Limits Continuity Derivability Ex Solution

Limits, Continuity & Derivability
SOLUTIONS OF LIMITS, CONTINUITY & DERIVABILITY

EXERCISE # 1
PART–1
Section (A)
A-1.
By checking limits
(i) im f(x) = does not exist since L.H.L.  R.H.L. (ii) im f(x) = 3
x 1 x 2
(iii) im f(x) = 3 (iv) im f(x) = 3 (v) im f(x) = 3

x 3 x 1.99 x  3
A-2. (i) im (x + sin x) = 2 + sin 2 (ii) im tan x – 2x = tan 3 – 8

x 2 x 3
3 3
(iii) im x cos x = cos (iv) im xx = 55
3 4 4 x 5
x
4
ex e
(v) im =
x 1 sin x sin1
A-3. (i)
im [sin x] By graph of sin x


x
2
R.H.L = im [sin x] = 0


x
2
L.H.L. = im– [sin x] = 0 so im [sin x] = 0

 
x x
2 2
x
(ii) im  
x 2
2
2  h  h h  h
R.H.L. = im   = him 1   = him   = him =0
 h 0
2  0
 2  0
 
2 0 2
2 – h  h  1– h 
L.H.L. = im   = him 1–  = him  2 = 1
h 0
 2   0
 2  0
 
x
L.H.L.  R.H.L. so im   does not exist.
x 0
2
(iii) im sgn [tan x]
x 
L.H.L. = im– sgn [tan x] = im sgn [tan ( – h)] = im sgn (– ve) = –1

x  h 0 h 0
R.H.L. = im– sgn [tan x] = im sgn [tan ( + h)] = im sgn (+ ve) = 0

x  h 0 h 0
L.H.L.  R.H.L.
so limit does not exist
(iv) im sin–1(n x) = sin–1 im
x 1
 x 1
nx  = sin–1 (0) = 0 so im sin–1 (n x) = 0
x 1
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ADVLCD- 1
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 x 1 , x  1
A-4. (i) If f(x) =   im f(x) exist if L.H.L. = R.H.L.
2x  3 , x  1 x 1
R.H.L. = im f(x) = im (2x – 3) = im [2(1 + h) – 3] = – 1

x 1 x 1 h 0
L.H.L. = im– f(x) = im– (x + 1) = 2

x 1 x 1
L.H.L. R.H.L.
so limit does not exist at x = 1
(ii) im f(x) exist if R.H.L. = L.H.L.
x 1
so im (2x – 3) = im– (x + )  2 – 3 = 1 +   = – 2

x 1 x 1
(2x)2  2 ; 2x  2 and x  1

[g(x)]2  2 , x  2  (3 – x)2  2 ; 3–x 2 and x  1
A-5. f[g(x)] =  =
 1– g(x) , x  2 1– 2x ; 2x  2 and x  1
1– (3 – x) ; 3–x 2 and x  1
 4x 2  2 ; x 1 and x  1
 2
 x – 6x  11 ; x 1 and x  1
= 
1– 2x ; x  1 and x  1
 x – 2 ; x 1 and x  1
 4x 2  2 , x 1
f[g(x)] =  2
 x – 6x  11 , x  1
so im f[g(x)]
x 1
R.H.L.= im (4x2 + 2) = 6

x 1
L.H.L.= im– (x2 – 6x + 11) = 6

x 1
L.H.L.= R.H.L.
so im f[g(x)] = 6
x 1
[x]  0 
A-6. (i) im =    Not an indeterminate form
x  0 x   ve value 
(ii) im x 2  1 – x   +  =  Not an indeterminate form
x 
(iii) im (tan x)tan2x = ()º form  Yes


