and knowledge data gives a

general impression of the climate condition at the site of a building and the

building planning and design can be planned accordingly. The microclimatic

factors are referred to variations to the established climate such as created by

vegetation, topography and wind exposure. These factors are substantial that

determine the opportunities and constraints in planning and design specially for

development of site. (Godson, 2018)

In the record of weather spark of the year-round average weather of

municipality of Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya wherein the Wet season are from months

of May to October while the Dry season are from months of October to May.

However, the disparity between the hot and cold season in the municipality is

close which is hard to experience the difference. The municipality is classified as

a tropical rainforest climate of the province Nueva Vizcaya.

B.Building Aspect

Man- made features

Part of planning is the consideration existing elements in site made by

man. This investigation, according to Archi- Monarch (2019) is requisite in

order to identify the number of structures around the site and conduct an

examination of the age, condition and lay out of the structures. Apart from this

investigation, analysis of the existing man- made features is included to verify

if the said facilities are to conform the standard requirement of prevailing laws

and guidelines. Archi- Monarch (2019) added some considerations in analysis

of man- made features of the site below.

 a. Determine the previous use of the site and any contamination concerns.

b. Evaluate the existing buildings and facilities and the extent of

settlement damage.

c. Identifying the function of the existing facilities if it is to

correspond and useable to the new project.

d. Identifying other built elements in the site such, fences, walls and

other man- made features.

Saputra et. al., (2018) affirmed that man- made features analysis is

substantial in the process of redevelopment project. The extent of redevelopment

would be

dependent on the result of the investigation. However, if the existing man- made

features are severely deteriorating the clearing and re- planning process should be

implemented for the sake of better environment and welfare of the community.

1.5.a.2. The Sustainability approach, features and principles

The features and principles of Sustainability application are adapted as an

approach in creating the study. These are included in the second objective of the

study and are discussed in this section.

A. Etymology and Origin

Sustain, according to Mensah (2019) the name sustainability is derived

from the Latin word sustinere, meaning “ to uphold ” while the word sustain

can be mean “ to maintain, support, uphold, or endure.”

Kind (2018) stated that sustainability began with the industrial revolution

as factories began to soar in the late 1800s. A noticeable imprint on land and air

around them have left which billowed waste into thee air and pollution of lakes.

Thus, environmentalist groups were made. These groups created a movement

that would address these issues in rapid development. Sustainable development

is a concept that have been establish which to connote improving healthy

economic, ecological and social system for human development.

 B. Sustainable Development

According to Abubakar (2017) argues that sustainable development is an

essential concept within global development agenda. It provides a mechanism

through which the society can interact with the environment while not risking

damaging or negative impact the resource for the future. Zhai et. al.,(2019) further

relates the concept of sustainability is to organizing principle for meeting human

development aspirations while at the same time upholding the ability of natural

systems to provide the ecosystem and natural resources services wherein the

society and economy depend. Sustainable Development aims at attaining social

progress, environmental equilibrium and economic growth.

Abubakar (2017) emphasized the need to prevent harmful socio-economic

activities and rather engage the society in activities with positive environmental,

economic and social impacts.

a. Economic Sustainability

Zhai et. al.,(2019) stated that economic sustainability implies a

system of production that content the present consumption levels without

compromising the future needs. It has been realized that natural

resources are not infinite and besides not all-natural resources can be

replenished or are renewable. The increasing scale of economic system

has overstretched the natural resources base, prompting a rethink of the

traditional economic demand.

b. Social Sustainability

Essentially, social sustainability connotes a system of social

management that mitigate poverty. Social sustainability is not about

providing that everyone’s needs are met. Rather, its intention is providing

a permissive conditions for everyone to have the ability to realize their

needs if they so desire. Anything that restraints this capacity is considered

a barrier
 that needs to be addressed in order for individuals, community to make

advancement towards social sustainability. (Mensah, 2019)

c. Environmental Sustainability

Abubakar (2017) established that the concept of environmental

sustainability is pertaining about the natural environment. How our

natural resources remain productive and resilient to support human

life.

