Christopher J.

Delino, PhD
Department of Education and Teaching
Graduate School Department
Our Lady of Fatima University
 Mission:

◦ To improve man as man by

developing individuals through a
legacy of excellence education
and compassionate value
formation.
 Scientific Calculator (Either electronic,
computerized, or graphical)

 Extra Paper (yellow paper)

 Laptop / Notebook * (MSExcel - the latest

version)
 Exams ( Midterm & Finals) – 45%

 Class Standing (Participation, Quizzes, &

Assignments) – 40%

 Attendance – 10 %

 Research/Seminar – 5%

 Passing Mark is 85% = 2.00

 Introduction
Statistics, Its Definition
◦ 1. Identification of the problem
◦ 2. Collection of data
- refers to the different
methods and techniques of
gathering data.
◦It refers to any
information concerning
to a population or
sample
◦1. Primary Data
 Examples. Interview, registration,
experiment, questionnaire, etc.

◦2. Secondary Data

 Examples. book, journal,
newspaper, thesis, dissertation, etc.
◦1. Independent Data
 refers to any controlling data

◦2. Dependent Data

 refers to any data that is affected by
the controlling data
◦1. Qualitative Data
Uses categories or attributes that are
distinguished by some nonnumeric
characteristics.

◦2. Quantitative Data

 consist of numbers representing
counts or measurements
◦1. Discrete Data
 quantitative data which can assume a
finite or countable number of values.
Cannot be represented by fractions
or decimals.

◦2. Continuous Data

 quantitative data which can assume
an infinity or many possible values
corresponding to a point on a line
interval
◦1. Nominal
 Data that consist of names, label or
categories commonly used number
to categorize data.

◦2. Ordinal
 measurement which deal with
order and rank.
◦3. Interval
 It does not have a true-zero
value starting point.
◦4. Ratio
 A modified interval level which
includes zero as a starting
point.
◦ 3. Presentation of data
- refers to the tabulation
and organization of data in
tables, graphs, and charts.
 Textual Form, Tabular Form, Graphical Form
◦ 4. Analysis of data
- the process of deriving
relevant information from the
gathered data through the
different statistical tools
 Table 1
Frequency Distribution of Smokers in Hogwarts University in
Terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage Rank
(f) (%)
Male 13 26% 2

Female 37 74% 1

Total 50 100%

Analysis: Table 1 presents the frequency distribution of

smokers in Hogwarts University in term of gender. Based on
the table above almost three-fourths of the respondents who
smoke are females and ranks first, while the remaining 26%
are males. Moreover, it is very evident that the majority of
smokers in Hogwarts University are females.
◦ 5. Interpretation of data
- refers to the task of
drawing conclusions from the
analyzed data.
 Table 1
Frequency Distribution of Smokers in Hogwarts University in
Terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage Rank
(f) (%)
Male 13 26% 2

female 37 74% 1

Total 50 100%

Interpretation: With these limited data it is implied that females

have a greater probability of lung diseases such as lung
cancer, emphysema, and tuberculosis to name three.
◦ 1. Identification of
the problem
◦ 2. Collection of data
◦ 3. Presentation of
data
◦ 4. Analysis of data
◦ 5. Interpretation of
data
 What is Statistics?
It is a branch of science that
deals with the identification of
the problem, collection,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.