x
2
1 1 1
(iv) im
x 1
x nx
; im {1  h}
h 0
n(1 h)
im {h}
h 0
n(1 h)
= (0 form) = 0  Not an indeterminate form
Section (B)
x3  3x  1 –1  3  1 –3
B-1. (i) im = =
x 1 x 1 –2 2
4x3  x 2  2x  5  0  (x – 1) (4x 2  3x  5)
(ii) im 6  form  = im
x  5x  2x  4  0  x 1 (x – 1)(x  x  x  6x  6x  4)
x 1 3 5 4 3 2
435 12
= =
1  1  1  6  6  4 19
a  2x  3x 0 
(iii) im , a  0  form 
x a
3a  x  2 x 0 
a  2x  3x 3a  x  2 x a  2x  3x (a  2x – 3x) 3a  x  2 x
im ×  = im 
x a
3a  x  2 x 3a  x  2 x a  2x  3x x a (3a  x) – 4x a  2x  3x
a–x 2 a 2 a 1  2  2
= im  = =
x a 3(a – x)
3a  3a 3  3  3 3
ADVLCD- 2
2
 sin 2x 
22  
1  cos 4x  0  2sin2 2x  2x  16
B-2. (i) im  form  = im = im =
x  0 1  cos5x
0  x 0 2sin2 5x x 0 2

2 sin
5x  25
2 5  2 
 2   5x 
   

 2 
3 sin x  cos x 0  3 cos x  sin x 3 1
(ii) im  0 form  using L' Hospital rule = im =  =2
    1 2 2
x
6 x x
6
6
3 . tan 3x
–2
tan3x  2x 3x 3(1) –2 3–2 1
(iii) im im = = =
x  0 3x  sin2 x x 0 sin x 3 – 0.1 3 3
3 – sin x.
x
(a  x)2 sin(a  x)  a2 sina  0 
(iv) im  0 form  using L' Hospital rule
x 0 x  
2(a  x)sin(a  x) (a  x)2 cos(a  x)
= im = 2a sina + a2 cos a
x 0 1
ebx  eax
(v) im , where 0 < a < b
x 0 x
 bx (bx)2   ax (ax)2  1
1    ....  –  1    ....  (b – a)x  x 2 (b2 – a2 )  .......
= im  1 ! 2!   1 ! 2 !  = im 2
x 0 x x 0 x
= b–a
 ex – 1
2e2 
(vi) im
x e e
2 x 2

= im
x.e (e – 1)
2 x
= im

 x  = 2e2 . 1 = 2e2
x 0 1  cos x x 0 x x 0
 x
2
(1)2
2 sin2 sin
2  2
 
 x 
 2 
 3x (3x) 2
(3x) 3
  3x 
 1 – 2  3  ........ 3x 1–  ......
n(1  3x)
= im   = im  
2 3
(vii) im =
x 0 3x  1 x 0  x n3 (x n3)2  x 0  (x n3)  n3
1  1!  2!  ...... – 1 x n3 1   .....
   2! 
 x  x
n 1   n 1  
n (2  x)  n 0.5 n(2  x) (0.5)  2  = im  2 .1 = 1
(viii) im = im = im
x0 x x0 x x0 x x  0 x 2 2
2
xn  2n
(ix) im = 80, n  N
x 2 x2
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 80 so R.H.L. = 80
  h n 
2  1   – 1
n
(2  h)n – 2n   2  
 80 = im   80 = im
h 0 (2  h) – 2 h 0 h
 nh n(n – 1) n2 
2n 1   .  .....1
  80 = im  2 2! 4   n. 2n–1 = 80  n=5
h 0 h
1– cos 2x
2 | sin x |
(x) im = im L.H.L. = – 1 & R.H.L. = 1
x 0 x x 0 x
ADVLCD- 3
( n(1  x) – n2) (3.4 x–1 – 3x) [ n (2  h) – n2] [3.4 h – 3 – 3h]

(xi) im = im
x 1 [(7  x)1/ 3 – (1  3x)1/ 2 ] sin(x – 1) h  0 [(8  h)1/ 3 – (4  3h)1/ 2 ] sin h
 h
n 1  
 h  2   3(4h – 1) 
n  1   3(4h – 1) –3h  ·  – 3
= im  2
= im
(h / 2)  h 
h  0  h  1/ 3
 3h 
1/ 2
 h  0   h   3h 
2  1   –  1    sin h   1  24  –  1  8  
   