Environmental sustainability expresses to ecosystem integrity and

holding capacity of natural environment. One fundamental principle of

environmental sustainability is natural resources must be collected no

faster than they can be regenerated, and waste must be diffuse or

discharge no faster than they can be assimilated by our environment.

C. Building Design

Method of Application

Conforming to Morgen (2018) in pursuit to sustainable development

for schools “Whole school approach” is establish as method of approach in

adapting sustainability in school campus. Whole school approach is an

improvement process for school to be more equip in Education for

Sustainable Development. It aims to enhance quality and standards across

the entire school campus. For this whole school approach to be effective,

schools must identify and address the needs of the school community and

engage in periodic processes for improvement.

D. Building Planning

According to Krueger (2018) schooling planning and design is

constantly transforming to meet the needs of the students, teachers and

curriculum. Modern schools focus on the creativity and critical thinking,

this concept needs to reflect to planning principles of the school. Krueger

(2018) added that an established standard for education facilities are

create also
 by local governments to provide a guideline in planning and design of a new

school.

Llego (2020) proclaimed that the Department of Education of the

Philippines has established an updated guidelines for new school

developments which also considers the following factors:

a. Function and needs of the users

b. Economy in construction, maintenance and utilization

c. The human dimensions

d. Applicable to the National Building Code

e. Green school building adaptation

f. Consideration on effect of climate change

g. A calamity- resilient school

h. Health, Safety and Security of the users and school

1.5.a.3. The planning and design of proposed redevelopment

In the third objective of the study focuses on redevelopment in

relation with socio- economic of the community. Redevelopment and socio-

economic as the keywords discussed in this section.

Redevelopment

Saputra et. al., (2018) It refers to the implementation new projects replacing

the existing buildings and clearing of the site. This approach is applied to

facilities or areas where severely deteriorating without preservation value and

where building layouts are deplorable to community welfare. Thus,

redevelopment provides more opportunities through its approach in revitalizing a

degrading area that alleviates

the community socio- economic status. Seidler et. al.,(2018) added that

redevelopment of school providing additional educational facilities enhances the

educational attainments of students which could aid the socio- economic of the

families.
 Pursuant to Seidler et. al., (2018) Socio- Economic status encompasses not just

income but also educational achievement, occupational prominence, and

subjective impressions of social status and social class. Socio-economic status can

include quality of life attributes as well as the privileges afforded to people within

society.

1.5.b. Related
Studies

The following examples given are the related studies gathered to show the

actuality of foreign and local works regarding of redevelopment of schools and

the adaptation of sustainability application. This will serve as basis for the

research in accumulating data that will aid the conceptualization and

advancement of the study.

A. Foreign Studies

1. ESF (2020): Island School Redevelopment

In keeping with ESF (2020) the Island school based in Hong Kong was

constructed in 1960s that served the school community well and helped to

facilitate academic, personal and social standards achieved by the school.

However, with the undertaken extensive investigation the school have been

found with several major problems including technical and operational

deficiencies as well as problems with teaching and learning. These identified

issues are:

i. Small individual teaching spaces

ii. Overcrowded school campus

iii. Usage rate of rooms are high that creates more movement and

lack of classroom base

iv. Breakout spaces are not provided for studying that lead students

use corridors as alternative

v. Lack of self-study areas for students

vi. Insufficient eating and social space, library, and hall spaces for

other educational activities.

 Furthermore, ESF (2020) stated that the Island school building have

constraints in the way of teaching and does not provide a necessary flexibility. In

the investigation technical and operational issues were also found out.

i. Campus access in terms of safety

ii. Not utilized the full potential of the site

iii. Ageing buildings

iv. And limited circulation space

In line with ESF (2020) the results of evaluation have encouraged the

Island School to redevelop the school campus. The redevelopment ensures to

provide the essential facilities and a better planning and design of the school

building spaces.

