Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.

Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

Z – TRANSFORMS
INTRODUCRION
Z – Transform is used to convert discrete time domain signal into discrete
frequency domain signal. It has many applications in Mathematics and digital
signal processing. For example to analyze JPEG images and, MP3 and MP4
songs, ZIP files e.t.c., we can make use of Z – Transforms. Z – Transforms are
used to solve the difference equations

Definition
The Z- Transform of a sequence f(n) defined for discrete values n = 0,1, 2,3, ….

is defined as, Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z n  F ( z )
n 0

Remarks
1. Z – Transform exists only when the infinite series is
convergent.

2. Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z n  F ( z ) is termed as one sided Z-Transformation and
n 0

Z{ f (n)}   f ( n) z
n  
n
 F ( z ) is termed as two sided Z-Transform.

Z – TRANSFORMS OF SOME STANDERD FUNCTIONS

1. Let f(n) =1

Sol :By definition , we have Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z n  F ( z ) , then
n 0
1 1
 
1 1 1  1  z  1 z
Z{1}  1 z n
 z n
 1   2  3        1      
n 0 n 0 z z z  z  z  z 1

[ Note: 1  x1  1  x  x 2  x 3       x n ]
n 0

z
 Z {1} 
z 1
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

2. Let f (n)  a n , for n = 0, 1,2,3……

Sol:
1 1
z  a
  n
a a a 2 a3  a z
Z{a }   a z
n n n
     1   2  3        1      
n 0 n 0  z  z z z  z  z  za
z
 Z {a n } 
za
z
Note: If f(n)=(1) then Z{(1) } 
n n

z 1
3. Let f (n)  n,

1 2 3
Sol: Z {n}   n z  n  0   2
 3 
n 0 z z z
2 2
1  z  1
= (1   2  3    )  1  
1 2 3 4 1 1 1 z2 z
   
z z z z z  z z  z  z ( z  1) 2
( z  1) 2

[ Note: 1  x2  1  2x  3x 2  4x 3      ]
z
 Z {n} 
( z  1) 2

Recurrence relation for np (where p is positive )

Let f (n)  n p , where p is any positive integer
___________________
then, (1)
____________________
consider, (2)

Differentiating (2) w.r.t ‘z’, we get

= =

= [ from (1) ]
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

4. Find

Sol : By Recurrence formula, we have

= =

= =

= =

z2  z
 Z {n 2 }  or
( z  1)3

5. Find

Sol: By Recurrence formula, we have

= =

= =
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

6. Find
Sol : By definition of Z – Transform, we have

a 2a 2 3a3
Z{n a }   n a z
n n n
0  2  3 
n 0 z z z
2 2
a 2a 3a 2 4a 3 a  a a z a a z2 az
= (1   2  3    )  1      
z z z z z  z z  z  z ( z  a) 2
( z  a) 2

 Z {na n } 
az
Note : 1  x2  1  2x  3x 2  4x3     
( z  a) 2

Z – Transform of Unit Step sequence

If f(n) is a Unit Step sequence , i.e. then

by definition, =

= =
If f(n) is a Unit Step sequence, then

Z – Transform of Unit Impulse sequence

If f(n) is a Unit Impulse sequence , i.e. then

by definition, = 1 + 0 + 0 + -- - = 1

If f(n) is a Unit Impulse sequence, then

Properties of Z – Transforms
1. Linear property
If a and b are any constants and f(n) and g(n) be any discrete
functions, then
Z{a f(n) + b g(n)} = a Z{f(n)} + b Z{g(n)}
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

2. Change of scale property ( Damping Rule)

If then

or
n
1. Find Z{a n}.
Sol: We know that,

By change of scale property,

then, = =

Z{ann}=
2. Find .

