Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
(Structural Design and Drawings)

1.1 Introduction to steel structures

1.2 Types & properties of steel
1.3 Allowable stresses in structural steel
1.4 Use of steel as a structural member in construction
1.5 Codes of practice for design of steel structures
1.6 Advantage and disadvantage of steel structures
1.7 Different types of load on roof truss
Prepared By:
Er. Rewati Baruwal
(M.Sc. Structure)
Pokhara Engineering College
rewati.baruwal@pec.edu.np
 What are steel structures?
Structures constructed using steel are known as steel structures.
Generally structures can be constructed of various materials like Plance concrete, Reinforced Concrete,
Timber, Masonry, Steel etc.
In context of Nepal majority of structures are made using
• Presently- Concrete
• Previouslu- Masonry
However steel structures are gaining popularity due to vaious advantages they possese over other
structures.
These steel structures consist of Built-up sections, hot rolled sections and cold-formed sections which
provide the basic steel framework.
The various structural elements in a steel structure may be classified as
• Tension member
• Compression member
• Beam/Girder
• Beam-column
• Column base and caps
• Brackets
• Connections

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Advantages Disadvantages
• Better quality control • Skilled labor is required
• Lighter • Higher cost of construction
• Faster to erect • Maintenance cost is high (Due to corrosion)
• Reduced site time – Fast track construction • Poor fire proofing as at 1000oF (538oC) 65% and
at 1600oF (871oC) 15% of strength remains
• Large column free space and amenable for
alteration • Electricity may be required (to hold joints, etc.)
• Less material Handling at site
• Less percentage of floor area occupied by
structural elements
• Has better ductility and hence superior lateral
load behavior, better earthquake performance

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 Types and Properties of Steel
Steel can be classified as Mild steel and High Tension Steel
Mild steel (used for ductile sections)
High tension Steel (for rebars)

Physical properties of structural steel irrespective of its grade may be taken as:
• Unit mass of steel, p = 7850 kg/m~
• Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
• Poisson ratio, p = 0.3
• Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion cx.= 12 x 10 -6/ oc

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 Properties of steel
Physical properties of structural steel irrespective of its grade may be
taken as:
• Unit mass of steel, ρ = 7850 kg/m~
• Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
• Poisson ratio, υ = 0.3
• Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion a= 12 x 10-6 / oc

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 ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
The rolled steel beams are classified into following four series as per
per IS : 808-1989
• Indian Standard Joist/junior Beams (ISJB)
• Indian Standard Light Beams ISLB
• Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams ISMB
• Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams ISWB

The rolled steel columns/heavy weight beams are classified into the
following two series as per BIS (IS: 808-1989)
• Indian Standard Column Sections ISSC
• Indian Standard Heavy Weight Beams ISHB

All the sections are designated with their respective notation followed
by the depth of the section.
Eg ISMB 200 denotes Indian Standard Medium Weight Channel
section of depth 200 mm

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 ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
• The rolled steel Channel sections are classified into four
categories as per IS : 808-1989, namely,
• 1. Indian Standard Joist/Junior Channels ISJC
• 2. Indian Standard Light Channels ISLC
• 3. Indian Standard Medium Weight Channels ISMC
• 4. Indian Standard Medium Weight Parallel Flange
Channels ISMCP
All the sections are designated with their respective notation
followed by the depth of the section.
Eg ISMC 200 denotes Indian Standard Medium Weight
Channel section of depth 200 mm

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 ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
The rolled steel tee sections are classified into the following
five series as per per IS : 1173-1998
• Indian Standard Normal Tee Bars ----------------ISNT
• Indian Standard Deep Legged Tee Bars---------ISDT
• Indian Standard Light WeightTee Bars ----------ISLT
• Indian Standard Medium Weight Tee Bars ----ISMT
• Indian Standard Slit Tee bars from H-Sections------ ---ISHT

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 ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
• The rolled steel angle sections are classified
in to the following two series.
• Indian Standard Equal Angles
• Indian Standard Unequal Angles
• Angle section are designated by abbreviation
ISA Followed by length of both legs and
thickness of section
• Eg ISA 65 X 65X 8mm denotes Indian
Standard Anle with both legs 65 mm and
thickness 8 mm.

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 ROLLED STEEL BEAM SECTIONS
• ISNB (Indian Standard Nominal Bore)
• RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section)
• SHS (Square Hollow Section)

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 Stress in Structural Steel
Varioius types of stress act on the structral steel.
• Axial stress
𝑃𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
• Tensile stress (σ𝑡 = = )
𝐴𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

• Compressive Stress(σ𝑐 = = )
𝐴𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑃 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

• Bearing Stress(σ𝑝 = = )
𝐴 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑀∗𝑦 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡∗𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

• Bending Stress(σ𝑏 = = )
𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐹 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
• Shear Stress (τ = = )
𝐴 𝑋−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
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 Allowable Stress in Structural Steel
• Allowable stress/Permissible Stress/Working stress:- the stress in a member which doesn’t cause
any damage to the member is known as working stress.
• It is the maximum stress that is allowed to be applied on the member.
• The allowable stress is thus directly related to yield stress by the following expression:

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 )

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (σ𝑎 ) =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦(𝐹𝑂𝑆)
As per IS 800:1984, stresses resulting in a member shouldn’t exeed follwing permissible values
Maximum axial tensile stress, σ𝑎𝑡 = 0.6𝑓𝑦
Maximum axial compressive stress, σ𝑎𝑐 = 0.6𝑓𝑦
Bending tensile stress, σ𝑏𝑡 = 0.66𝑓𝑦
Average Shear stress, τ𝑣𝑎 = 0.4𝑓𝑦
Maximum Shear stress, τ𝑣𝑚 = 0.45𝑓𝑦
Bearing stress, σ𝑝 = 0.75𝑓𝑦

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 Codes of Practice
• Various design philosophy are prevelent for design of steel structures.
• Woring Stress Method is one of the oldest (traditional) method of design based on elastic theory.
• The basic design philosophy of WSM is that the calculated stresses on the trial section should be
less than specified permissible stress.
• The stresses calculated are for the working loads, (most unfavourable combination)
• Following codes of practice are used while desining with Wsm
• Code of Practice for general constructio in steel IS 800:1984
• Hand Book for structural engineers SP:6 (1)-1964
• Code of Practice for design loads IS 875 :1987 Part I-IV

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 Types of load on Roof Truss
Dead Loads:
• These consist of weights of trusses, roof coverings, purlins and bracings.
• Usually the dead load on the truss is expressed as the load per unit horizontal area.
• IS 875 (part I):1987 gives discription on dead loads.
Imposed Load on Roofs:-
• This is the load due to the intended use or occupancy which may be stationary or moving.
• It includes weight of occupants, moving objects, temporary furniture etc.
• IS 875 (part II):1987 Table 2 gives discription on Imposed loads on roofs loads.
Wind Loads:-
The loads on the roof truss due to the action of wind on the surface of roof.
IS 875 (part III):1987 gives discription on Wind loads.
Earthquake loads:- load induced due to earthquake forces.
Rain and Snow loads:- load due to accumulated rain water and snow on the roof. These loads are
significant only in areas of excessive precipitaiton.

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 Homework
• Complete the missing portions based on syllabus.
• Types of steel based on composition, general classification and based
on manufacturing process.
• Advantages of steel sections as structural members
• Explanation for Stress strain behaviour of mild steel.
• Different IS codes and steel tables for properties of steel sections.
• Use of steel as a structural member in construction
• (Design philosophy for Working stress method- try to understand this
topic)

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