Figure 1 Island School proposed redevelopment. Reprinted from Island School

Redevelopment. (ESF, 2020)
The Island School suggested that the redevelopment must consider the

physical learning environment and healthy atmosphere of the school. Moreover, the

Island school seek to establish an Environmental/ Sustainability Approach in the

planning process of the redevelopment. (ESF, 2020)

The Environmental / Sustainability approach aims to achieve the following

in terms of:
 i. Energy Use- HVAC efficiency and renewable energy

ii. Materials Use- Recycled/ recyclable materials

iii. The impact on the surrounding environment

iv. Building placement

v. And waste management

2. Bartlett (2019): Picton High School Expansion Project Remains on

Track

According to Bartlett (2019) the redevelopment project of Picton High

School will bring more benefits to the community particular to the students which

will experience a new educational facilities that will enhance their learning and

welfare. Furthermore, the redevelopment of the Picton High School will provide

the additional spaces of the school campus that to serve the growing number

students and the community needs.

Figure 2 Picton High School proposed redevelopment. Reprinted from Picton High School
Expansion Project Remains on Track. (Bartlett, 2019)
Bartlett (2019) stated that the redevelopment aims to provide more

benefits to the students that will enhance their learning and provide them a

satisfactory ambiance of learning spaces to improve their interactions in school

community. The following list are some benefits after the redevelopment is

done.

i. Increased permanent facilities that accommodate more students

ii. New classrooms and flexible learning spaces

 iii. Covered outdoor learning areas

iv. Library facilities

v. New administration areas

vi. And safety improvements

3. NSW (2019): Eco Schools: Gardens

Creating and cultivating gardens helps the students discover how to live

sustainably and is an initiation for studying how we can meet human needs while

conserving the environment for future generations. Useful activities in garden

design, planting and harvesting, can be related to a range of curriculum areas

including science, arts, literacy, and numeracy. (NSW, 2019)

a. Food Gardens

Food gardens advocate sustainable living and healthy eating.

Students can cultivate which fruit, vegetables and herbs are

appropriate to their local area, how to manage worm farms and

composting, and how to care soil health. Food gardens are an ideal

way for children to develop their knowledge and practical skills in

garden conservation, environmental monitoring, organic recycling and

food production. (NSW, 2019)

b. Native Gardens

Native garden can produce habitat for wildlife. Students can use

the garden to examine biodiversity and take actions to develop it on

school grounds and in the community. (NSW, 2019)

c. Bush tucker Gardens

Bush tucker gardens and studies of Aboriginal culture are an

exceptional way for students to study about the environment and

traditional approach of caring for Country. Aboriginal cultural

activities also include art, dance, language, totems, and dreamtime

stories.

Through these students can learn about the significance of the

environment in Aboriginal life. (NSW, 2019)

 4. Kasriel (2019): India Eco- School: Is this the greenest Campus on
Earth?

According to Karsiel (2019) the Secmol school is an educational

institution pioneering practical green education in one of the world’s harhest

environment. The surrounding mountainous landscape is almost barren of

vegetation as it is above the tree line.

Figure 3 Secmol School. Reprinted from India Eco- School: Is this the greenest
Campus on Earth?. (Karsiel, 2019)
The students in Secmol School are experiencing the method and

application of sustainability in their daily tasks. Despite of harsh environment

they have learnt to cultivate gardens and trees which they preserved it. The

school community analyze the sun orientation wherein they make use of the time

to utilize their solar cookers to cook their food.