 8   4   sin h
4
h  h 
 
 
1 .(3 n 4 – 3) 9 9 4
= – (n 4 – 1) = – n  
 1 4 4 e
4 – 
 3 
 1 2 x  1  2  .....  x  x(x  1) 1  1 1
B-3. (i) im  2  2  ....  2  = im = im = im 1  =
x  2 
x 
x x x  x  x2 x  2x 2  x 2
3 4
2 1 1
n2 1–  3  n3 1  4
n  2n  1  n  1
3 2 3 4
n n n
(ii) im = im 3 7
n   n 
4
n  6n5  2  5 n7  3n3  1
6
6 2 3 1
n2 1   6 – n5 1  4  7
n n n n
1
2 1 – 1
1– 3  n 6 1 4
n n n 1 0
= im = =1
n 
6 2 –
1
3 1 1– 0
1   6 – n 10 1  4  7
n n n n
(iii) im
x 
 x 2  8x  x  = ( + ) = 
   1 
x 5 tan  12   3 | x |2  7 –x 5 tan  2   3x 2  7
  x   x 
(iv) im = im
x   | x |3  7 | x |  8 x x 3  7x  8
 1 
tan  2  1
3 7
 –  x 
x x3 1 
= im =  x2 –
1
x 7 8 
1 2  3
x x
   
2 2 4 2 2 4
(x  1) 3
–  x – 1  3
  (x  1) 3
  x  1 3
(x – 1) 3
 (x – 1) 3

 2 2

B-4. (i) im   x  1 3 – (x – 1)3  = im    
x  
 
x    4 2 2 4

(x  1)   x  1 (x – 1)  (x – 1) 
3 3 3 3
 
(x  1)2 – (x – 1)2 4x
= im = im
x     4  
4 2 2 4 x   2 4
(x  1)   x  1 (x – 1)  (x – 1)   x – 1 3  x – 1 3 
3
3 
3 3 3
(x  1) 1   
    x  1   x  1  
 
4x 4
= im = =0
x   1 
2 4
 (1  0)  () [1  1  1]
 x – 1  x – 1 
(x  1)(x  1)3 1  
3 3

  x  1   x  1  
 
ADVLCD- 4
5 5 5 5 5 5
(x  2) 2  (a  2) 2 (x  2) 2 – (a  2) 2 (a  2  h) 2 – (a  2) 2
(ii) im R.H.L. = im = im
x a x a x a x–a h 0 ah–a
 5 3 
 55     2 
5       .
5 h 2 2 h
 h  (a  2) 1  .
2
 ..... – 1
(a  2) 2  1  
2
– 1  2 a2 (a  2) 
2
2!
 a  2    
= im   = im  
h 0 h h0 h
3
5
= (a  2) 2
2
 5 3 
5  5  h   2   2   h 2 
   
a  2 2 1–       .... – 1
5 5  2a2 2! a2 
(a  2 – h) – (a  2)  
L.H.L. = im
2
= im
2
 
h 0 –h h 0 –h
3
5
= (a  2) 2
2
5 5
(x  2) 2 – (a  2)2
3
5
L.H. L. = R.H.L. So im = (a  2) 2
x a (x – a) 2
 x  x 1  x – x 1
(iii) im cos
x
  x 1  cos  x  = im 2sin 
x 
 2
 .sin 
  2


 x  x 1  x – x –1 
= im 2 sin   . sin  

 2 . ( x  x  1) 
x 2
 
 x  x 1  –1 
=2 im sin   . im sin  

 2 . ( x  x  1) 
x 2 x
 
= 2x (oscillating –1 to 1) × 0 2x = 0
1
   1  2  3  4  4
1
(iv) im   (x  1) (x  2) (x  3) (x  4)  4  x  = im x   1   1   1   1     x
x
  x    x  x  x  x 
1
 10  1.2  1.2.3 24  4
= im x 1     4 –x
x  
 x x2 x3 x 
  10  1.2  1.2.3 24  
  x  x2   4 
= im x 1  
x 3
x  10 5
 .... – x = 
x    4  4 2
 