Sol: We know that,

By change of scale property,

then, = =

3. Find

Sol: =

Note:
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

4. Find

Sol:

Note:

5. Find

Sol: By definition , Z { f (n)}   f ( n) z

n 0
n
 F ( z)

6. Find

Sol: By definition , Z { f (n)}   f ( n) z

n 0
n
 F ( z)
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

6. Find Z {2
n
 1}
z z
Solution: Z{2
n
 1} = Z {2 n }  Z {1}  
z  2 z 1
z z
weknow that, Z {a }  and Z{1} 
n

za z 1
7.Find Z {( 3)  n}
n

z z
Solution: Z{(3)  n} = Z {( 3) }  Z {n}  
n n

z  3 ( z  1) 2

z z
weknow that Z {(  a ) n }  and Z {n} 
za ( z  1) 2

8. Find Z{cos n } and Z{sin n }

i
Solution:We know that, e  cos  i sin 
i n
then (e )  cos n  i sin n
z
Since, Z {a } 
n
Consider,
za
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

Equating real and imaginary parts, we have

and =

9. Find

Sol: We know that,


put   , then
2

We know that, =

put   , then
2

10. Find

Sol :
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

Shifting Properties :
Shifting f(n) to the right (or) Right shifting Theorem:
If Z{f(n)}  F(z), then Z{f(n  k)}  z  k F(z)
Proof: By definition,

then Z{ f (n  k )}   f (n  k ) z n  f (0) z k  f (1) z ( k 1)  f (2) z ( k 2)    
n 0


 z k  f ( n) z
n 0
n
 z k F ( z )

 Z{f(n  k)}  z  k F(z)

This is called right shifting theorem.
1
Note: 1. For k = 1, Z{f(n  1)}  z F(z)
2
2. For k = 2, Z{f(n  2)}  z F(z)
Shifting f(n) to the left (or) Left shifting Theorem:
If Z{f(n)}  F(z), then
Z{ f (n  k )}  z k [ F ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2  ........f (k  1) z ( k 1) ]
Proof : By definition,
 
Z{ f (n  k )}   f (n  k ) z  n  z k  f (n  k ) z  ( n  k )
n0 n 0

i.e., For k =1, then Z{ f (n  1)}  z[ F ( z )  f (0)]

For k =2, then Z{ f (n  2)}  z 2 [ F ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1 ]

For k =3, then Z{ f (n  3)}  z 3[ F ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2 ]

Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

1. Find and using shifting theorem, evaluate

(i) (ii)


Sol: By definition , Z { f (n)}   f ( n) z

n 0
n
 F ( z)

(i) By shifting theorem, we have, Z{ f (n  1)}  z [ F ( z)  f (0)]

 1 
Z    z [e  f (0)]  z [ e  1]
1/ z 1/ z

 (n  1)!
1
Since, f (n)   f (0)  1
n!
(ii) By shifting theorem, we have,
Z{ f (n  2)}  z 2 [ F ( z )  f (0)  f (1) z 1 ]
 1  1 1
Z    z [e  f (0)  f (1) z ]  z [ e  1 (1) z ]
2 1/ z 2 1/ z

 (n  2)!

Exercise :
n
1. Find the 2. . Find Z {cos(   )}
2

3. Find Z{a sin n } 4. Find Z{a n cos n }

n

5 Find Z{coshnθ} and Z{sinh nθ}

Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

 1   1 
1. Find (i ) Z  (ii ) Z  
 (n  1)(n  2)   (n  1)(n  2) 
Solution:
 1   1   1 
Z   Z  Z  using Partial fractions
 (n  1)( n  2)   n  1 n  2

1
Let f (n)  , for n = 0,1,2,3------
n 1
 1   z 
We know that, Z { f (n)}  Z    z log   F ( z)
 n  1  z 1

By shifting property, Z{ f (n  1)}  z[ F ( z )  f (0)]

 1 
Z   z F ( z )  f (0)   z F ( z )  1 
n  2
  z    z 
 z  z log   1  z log
2
z
  z  1    z  1 

 1   1   1 
Z   Z   Z 
 (n  1)(n  2)   n  1 n  2
  z  2  z  
 z log z  1   z log  z  1   z 
     
 1  1  1 1  1  1   1 
(ii ) Z    Z    Z   Z 
 (n  2)(n  1)  3  n  1 n  2  3   n  1  n  2 
 1 
To find Z  :
 n 1
1
Let f (n)  , for n = 1,2,3------
n
1   z 
We know that, Z { f (n)}  Z    log    F ( z)
n  z  1 
By shifting property,
 1  1 1  z 
Z   z F ( z )  z log 
 n  1  z 1
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

 1 
To find Z  :
n  2

1
Let f (n)  , for n =0, 1,2,3------
n 1
 1   z 
we know that, Z{ f (n)}  Z    z log   F ( z)
n 1   z 1 
By shifting property, Z{ f (n  1)}  z[ F ( z )  f (0)]