Figure 4 Solar Cooker. Reprinted from India Eco- School: Is this the greenest
Campus on Earth?. (Karsiel, 2019)
 5. Owen (2017): Essential Building Materials for Green Schools

Owen (2017) stated that within the educational sector, there are a certain

schools who are also adapting eco-friendly practices for building design, showing

future generations the significance of lessening our environmental effects as

much as possible. From natural materials such cork and bamboo to recycled

glass, there are more of essential school building materials that are

environmentally friendly and widely available.

a. Recycled metals

In modern school design there will be a need to use materials that

contribute additional strength and structural support. Considerable

alternative is to use recycled metal rather that not only lessens the energy

consumption and air pollution included in the metal production process, but also

reduces over harvesting of trees, landfill waste and natural ore mining.

(Owen, 2017)

b. Recycled glass

There are different ways recycled glass can be used as school

building material. Recycled glass as a construction aggregate to

strengthen the mixture of other building materials such glass building

blocks, decorative feature, and creating glass tiles. As a durable material

that can be recycled several times without affecting its quality, this make

as an ideal sustainable building material. (Owen, 2017)

c. Bamboo

With some conventional building materials that have harmful

chemicals, sourcing natural construction materials such bamboo will be an

excellent idea. Bamboo is a non-toxic and eco-friendly material, a fast-

growing plant that can be grown almost anywhere, bamboo is highly

sustainable and minimizes the carbon emission from transportation.

 Furthermore, as a building material, it is incredibly versatile and

durable, making it applicable for use in various guises, from

structural elements to aesthetic features of the school building.

(Owen, 2017)

6. Jackson (2019): Bamboo Architecture: Bali’s Green School Inspires a

Global Renaissance

Bali’s Green school is educating toddlers through teenagers about eco-

ethical design and cooperative living. The topical campus of quirky bamboo has

globally become significant to architectural trends. Bamboo has been a basic

construction material in tropical countries due to being abundant and has a fast

generation, particularly in provinces. (Jackson, 2019)

Figure 5 Bamboo as School Building Material. Reprinted from Bamboo Architecture:

Bali’s Green School Inspire Global Renaissance. (Jackson, 2019)
Jackson (2019) stated that with proper treatment process of bamboo it

becomes long lasting preventing to get deteriorated. Bamboo has its natural

properties being durable and good in tension which is good component for building

material. Furthermore, it can be used in more components such tables and chairs in

school which is sustainable.

7. Gil- Baez et. al. (2017): Natural Ventilation Systems to Enhance

Sustainability in Buildings: A Review towards Zero Energy Buildings

in Schools
 Given that main part of energy consumption in school buildings operation

is due to HVAC systems, approaches in its design and operation conditions are

needed. One essential element for energy demand control is passive design

approach of school buildings. Natural ventilation systems are potential to provide

air quality of indoor and comfort conditions minimizing power consumption. In

these

passive systems are of special purpose their capacities as passive cooling systems

especially in high-density occupied spaces. (Gil- Baez et. al., 2017)

According to Gil- Baez et. al. (2017) indoor air quality control in schools is

needed to ensure the best achievement in students and instructors due to time

expend indoor. Thermal comfort has been investigated specifically in school

buildings due to children comfort feeling is different to the adults. Children

perceiving general comfort is not always associated to their thermal state and

recommended that current adult-based comfort standards may not be suitable to

school children. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a balance between the

energy usage to attain thermal comfort and the ventilation requirements to

ensure indoor air quality.

Gil- Baez et. al. (2017) stated that different natural ventilation concepts are

studied. A review of Cross-Ventilation and stack effect to indoors are also

studied with the design of windcatchers for schools.

Figure 6 Cross Ventilation Openings. Reprinted from Natural Ventilation Systems to Enhance
Sustainability in Buildings: A Review towards Zero Energy Buildings in Schools. (Gil- Baez et.
al., 2017)
These concepts of Cross Ventilation allow school buildings to attain air

quality and comfort conditions without necessary using of mechanical means.