 
ADVLCD- 5
1 1
(x  2) 2  (15x  2) 5
B-5. (i) im 1
x 2
(7x  2) 4  x
1 1
 h  15h 
2 5
1 1
2 1   – 2 1 
(4  h) 2 – (32  15h) 5  4  32 
Let x = 2 + h = im 1
= im 1
h 0 h 0
(16  7h) 4 – (2  h)  7h  4
2 1   – (2  h)
 16 
  1  1    1  4 
 h 2  – 2   h2    3h  5   – 5  15h 2 
2 1            
   .... – 2 1     ....
 8 2  16    32 2  32  
   
= im    
h 0  7h 
2 1   ...... – (2  h)
 64 
1 3  2 1 9  1 3
h –   h  – 64 – 256   ... –
= im =    
4 16 2
= 4 16 = –
h 0  7  7 25
h – 1  ..... –1
 32  32
2
tan2 x  x 2 x3 x 4   x3 x5  1 x3 
e  1  sin x 
x
x     ...  –  x –   ...  –  x   ... 
im      
2 2! 3! 4! 3! 5! 2 3
(ii) im
x 0 x3 h 0 x3
 1 1  1 1  1 1
x2  –   x3  –   x 4  –   ....
2 2 6 6 4 ! 3 1 1 1
= im 3
= + =
h 0 x 6 6 3
a  bsin x  cos x  cex

B-6 im
x 0 x3
 x3 x5   x2 x4   x x 2 x3 x 4 
a  b x –  – .... – 1–  – ....  c 1      ....
im  3 ! 5 !   2 ! 4 !   1 ! 2! 3! 4! 
x 0 x3
1 c  –b  c  4  –1 c
(a – 1  c)  x(b  c)  x 2     x 3    x  4!  4!   .....
im  2 2   6   
x 0 x3
limit exists so
a+c–1=0 
 b+c=0
1 c
 =0  c = –1
2 2
so b=1
a=2
–b  c –1– 1 1
value is = = =–
6 6 3
ADVLCD- 6
1  a x sin x  b cos x
B-7. (i) im
x0 x4
 x3 x5   x2 x4 
1  ax x   – ........   b 1   – ........ 
= im  3 ! 5 !   2 ! 4 ! 
x0 x4
 b  a b  6  a b 
(1 b)  x 2  a    x 4      x  120  720   ............
= im  2   6 24   
x0 x4
b 1
Limit exist and have a finite value So, 1 – b = 0 & a + = 0, b = 1, a = 
2 2
(ii) im
x
 x 4  ax3  3x2  bx  2 – x 4  2x3 – cx 2  3x – d = 4 

 1  ay  3y  by  2y – 1  2y – cy  3y – dy 
2 3 4 2 3 4

 im  2 = 4
y  0 y

 

(a – 2) y + (3 + c)y + (b – 3)y + (2 + d)y
2 3 4
3c
  im 2
= 4 a – 2 = 0 &  4  c = 5
y  0 2y 2
  a = 2, c = 5, b  R, d  R
 x2   x2 x3   x2 x3 
ax  1  x   .........   b  x   – ........   cx  1  x    ....... 
(iii) im  2 !   2 3   2! 3!  =2
x 0  x 3
x 5

x2  x   .......... 
 3! 5! 
 b  2a b c
 a – b  c   x  a  – c   x  –    x and term containing higher power
3
 im  2  2 3 2 2
x 0 x4 x6
x2 –  – ..........
3! 5!
then a–b+c=0 .....(1)

2a + b – 2c = 0 .....(2)
3a – 2b + 3c = 12 .....(3)
On solving (1), (2), (3)
we get a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
  x2 x3  
 (1  x)  x –  – ....  – x 
 n (1  x)1 x 1   (1  x) n (1  x) – x    2 3  
B-8. im  –  = im   = x im
0  
 x2 
2
x0
 x x  x0 x2
 