 1    z  
Z   z F ( z )  f (0)  z  z log   1
n  2   z 1 
 1  1  1   1 
Z    Z   Z 
 (n  2)( n  1)  3   n  1  n  2 

1  z    z  
log   z  z log   1
z  z 1    z 1  

1 2  z 
  z  log 
z   z 1
 1 
Exercise : 1. Find Z  `
 (n  2)( n  3) 
 1   1 
2. Find Z   3. Find Z  
 n(n  1)   (n  2)( n  3) 
4. Find Z{ 2 .3  5 n } , using shifting theorem, evaluate Z{ 2 .3n3  5 (n  3)}
n

 2z 2  5z 
5. Find Z  
 z 1 
2

INITIAL VALUE THEOREM

Statement: If Z { f (n)}  F ( z ), then Lt F ( z )  f (0)

z 

Proof: By def

f (1) f (2)
Z{ f (n)}   f (n) z n  F ( z )  f (0)   2 
n 0 z z
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

f (1) f (2)
 F ( z )  f (0)   
z z2

Now, taking limit as z   , we get, Lt F ( z )  f (0)

z 

i.e. f (0)  Lt F ( z ) ,
z 

f (1)  Lt z F ( z )  f (0)
z 

 f (1) 
f (2)  Lt z 2  F ( z )  f (0) 
z 
 z  ,
 f (1) f (2) 
f (3)  Lt z 3  F ( z )  f (0)   2  and so on.
z   z z 

FINAL VALUE THEOREM

Statement:
If Z { f (n)}  F ( z ), then Lt f (n)  Lt ( z  1) F ( z )
n z 1


Proof: By definition, Z{ f (n  1)  f (n)}    f (n  1)  f (n) z

n

n 0


 Z{ f (n  1)}  Z{ f (n) }    f (n  1)  f (n)  z
n0
n


 z  F ( z )  f (0)   F ( z )    f (n  1)  f (n) z n

n0


 ( z  1) F ( z )  z f (0)    f (n  1)  f (n)  z  n
n0
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

Now, taking limit as z  1 , we get


Lt ( z  1) F ( z )  f (0) 
z 1
  f (n  1)  f (n)
n 0

 Lt  f (1)  f (0)  f (2)  f (1)    f (n)  f (n  1)  f (n)

n 

 Lt  f (n  1)  f (0)
n

 Lt ( z  1) F ( z )  f (0)  Lt  f (n  1)]  f (0)

z 1 n 

Lt ( z  1) F ( z )  Lt  f (n  1) 
z 1 n 

[ Lt f (n)  Lt f (n  1)]
n  n 

 Lt f (n)  Lt ( z  1) F ( z )
n  z 1

Examples :
3z 2  4 z  7
1: If F ( z )  ( z  1) 3 then

find the values of f (0), f (1) and f (2).

Solution:
3 z2  4 z  7
Let F ( z )  ( z  1 ) 3
By initial value theorem
3z 2  4 z  7
f (0)  Lt F ( z )  Lt 0
z  z  ( z  1) 3
 f (0)  0
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

 3z 2  4 z  7 
f (1)  Lt z  F ( z )  f (0)   Lt z   0
z  z 
 ( z  1 ) 3


 3z 3  4 z 2  7 z 
 Lt  3
z 
 ( z  1 ) 3

 f (1)  3
 f (1) 
f (2)  Lt z 2  F ( z )  f (0) 
z
 z 
 3z 2  4 z  7 f (1) 
 Lt z  2
 
z 
f ( 0)
 ( z  1)
z  3

 3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2 
 Lt   z 2 f (0)  z f (1 )
z 
 ( z  1) 3


 3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2 
 Lt   z 2
( 0 )  3 z 
z 
 ( z  1) 3 
 3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2   3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2  3z ( z  1)3 
 Lt   3z   Lt  
z   ( z  1) 3
 z   ( z  1)3 

 3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2  3z ( z 3  1  3z  3z 2 ) 
 Lt  
z 
 ( z  1) 3


 3z 4  4 z 3  7 z 2  3z 4  3z  9 z 2  9 z 3 
 Lt  
z 
 ( z  1)3 
 5 z 3  2 z 2  3z 
 f (2)  Lt  5
z 
 ( z  1 ) 3


 f (2)  5
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

2 z 2  3z  4
2. If F ( z )  ( z  3) 3 ,

then find the values of f(0), f (1), f (2) and f (3).