With proper design and strategic location of openings good cross ventilation

across school facilities could be achieved which is a high sustainable approach. It

could reduce
the electricity power consumption and cost saving but most important is providing a

amicable learning environment and sustainable. (Gil- Baez et. al., 2017)

8. Costanzo et. al. (2017): A Review of Daylighting Strategies in Schools:

State of the Art and Expected Future Trends

Costanzo et. al. (2017) stated that daylighting is a process that

makes use of daylight to attain some expected lighting effects in building

interiors.

Proper analysis has to be considered when designing the daylight

contribution in offices and schools, where consistent light levels on visual

task areas are suggested, considering the intellectual activities involved.

In daylighting terms, the major outcomes were the rule of thumb

advised that a window-to-floor ratio of 20% for side-lit rooms and the

suggestion to use the coolest and stable light from the north orientation.

The quality of daylight in educational areas is associated with several

different aspects. First of all, daylight availability on the working condition

should be sufficiently high to allow students and instructors to easily

accomplish their visual tasks. However, daylight should as well be

uniformly distributed within the classrooms to prevent strains to students’

visual apparatus. (Costanzo, 2017)

Moreover, Costanzo et. al. (2017) indicated that glare problems

should be avoided. Glare occurs when an extreme bright light source falls

within the

visual field and can cause visual discomfort. A good daylighting first

concerned with a careful consideration of the climate condition in which

the

classroom is located. As concerns the incorporation of daylighting with

artificial lighting, Costanzo et. al. (2017) points out that current control

logics for dimmable artificial lighting are normally too simplistic, and

primarily aimed

at energy savings, whereas all other concerns related to visual comfort are

usually neglected. Thus, proper consideration and analysis should be

applied in integrating daylighting in planning and design of school

facilities.
B. Local Studies

1. Tubera (2017): Ateneo de Davao breaks ground for PH’s first eco-

friendly school

According to Tubera (2017) the senior high school envisioned to

take education to the higher level of environmental awareness. The school

campus integrates features such vertical gardens to provide additional

cooling mechanisms and prevent direct sunlight in the facade of school

buildings. The vertical gardens were also strategically designed to offset at

least 20% of the school carbon footprint. The school architects are also

aiming to attain 100% solar gains from its solar panel installation on the

school buildings’ roof.

Figure 7 Ateneo de Davao Senior High School Building. Reprinted from Ateneo de
Davao breaks ground for PH’s eco- friendly school. (Tubera, 2017)
Furthermore, Tubera (2017) stated that to help mitigating the

flooding contingency in the school campus, the school architects

provided a rainwater catchment system that collects rainwater and

reuse it for non- potable purposes. The Ecoteneo policies and guidelines

involves the implantation of waste segregation, greening of the campus,

and plastic prohibition in the school. The school provides an amiable

learning physical environment for students and teachers that enhances

the learning and health and mostly improve their awareness in our

environment.
2. Villavert (2019): San Jose School gets Solar Energy System

Villavert (2019) reported that the local government unit of San

Jose, Antique took charge of the installation of solar energy system at the

Delegate Angel Salazar Jr. Memorial School (DASJMS) as the first public

elementary school in the locality to have an access to a clean renewable

solar energy.

The governor of the local government proclaimed that the

solar system project sends a message about the significance of

advancing towards sustainable energy. The local government is

conducting an assessment shown at as to inspire and urge the

community to promote environment- friendly for their province.

(Villavert, 2019)

According to Villavert (2019) the DepEd District Supervisor Dr. Niebre

commended that this solar energy project will help boost the student’s

academic performance as well as engaging them into understanding the

importance of energy conservation into our environment.

3. Rosane (2019): Manila’s New Mayor wants Solar Panels,

Rainwater Collectors for City’s Schools

Conforming to Rosane (2019) the Manila Mayor declared that public

schools should turn into a living lesson in sustainability. The local

government plans to implement the installation of solar panels and

rainwater collectors on the roofs of primary and secondary school in the

Philippines.