 
 x2 1 3 
 – x  ...... 
1
= im  2 6 2 =
x0
 x  2
 
 
(cos )x  (sin )x  cos 2   

B-9. im ,   0 , 
x4 x 4  2
(cos )x  (sin ) x  (cos 2  – sin 2 ) (cos 2
  sin 2 )
= im
x4 x 4
(cos )x  (sin )x  (cos 4  – sin4 )
= im
x4 x 4
(cos )4 [ (cos )x– 4  1] – (sin )4 [(sin )x– 4 – 1]
= im = cos4  n(cos) sin4n (sin )= R.H.S.
x4 x 4
ADVLCD- 7
d2 (tan x)
B-10. Required =  2sec 2 x tan x at x = a
dx x a
tan(a  2h)  2tan(a  h)  tana

 lim = 2(sec2a) tan
h 0 h2
Section (C)
im  x 
x2
C-1 (i) ((0)0 form)
x 0
Let y = im  x 
x2
x 0
1
nx x
im im
im x2 nx x 0 1 x 0 –
2
  
 x2 x3
y = ex0 y= e y= e = e0 = 1
n tan x
im cos x.( n tan x) im
– – sec x
x x
(ii) im– (tan x)cosx (0 form) y = e 2
y = e 2

x
2
1 sec 2 x cos x
im  im
x
– tan x sec x tan x
x
– sin2 x
 y = e 2
y = e 2
y = e0 = 1
(iii) im ([x])1–x ; im [1 – h]1 – (1 – h); im (0)h = 0

x 1 h 0 h 0
 1
(iv) Let y = x– ; im e cot y = im cot y = 0
2 y  0 y  0 e
C-2. (i) im (tan x)tan2x (1 form)


x
4
–2 tan x
im(tan x–1)tan2x im
x

x
 1 tan x 1
= e 4
= e 4
= e–1 =
e
x
 1 
 x 2 
 1  2x  x 2
(ii) im   = im   = 3 = 0
x 
 1  3x  x 
 1 
3  
 x 
x
sec x
im 1  nx 
2 im( nx).sec
(iii) (1form) = e x1 2
x 1
1
nx x
im lim
x 1 x x 1  x  –2 
cos 0 – sin  
= e 2
( form) = e 2 2
= e  
0
1 1
 1  tan x  x  2 tan x  x  2 tan x 
(iv) im   = im  1   = im exp  =e
2
x 0
 1  tan x  x  0
 1  tan x  x  0
 x(1  tan x) 
c
C-3 
im 1  ax  bx
x 1

2 x 1
= e3
it takes (1 + a + b) form so 1 + a + b = 1  a+b=0 ....(i)

c c
im(1 ax  bx2 –1).
im (1  ax  bx 2 )( x–1) = e3  e x1 ( x–1)
= e3
x 1
(ax  bx2 )c
im im
e x1 ( x –1)
 = e3  e x1 (a + 2bx) c
= e3
 e(a + 2b)c = e3  (a + 2b)c = 3  bc = 3

ADVLCD- 8
 n x  nx 
1  x  n 1 
x 
x n
C-4. (i) im   = im 
x  n x x   nx 
 x 
 
nx n(1  f(x))
 im = 0 and im =1=1
x  x f ( x)0 f(x)
 xn   xn 
e x sin  x  sin  x 
(ii) im  e  = im e   
x  x n x   xn 
 x
e 
xn sin (f(x))
   im = 0 and im =1=1
x  ex f ( x) 0 f(x)
[1 . 2x]  [2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]

C-5. im
n  n3
(1.2)x – 1 < [1.2x]  (1. 2)x
(2.3)x – 1 < [2.3x]  (2.3)x
n(n + 1) x – 1 < [n (n + 1)x]  n(n + 1)x
so (1.2)x + (2.3)x + ... n (n + 1)x – n
< [1.2 x] + [2. 3 x] + .... [n(n +1)x]
 (1. 2) x + (2. 3) x + .... n(n +1)x
x . (n2 + n) – n [1. 2x] + [2. 3x] +......[n(n+1)x] x (n2 + n)
 n(n  1) (2n  1) n (n 1) 

x.   –n
 6 2  [1.2 x]  [2.3 x]  .....  [n(n 1)x]
 im < im
n  n 3 n n3
 n(n  1) (2n  1) n (n 1) 
x  
 im  6 2 
n  n3
  1  1  1 1 
1.  1  n  2  n   n  2  1 [1.2 x]  [2.3 x]  .....  [n(n  1)x]
im ×      n 
–  im
n   6 2  n2 n n3
 
