Single Phase Transformers

• E.M.F. Equation of transformer are:

E1 = 4.44𝑓 ∅𝑚 𝑁1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸2 = 4.44𝑓 ∅𝑚 𝑁2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑁
• Transformation Ratio, 𝐾 = 2
𝑁1
𝑁2 I
• Voltage Ratio, 𝐸2 = =𝐾 and Current Ratio, 1 = K
𝐸1 𝑁1 I2
𝑉1𝐼1
• KVA Rating of Transformer = 𝑉𝐼
2 2
= 1000 ….1000 to express in KVA
1000

KVA Rating ×1000

• I1 at full load = V1
,
KVA Rating ×1000
I2 at full load = V2
… … (1000 to convert KVA to VA)

R2
• Resistance referred to primary and secondary R′2 = and R′1 = K2R1
K2

• The equivalent resistance of transformer referred to primary

𝑅2
𝑅1𝑒 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅′2 = 𝑅1 + 2
𝐾
𝑒
𝐸2 −𝑉2
• % Voltage Regulation = × 100
E2

• Hysteresis Loss =𝐾𝑕 𝐵𝑚 1.67 𝑓𝑣 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Kh =Hysteresis constant depends on material, Bm=Maximum flux density, f= frequency
V= volume of the core
• Eddy current loss = 𝐾𝑒 𝐵𝑚 2 𝑓 2 𝑡 2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Ke= Eddy current constant and t= Thickness of core
• Pi= Iron loss = Hysteresis + Eddy current loss
• Pcu=I2= (KVA)2
• Total Losses = Iron Loss + Copper Losses =Pi+Pcu
• 𝑉𝐴 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ×cos ∅ × 100
%𝜂 =
𝑉𝐴 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ×cos ∅+𝑃𝑖+𝑃𝑐𝑢

1
 Objective Type Questions & Answers for Online Examination

Q.1 Alternating voltages can be raised or lowered with the help of -----
a) Generator
b) Transformer
c) Induction motor
d) Universal motor
Q.2 In a transformer electrical power is transformed from one circuit to other without
Change in the -----
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Frequency
d) None of these
Q.3 A transformer works on the principle of -------
a) Faraday’s Law
b) Mutual induction
c) Seld induction
d) superposition
Q.4 The primary and secondary windings of a transformer are ------coupled to each other.
a) Electrically
b) Magnetically
c) Electrically and magnetically
d) None of these
Q.5 The------- on both sides of a transformer remains same.
a. Voltage
b. Current
c. Power
d. Impedance
Q.6 The d.c.supply is not used for the transformer as -----
a. Eddy current losses are more
b. Hysteresis losses are more
c. D.C. winding resistance is very high
d. Burning of windings due to high current is possible.
Q.7 The flux in the transformer core is -----
a. Rotating
b. Partly rotating
c. Partly alternating
d. Purely alternating
Q.8 The core of the transformer is laminated to reduce
a. Eddy current lo
b. Hysteresis loss
c. Copper loss
d. Friction loss
Q.9 The vertical portion on which coils are wound in a transformer is called----.
a. Core
b. Yoke
c. Joint
d. limb

2
Q.10 Generally ----- is used for laminations of a transformer core.
a. High grade silicon steel
b. Copper
c. Iron
d. Manganin
Q.11 The core provides --- path to the flux produced.
a. Low resistance
b. Low reluctance
c. Low voltage
d. None of these
Q.12 The laminations in transformer core are overlapped so as ----
a. To keep core resistance small
b. To increase the flux in the core
c. To avoid the air gap at the joints
d. To provide high reluctance path
Q.13 In a core type transformer----
a. The core encircles the winding
b. The winding encircles the core
c. The limb encircles yoke
d. None of the above
Q.14 construction has a double magnetic circuit.
a. Berry type
b. Core type
c. Shell type
d. None of these
Q.15 In a shell type construction ------
a. The core encircles the winding
b. The winding encircles the core
c. The limb encircles yoke
d. None of the above
Q.16 coils are generally used in shell type construction.
a) Single layer
b) Sandwich
c) Cylindrical
d) PVC
Q.17 coils are generally used in core type construction
a) Single layer
b) Sandwich
c) Cylindrical
d) PVC
Q.18 In ----- of transformer, the coils can be easily removed for maintenance purpose.
a. Berry type
b. Core type
c. Shell type
d. None of these