Figure 8 Solar Panel Installation. Reprinted from Manila’s New Mayor want Solar
Panels, Rainwater Collectors for City’s Schools. (Rosane, 2019)
 The projects initiative would raise environmental awareness in

students and engage them in understanding the method of sustainability

and adapt it applying in their home. The Mayor of Manila City encourages

the board of the local government to come up with environmental

projects, program to harness renewable energies. (Rosane, 2019)

4. Ho (2020): Filipino Students Make Eco-Concrete with Recycled Waste

and Local Materials

According to Ho (2020) a team of civil engineering students from

the University of the Philippines (UP) has invented an environmentally

friendly concrete that is made from recycled and locally sourced

materials. In substitute of the common aggregates used in construction

the group innovated a new more eco- friendly formulation of concrete

that is made from recycled materials such as waste glass and fly ash

combined with pozzolanic tuff a type of porous rock available in locality

of Quezon City.

Figure 9 Eco- Friendly Cement. Reprinted from Filipino Students Make Eco- Concrete
with Recycled Waste and Local Materials. (Ho, 2020)
It is identified in the test that the invented eco- friendly cement had an

improved level of sustainability of 23. 9% compared to conventional concrete

mixes. This was based on the calculation using five environmental and health

measures: effect of global warming, carcinogenic toxins, ozone depletion,

ecotoxicity and fuel depletion. The invented eco- friendly concrete reported
that in can showcases comparable levels of durability and strength to regular

concrete. (Ho, 2020)

5. Case Study of Labog (2017): Teachers Integration of

Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development

Practices

Labog (2017) established that this movement of teachers are

implemented in selected public high schools in Oriental Mindoro,

Philippines. It specifically aims to determine the level of teacher’s

integration of environmental awareness in terms of pollution, waste

management, forest conservation and climate change. Furthermore, the

objective on improvement of sustainable development practices through

proper waste disposal, composing, recycling, tree planting and energy

conservation.

Though there is an incorporation of environmental awareness

among the students, the result of study found out that school together

with the instructors must not only particular on learning and practicing the

concepts and theories within school community. Strengthening the

entrenched linkage to other agencies is also a substantial part of the

equation in order to achieve sustainability. This implies that the methods

of what was experience in the schools are not limited to the school

community itself. It means strengthening by spanning sustainable

practices as collaborative effort of the students, schools, outside

communities, LGU’s and other related government and nongovernment

agencies. (Labog, 2017)

Therefore, Labog (2017) recommended that Schools should

commence, organize, and reinforce group of students that develop their

knowledge in appropriate waste disposal, recycling, composting, tree

planting and energy conservation to the community. Schools must include

in their annual plan addressing to utilization of economical but efficient

alternative sources of energy. Local government units in the province

should support the involvement in schools to practice sustainability.

1.5.c Summary

The related literature, readings and studies are presented to provide

more information and understanding to the background of the study. It

discussed the principles, methods and applications that the researcher seeks to

adapt for this study as well as to construe the terms used in more

comprehensive way.

The related literature, readings and studies are focuses on the objectives of

the study. School redevelopment as describe is an approach on which an

extensive investigation is conducted to the current school. The investigation

results provide information of the issues and concerns of the school campuses

needed to address providing a better facilities and environment through

redevelopment.

Redevelopment as defined, is a process of development through various

application depending on the result of investigation. Clearing, re- use and re-

planning is a redevelopment approach of which the site and existing buildings

are subjected to deterioration, not properly planned, and has no preservation

value. The vital essence of redevelopment is to revitalize, providing facilities

and innovations that meet the needs of the locality.

The features and principles of sustainability interpreted in the related

studies strengthens the approach of this study. It shows the different approach

in school campuses to attain sustainability which equipped the schools providing

an amicable learning environment resulting to enhancement of the learning and

acquiring a higher quality of education. The integration of sustainability to

schools is seen as an effective solution improving the social, economic, and

environment of the school facilities. The concept on using recyclable and

renewable building materials available in the localities, inducing natural cross

ventilation and daylighting, and the conservation of power and water are the

primary characteristics of sustainability. However, different approach is also

established to achieving sustainability that could work in our daily lifestyle such

proper disposal of garbage as well as preserving and cultivating natural

resources in school campus.