Solution:

Let F ( z )  2 z  3 z  4
2

( z  3) 3
By initial value theorem
2 z 2  3z  4
f (0)  Lt F ( z )  Lt 0
z  z  ( z  3)3
 f (0)  0
 2 z 2  3z  4 
f (1)  Lt z F ( z )  f (0)  Lt z   0 
 ( z  3)
z  z  3


 2z3  z 2  4z 
 Lt  2
z 
 ( z  3 ) 3

 f (1)  2

 f (1)  2  2 z  3z  4 2
2
f (2)  Lt z  F ( z )  f (0) 
2
  
z  z   ( z  3)3 z 
Lt z 0
z 


 2 z 4  3z 3  4 z 2   2 z 4  3z 3  4 z 2  2 z ( z  3)3 
 Lt   2 z   Lt  
z 
 ( z  3) 3
 z   ( z  3)3 

 2 z 4  3 z 3  4 z 2  2 z ( z 3  27  27 z  9 z 2 ) 
 Lt  
z   ( z  3)3 

 2 z 4  3 z 3  4 z 2  2 z 4  54 z  54 z 2  18 z 3 
 Lt  
z   ( z  3)3 
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

 21z 3  50 z 2  54 z 
 f (2)  Lt    21
z   ( z  3) 3

 f (2)  21

 f (1) f (2) 
f (3)  Lt z 3  F ( z )  f (0)   2 
z   z z 

 2 z 2  3z  4 2 21 
 Lt z  3
 0   2
z 
 ( z  3) 3
z z 

 2 z 5  3 z 4  4 z 3  2 z z ( z  3)3  21 z ( z  3)3 
 Lt  
z 
 ( z  3)3 

 2 z 5  3z 4  4 z 3  2 z 2 ( z 3  27  27 z  9 z 2 )  21 z ( z 3  27  27 z  9 z 2 ) 
 Lt  
z 
 ( z  3) 3 

 2 z 5  3z 4  4 z 3  2 z 5  54 z 2  54 z 3  18 z 4  21z 4  567 z  567 z 2  189 z 3 

 Lt  
z 
 ( z  3) 3 

= 139
 f (3)  139
Exercise
5 z 2  3 z  12
1. If F ( z)  ,then find the values of f(0), f(1), f(2) and f(3)
( z  1) 4

2 z 2  4 z  12
2. If F ( z)  ,then find the values of f(0), f(1), f(2) and f(3).
( z  1) 4
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

MULTIPLICATION BY n
d
If Z { f (n)}  F ( z ), then Z {n f (n)}   z [ F ( z )]
dz
dk
If Z { f (n)}  F ( z ), then Z {n f (n)}  ( z )
k k
[ F ( z )]
dz k
Examples
2 n
1. find Z{n a }
z
Solution : we know that, Z {a n } 
za
d  z   a  az
then Z {n a n }   z   z 
 ( z  a)2  ( z  a)2
dz  z  a   

d  az  d  z   ( z  a ) 2  z 2( z  a) 
and Z {n a }   z 
2 n
  za   a z  
dz  ( z  a) 2  dz  ( z  a ) 2   ( z  a) 4 

 ( z  a)  2 z    ( z  a)  a z ( z  a)
 a z     a z  3 

 ( z  a)  ( z  a) 3
3
  ( z a ) 
2. Find Z{n cos n }
Solution:
z 2  z cos
We know that, Z { cos n }  z 2  2 z cos  1
By multiplication by n
d  z 2  z cos 
Z {n cos n }   z  2
dz  z  2 z cos  1

 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) ( 2 z  cos )  ( z 2  z cos ) ( 2 z  2 cos ) 

 z  
 ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2 
Dr.V Raghavendra Prasad, Asst. Prof. of Mathematics, G.Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool

 2 z  z 2 cos  cos )  z 3 cos _ z cos  2 z 2

 z  2 

 ( z 2
 2 z cos  1)  ( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2

Z {n cos n } 
Exercise
1. Find Z{n sin n }
4. Find Z{n (5) }
n
z 3 cos _ z cos  2 z 2
( z 2  2 z cos  1) 2
n
2 n
2. Find Z{n 2 } 3. Find Z{n 3 }
5. Find Z{n cosh n }