3
Q.19 construction is used for high voltage transformers
a. Berry type
b. Core type
c. Shell type
d. None of these
Q.20 The average e.m.f. per turn in a transformer is ----
a. 4 𝑓 ∅𝑚
b. 4.44 𝑓 ∅𝑚
c. 2𝑓 ∅𝑚
d. 𝑓 ∅𝑚
Q.21 For a 50 Hz transformer, the primary turns are 100 and maximum flux in the core is
0.08 Wb,then the primary induced e.m.f. is------
a. 1856 V
b. 1276 V
c. 176 V
d. 1776 V
Q.22 R.M.S. Value of the induced e.m.f. per turn in transformer is ----
a. 4.44 𝑓 ∅𝑚
b. 4 𝑓 ∅𝑚
c. 2𝑓 ∅𝑚
d. 𝑓 ∅𝑚
Q.23 For a transformer, the induced e.m.f. on primary is 199.8 V with 50 turns at 50 Hz
Frequency then the maximum flux in the core is ------
a) 79.92 mWb
b) 18 mWb
c) 18 Wb
d) 0.999 Wb
Q.24 An ideal transformer is the one having ------
a) No losses
b) Zero resistance windings
c) Zero leakage flux
d) All of these
Q.25 The turns ratio is ---- to current ratio.
a) Directly proportional
b) Equal
c) Inversely proportional
d) None of these
Q.26 For a 250/25 V transformer having 1 KVA rating, the full load primary current is ---
a) 40 A
b) 4 A
c) 0.4A
d) 0.04 A
Q.27 Transformation ratio in a transformer is equal to ----
𝐸
a) 1
𝐸2
𝑁1
b)
𝑁2
𝑁2
c)
𝑁1
𝐼2
d)
𝐼1

4
Q.28 The transformer rating is expressed in VA because -----
a) On both sides it is constant
b) Losses are independent of load power factor
c) The frequency is constant on the load side
d) The flux in the core remains constant
Q.29 An isolation transformer has turns ratio of ----
a) 1:10
b) 10:1
c) 1:1
d) None of these
Q.30 A transformer has secondary full load current of 10 A and secondary no load
induced e.m.f. of 200 V, then its KVA rating is ----
a) 2000
b) 200
c) 2
d) 20
Q.31The regulation of a transformer is defined as ------
a) Rise in terminal voltage when loaded
b) Fall in terminal voltage when loaded
c) Change in secondary terminal voltage from no-load to full load as a percentage
Of secondary no load terminal voltage
d) Change in flux from no-load to full-load
Q.32 For better performance of transformer, the regulation must be -----
a) high
b) infinite
c) very low
d) none of these
Q.33 The no load voltage of transformer is 400 volts, while it drops to 395 V on full load
then its regulation is ------ %
a) 1.265
b) 12.65
c) -1.265
d) 0
Q.34 Losses which do not occur in transformer are ----
a) Copper loss
b) Magnetic losses
c) Friction losses
d) None of these
Q.35 The losses which vary with load in a power transformer are ------
a) Friction and windage losses
b) Copper losses
c) Eddy current losses
d) Hysteresis losses
Q.36 The core losses are dissipated in the form of -----
a. Heat
b. Magnetic hum
c. Light
d. Electric energy

5
 Q.37 A transformer core is laminated to reduce the -----
a. Hysteresis loss
b. Eddy current loss
c. Leakage reactance
d. All of these
Q.38 Which loss is variable in a transformer?
a. Eddy current loss
b. Copper loss
c. Core loss
d. Friction loss
Q.39 When the supply frequency of a transformer is doubled then the hysteresis
losses ------
a. Remain same
b. Reduced by 50%
c. Doubled
d. Becomes 4 times
Q.40 The expression for the hysteresis loss is -----
a. 𝐾𝑕 𝐵𝑚 2.67 𝑓 𝑣
b. 𝐾𝑕 𝐵𝑚 1.67 𝑓 𝑣
c. 𝐾𝑕 𝐵𝑚 2.67 𝑓 2 𝑣
d. 𝐾𝑕 𝐵𝑚 1.67 𝑓 𝑣 2
Q.41 The expression for the eddy current loss is -----
a. 𝐾𝑒 𝐵𝑚 𝑓2𝑡2
b. 𝐾𝑒 𝐵𝑚 𝑓𝑡2
c. 𝐾𝑒 𝐵1.67 𝑚 𝑓2𝑡2
d. 𝐾𝑒 𝐵𝑚 2𝑓2𝑡2
Q.42 Regulation and efficiency of a transformer should be respectively ----
a. High, high
b. High, low
c. Low, high
d. Low, low
Q.43 The advantage of direct loading test is ----
a. Efficiency at any load can be predicted without actually loading
b. Equivalent circuit parameters can be obtained
c. The results are accurate
d. None of these
Q.44 On no load efficiency of the transformer --------
a. 100
b. 0
c. 90
d. 98
Q.45 As the load current increases, the regulation of the transformer ------
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains same
d. None of these