 Sustainability application is an approach established by environmentalist

organizations to address the intensifying negative impact of the rapid

development of our society to our environment and to our welfare. Schools as

the vital core of each communities are the best establishment to adapt

sustainability approach to promote the features and principles, understanding

and engaging the community to sustainable applications, and improving their

environmental awareness.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Sustainable Development is the established approach of environmentalist

organizations which advocates concepts and theories to address social,

economic and environmental sustainability. Today’s modern age, sustainability

has acknowledged as fundamental approach in establishing a practical

innovative school that creates a higher quality of education. Acquiring a higher

quality of education plays a vital role in socio- economic progress of not only the

individual but also the community which is essential in process of thriving

development. The adaptation of Sustainability Approach aims to establish a

more equip and practical school empowering the community and serves as a

paragon of the Municipality of Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya.

1.6.a Site Design and Planning

The study and investigation of the current condition and existing attributes

of the site will be conducted to determine the factors to be considered as well as

identify the potential aspects of the site. Architectural planning and design as the

core of the study seek to provide an architectural solutions that will guide the

researcher to attain the goal of the study, containing:

a. SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis

SWOT analysis establishes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and

threats into organized form. SWOT analysis as professed by Parsons

(2018) stand for: Strengths, the positive attributes of the site;

Weaknesses, negative factors that devaluate from strength;

Opportunities, potential conditions that

 are helpful for attaining the objectives; and Threats, harmful conditions that

need to be consider.

The SWOT analysis will serve as a tool and guide in examining and

investigating the existing conditions of the site providing data that will aid the

researcher understands the characteristics of the site.

1.6.b Building Design and Planning

The adaptation of appropriate sustainability features and principles for the

redevelopment necessitate inclusive data to be accumulated.

a. Facilities

An analysis and evaluation of additional facilities to be included as

essential in the proposed redevelopment. The lack of school educational

spaces signifies the inability to support the needs of the community. The

additional spaces as well as the planning and design of the school campus

shall conform to the prevailing laws and codes.

b. Climatic Influences

Microclimatic factors are relevance in influencing the building design and

planning. Microclimatic analysis is included in consideration for the planning

process of the redevelopment. Studying the wind and sun orientation will

provide information in determining the potential factors to be induce in

planning process.

1.6.c Socio- Economic Aspect

The plan and design of the redevelopment and its method of application

should be socially accepted by the locality to justify its main function. Social

acceptance of the community is an essential consideration that will empower the

main purpose of the study. These supports from community has a vital role to

the realization of proposed redevelopment. They will serve as reinforcement and

to empower the advocacy of the project.

 Table 1. Research Paradigm

The input, process, and output are organized plan for the redevelopment

proposal and are discuss in order. The inputs are based on the objective of the

embolden with the accumulated data from sources respecting the main topic of

the study. Process is provided to be done in each inputs and the results are

determined as redevelopment of K-12 school adapting sustainability for higher

quality of education.

Inputs Process Output

1. Current conditions
of the site and building
a. Conduct an evaluation
A. Site Design and
Planning and analysis of the existing
natural elements of the site
a. Natural Features to understand the natural
features.
i. Site
Topography b. Observation and
ii.Vegetation understanding the existing
neighborhood attributes
b. Size and Zoning around the site. The
existing natural conditions,
i. Neighborho establishments, architectural
od context elements. Inquiry and
ii. Legal gathering data regarding
restrictions the national and local
prevailing codes and
c. Climate provisions in relation with
the intended proposal.
i. Microclimatic
conditions c. Analysis and study of
the existing microclimatic
B. Building Aspect condition of the site
determining the local
a. Man- made humidity record, pathway
features of the sun, source of
prevailing and other
i. Existing climatic aspects.
Building and
facilities d. Accumulation of related
literature and case studies
particularly about utilizing
the existing site and
climatic
conditions into school
 buildings as a reference and
insight creating
architectural solutions of
the development.

