Villanova

University ECE 2054

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Outline

.
 Phasors

P.E
 Example: AC Circuit Analysis
 Example: Phasor Diagram

e,
 Instantaneous Power

ed
 Complex Power
 Example: Conservation of Complex Power
erc
 Power Factor
J. M

 Example: Power Factor Calculations

 Example: Power Factor Correction
 Comprehensive Example
nk

 Example: Voltage Drop of Feeder

Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Phasors

.
P.E
What is a phasor?
Complex number representation of sinusoidal function.

v t V cos ωt δ

e,
ed
v t Re V e erc
v t Re 2 Ve

v t Re 2 Ve e
J. M

v t Re 2 Ve

where
nk

V Ve
and
V
Fra

V
2
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Phasors

.
P.E
Why use phasor representation?
Steady‐state analysis of linear, time‐invariant circuits
with sinusoidal excitation accomplished with algebraic
equations in terms of phasor voltages and currents.

e,
ed
erc
di t
v t L
dt
J. M

d
Re 2 Ve L Re 2 Ie
dt
d
Re 2 Ve Re 2 L Ie
dt
nk

Re 2 Ve Re 2 jωL Ie
Fra

V jωLI
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Phasors

.
P.E
Frequency‐domain
Time‐domain
(Phasor)
Representation
Representation

e,
Resistance Resistance
v t R i t V R I
Inductance
ed Inductance
erc
di t V jωL I jX I
v t L
dt
J. M

Capacitance Capacitance
dv t j
i t C V I jX I
dt ωC
KCL KCL
nk

i t 0 I 0
Fra

∈ ∈
KVL KVL

v t 0 V 0
∈ ∈
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: AC Circuit Analysis

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: AC Circuit Analysis

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Phasor Diagram

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
 Phasor voltages satisfy KVL:
J. M

V V V V
 Resistance: I and V in‐phase, since
V RI
 Inductance: I lags V by 90 , since
nk

V jωLI
 Capacitance: I leads V by 90 , since
Fra

j
V I
ωC
 Overall: I lags V implies
Composite Load Inductive.
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Instantaneous Power

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
p t v t i t

p t V I cos ωt cos ωt θ
J. M

p t V I cos ωt cos ωt cos θ sin ωt sin θ

p t V I cos ωt cos θ cos ωt sin ωt sin θ

1 1
nk

p t V I cos θ 1 cos 2ωt V I sin θ sin 2ωt

2 2
p t VI cos θ 1 cos 2ωt VI sin θ sin 2ωt
Fra

p t p t p t
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Instantaneous Power

.
P.E
Case 1: Purely Resistive Load θ 0

e,
ed
erc
p t 0
J. M

p t VI 1 cos 2ωt
Instantaneous Reactive Power:
Zero at All Times.
nk

Instantaneous Real Power:

Non‐negative & Non‐zero Average Value.
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Instantaneous Power

.
P.E
Case 2: Purely Inductive Load θ 90

e,
ed
erc
J. M

p t VI sin 2ωt
p t 0
Instantaneous Reactive Power:
Zero Average Value.
nk

Instantaneous Real Power:

Fra

Zero at All Times.

Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Instantaneous Power

.
P.E
Case 3: Purely Capacitive Load θ 90

e,
ed
erc
p t VI sin 2ωt
J. M

p t 0
Instantaneous Reactive Power:
Zero Average Value & Opposite Sign.
nk

Instantaneous Real Power:

Fra

Zero at All Times.

Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Instantaneous Power

.
P.E
Case 4: General Load

p t VI sin θ sin 2ωt

p t VI cos θ 1 cos 2ωt

e,
ed
Instantaneous Reactive Power:
Zero Average Value.
erc
Instantaneous Real Power:
Non‐negative & Non‐zero Average Value.
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Complex Power

.
Real Power, P:

P.E
P average value of instantaneous real power, p t
P average value of VI cos θ 1 cos 2ωt
watt

e,
Reactive Power, Q:
Q peak value of instantaneous reactive power, p t
Q peak value of VI sin θ sin 2ωt
var volt amp reactive ed
erc
Complex Power, S:
J. M

S VI cos θ jVI sin θ VI cos θ j sin θ

S VI e VI e Ve Ie
∗
va volt amp
Formulas of Impedance Load, Z:
nk

S VI ∗ ZI I ∗ I Z
∗
V V
Fra

∗
S VI V
Z Z∗
Conservation of Complex Power:
For linear, time‐invariant circuit,

S 0
∈
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Conservation of Complex Power

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Conservation of Complex Power

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Power Factor

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Power Factor Calculations

.
P.E
Find the power factor for each of the following load
representations. Don’t forget to append the adjective
"lagging" or "leading" to the value of power factor.
Assume passive or standard references for the load

e,
voltage and load current phasors.
a Z 4 j3 Ω

ed
b Z 4 j3 Ω
c P 8 kW, Q 6 kvars
erc
d P 8 kW, Q 6 kvars
e V 120∠0 v, I 5∠ 31.8 A
f V 120∠0 v, I 5∠31.8 A
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Power Factor Calculations

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Power Factor Correction

.
P.E
(a) Calculate complex power, S , source current phasor, I ,
and power factor, pf , of composite (total) load.
(b) We wish to raise power factor of composite load to 0.95
lagging by connecting bank of capacitors in parallel with it.
Find total capacitance in kvars and microfarads of bank.

e,
(c) With capacitance of (b) in place, recalculate source current
phasor for corrected load.

ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Power Factor Correction

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Power Factor Correction

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Comprehensive Example

.
For the circuit below, calculate:

P.E
(a) complex power of load 1, S ,
(b) phasor current of load 1, I ,
(c) complex power of load 2, S ,
(d) phasor current of load 2, I ,

e,
(e) complex power of total composite load, S ,
(f) power factor of total composite load, pf ,
(g) phasor current of total composite load, I ,
(h) phasor voltage of source, V , ed
erc
(i) complex power of feeder, S , and
(j) complex power of source, S .
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Comprehensive Example

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Comprehensive Example

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Voltage Drop of Feeder

.
P.E
The result of part (h) of the previous example indicates
that the voltage drop across the feeder is excessive. In
practice, the source voltage is fixed. If the feeder voltage
drop under load is excessive, the depressed load voltage
could cause load malfunction or damage. The following

e,
example illustrates how the load voltage can be raised, if

ed
the feeder voltage drop is excessive, by connecting an
appropriate value of capacitance in parallel with the load.
erc
Find the total capacitance in microfarads to connect in
parallel across the load so that the magnitude of the
source voltage, |V |, equals the magnitude of the load
J. M

voltage, |V | = 220 v.
nk
Fra
Villanova University ECE 2054
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E.
Steady‐state Sinusoidal (AC) Circuit Analysis and AC Power

Example: Voltage Drop of Feeder

.
P.E
e,
ed
erc
J. M
nk
Fra