6
Q.46 An autotransformer -------
a. Increases the iron losses
b. Converts single phase to three phase supply
c. Uses common winding between primary and secondary
d. None of these
Q.47 The advantage of autotransformer is -------
a. Gives highly stable voltage
b. Copper saving
c. Efficiency is 100%
d. None of these
Q.48 In ------- of the following an autotransformer is used.
a. Dimmerstat
b. Traction
c. Leath machine
d. Tube light
Q.49 The efficiency of autotransformer is----- the two winding transformer.
a. Less than
b. More than
c. Same as
d. None of these
Q.50 What will be eddy current loss if the supply frequency of a transformer
becomes double?
a. Eight times
b. Remains same
c. Doubled
d. Four times

7
 Answers

Question
Answer Question No Answer
No
1 b 42 c
2 c 43 c
3 b 44 b
4 b 45 a
5 c 46 c
6 d 47 b
7 d 48 a
8 a 49 b
9 d 50 d
10 a
11 b
12 c
13 b
14 c
15 a
16 b
17 c
18 b
19 c
20 a
21 d
22 a
23 b
24 b
25 c
26 b
27 c
28 b
29 c
30 c
31 c
32 c
33 a
34 c
35 b
36 a
37 b
38 b
39 c
40 b
41 d

8
 Unit 3:Electrostatics

Electric flux, ψ= Q coulombs (numerically)

Electric flux density or displacement density,
Ψ Q𝐶 … … . 𝑎𝑠 Ψ = Q
𝐷= =
A A𝑚2
𝐹
Electric field intensity, 𝐸 = 𝑁/𝐶
𝑄

𝑉
𝐸 = 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑑

E is also measured in V/m

𝐷
Permittivity, 𝜀 = 𝐹/𝑚
𝐸

1
Permittivity of free space, 𝜖0 = 36𝜋 = 8.854 × 10−12𝐹/𝑚
×109

𝜀
Relative permittivity, 𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
0

The relative permittivity is the dielectric constant of the material

D = εE = 𝜀0𝜀𝑟 𝐸 𝐶/𝑚2
𝐾𝑄 𝑄
Coulomb’s Law, 𝐹 = 1 2 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = = 1
𝑑2 1 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
4𝜋𝜀
𝑄
Capacitance 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐶 = Farads
𝑉
𝜀𝐴 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟𝐴
Parallel Plate Capacitor, 𝐶 = = 𝐹
𝑑 𝑑

1 1 1 1
For ‘n’ capacitors in series, 1 = + + + … +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛

For all capacitors in series, the charge on all of them is always same, but the
Voltage across them is different.
For the Capacitors in parallel,

𝑄1 = 𝐶1𝑉, 𝑄2 = 𝐶2𝑉, 𝑄3 = 𝐶3𝑉

For ‘n’ capacitors in parallel, 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛

For the capacitors in parallel,

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 𝐶1𝑉 + 𝐶2𝑉 + 𝐶3𝑉

In general, for a composite capacitor with ‘n’ dielectrics,

𝜀0𝐴 𝜀0𝐴
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡𝑛
1
𝑘=1 𝜀
𝜀𝑟1 + 𝜀𝑟2 + ⋯ + 𝜀𝑟𝑛
𝑟𝑘

The expression for the charging current and the voltage across the capacitor are,
9
 𝑉
R-C charging, 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 = 𝑒−𝑡𝑖𝐶𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒−𝑡𝑖𝐶𝑅
𝑅 𝑐

𝜏 = 𝐶𝑅 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

The expressions for the discharging current and the voltage across the capacitor,
𝑉
−𝑡𝑖𝐶𝑅 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖= 𝑒−𝑡𝑖𝐶
R-C discharging, 𝑉𝑐= 𝑉𝑒 𝑅

10
11