2.Integration of a. A review on gathered

design approach data and information in
related literature and case
A. Building Design studies pertaining the
integration of sustainability
a. Physical Expression application creating a school
character. Investigation of
i. Building the availability of natural
character local materials that is
ii.Building materials classified as an effective
sustainable materials.
b. Physical
Environment b. Applying method and
concepts of passive cooling
i. Natural air in planning and design that
conditioning could provide a natural air
ii.Natural conditioning. Inducing
Lighting natural lighting to the
school building facilities
from daylight by applying
the methods and
B. Building Planning application adapting from
the approach made in case
a. Space Planning studies.
Innovative and
i. Dimension c. Conforming the set Socially Accepted
of areas standards of Department of plan and design
Education- Educational for the
b. Plan organization Facilities manual in Redevelopment of
and circulation determining the minimum K-12 School
requirements in planning Adapting
and design of the facilities, Sustainability in
i. Zoning and
including the PD 1069- the San Fabian,
location of spaces
National Building Code of Nueva Vizcaya
c. Building the Philippines, BP 344- the
Sustainability Law to Enhance Mobility of
Disabled Persons, PD 856-
i. Energy Code on Sanitation of the
and water Philippines and PD 1185-
conservation Fire Code of the Philippines.

d. Health, d. Applying method and

Security and concepts of conservation
Safety of water and energy
resources
in planning and design that
 could sustain the school
needs and for cost
savings.

e. Identifying the security

and safety measures in
planning and design of
school such as CPTED-
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design and
in consideration of the
methods applied in the
accumulated case studies.

3. Redevelopme
nt in a. determining the
consideration of: adequate school facilities
that will meet the quality of
a. Enhancement of education needed to
quality of acquire.
education
b. Gathering data
b. Welfare of considering the
students and enhancement of the well-
teachers being of teachers and
students as well as creating
a school an amicable
c. Promotion physical environment
of
sustainability
c. Identifying the
appropriate features and
principles of sustainability
that will be adapted in
planning and design of the
proposal which will render
an architectural solutions.

d. Conducting an interview
on the community
regarding the approach and
application adapted in
creating the proposal
redevelopment of school as
to get an evaluation of
inputs and insights as well
as to provide information
and gain the social
acceptance of the
community.
1.7 Definition of Terms

The following terms used all through the study are succinctly defined

below. To provide more precise definition of what the researcher wanted to

clarify. These terms are guide for the researcher in establishing the study.

Adaptation- A changing depending to the needs of surrounding architecture, a

framework that changes its structure, resources or behavior according to

request. (Shahi, 2020)

Environment awareness- Perception of being aware of the natural environment

and an understanding on behavior impacts and executing to making changes in

activities to protect the planet, a choice that makes benefit rather than hurt the

earth. (Anderson, 2019)

K-12 School- Refers to education system that aims to enhance learners’ basic

skills. “K” stands for Kindergarten while “12” refers to succeeding 12 years of

basic education which is divided according to: 6 years of elementary education,

4 years of junior high school, and 2 years of senior high school. (Hawsnetph,

2016)

Redevelopment- Perceived as the physical placement and regulation of land

uses that ensures the empowerment of community enhancing the quality of life

and environment in the interest of architectural solutions. It involves removal of

existing buildings and the re- use of cleared lot for new project. Saputra et. al.,

(2018)

Socio- economic- A branch of economics and social science that concentrate on

the relationship between social behavior and economics. (Tarver, 2020)

Sustainability- Focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their needs. (Grant, 2020)

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