 
  1  1  1 1 
1.  1  n  2  n   n  2  x [1.2 x]  [2.3 x]  .....  [n(n  1)x]
 im ×      n 
 im 
x
n   6 2  3 n  n3
3
 
 
[1.2 x]  [2.3 x]  .....  [n(n  1)x] x

so im =
n  n3 3
ADVLCD- 9
x 2n  1
C-6. f(x) = im
n   x 2n  1
case (i) when x = 1
1– 1
f(x) = im =0
n   1 1
case (ii) when x > 1
2n
 1
1–  
x 1– 0
f(x) = im = =1
n  
 1
2n
1 0
1  
x
case (iii) when x < 1
x 2n  1 0 –1
f(x) = im = =–1
n   x 2n  1 0 1
range of f(x) is {–1, 0, 1}
Section (D)
D-1. f (x) is continous at x = 0 therefore
 (a  1 ) sin (a  1)x sin x 
lim f(x) = f (0) = lim f (x); lim– f(x) = lim    =a+2
x 0– x 0 x 0 x 0
 (a  1)x x 
1
(1  bx) 2  1 1
and lim f (x) = lim = here b should not be equal to zero. so a + 2 = c = 1/2 and b  0
x 0 x 0 bx 2
3
 h2 h4 
1   1    .... 
1  sin3 x 1  cos h 
3
   2 ! 4 !  1
D-2. lim f(x) = lim = lim put x  2  h  = lim =
3cos2 x h  0 3 sin2 h
  h 0 2
x

x
 3h 2
2 2
b(1  sin x) b(1  cosh) b 1 b

and lim f (x) = lim = lim = so = =a
x

x
 (   2x)2 h 0 4h 2
8 2 8
2 2
D-3. (i) h(x) = {x} [x]

at x = 1 h(1) = 0 LHL = 0 RHL = 0
at x = 2 h(2) = 0 LHL = 1 RHL = 0
(ii) h(x) = {x} + [x] = x at x = 1 continuous
(iii) h(x) = {x} – [x] = x – 2[x] discontinuous at x = 1
(iv) h(x) = {x} + [x]
at x = 1 h(1) = 1 LHL = 1 RHL = 1
at x = 2 h(2) = 2 LHL = 2 RHL = 2
D-4. f (x) = (x + 2) (x – 2) (x – 3)
(x  2) (x  2) , x  3
h (x) = 
k , x 3
for continuity k = lim h(x) = 5
x 3
h(x) = (x + 2) (x – 2) = x2 – 4 which is even  x  R
ADVLCD- 10
sin3x  A sin2x  Bsin x

D-5. lim =1
x 0 x5
1  (3x)3 (3x)5 (3x)7   (2x)3 (2x)5 (2x)7   x3 x5 x7 
lim 5  3x     ...   A  2x     ...   B  x     ...  
x 0 x  3 ! 5 ! 7 !   3 ! 5 ! 7 !   3 ! 5 ! 7 ! 
1 1 1
lim 4
(3  2A  B)  2 (27  8A  B)  (243  32A  B) – term containing x this Limit exist ans
x 0 x x 3 ! 5 !
finite if 3 +2A + B = 0 and 27 +8A + B = 0
1
In this case lim f(x)  (243  32A  B) A = – 4, B = 5 and for continuity f(0) = lim f(x)  1
x 0 5 ! x 0
1 x  2
D6. f(x) g(x) = 
2 x  2
Section (E)
E-1. (i) f(x) is not defined at x = 2, 3 (ii) f(x) is not defined when |x| = 1
x 
(iii) f(x) is always defined (iv)  (2n + 1)
2 2
1  {x}, x
E-2. f(x) = x + {–x} + [x] Since {–x} = 
 0 , x
,
 x  1  {x}  [x] , x 1  2 [x] x
=  =  ,
 x  [x] , x  2x x
Curve of y = f(x) discontinuous at all integers in [–2, 2]
tan2 x  1
E-3. fog (x) = discontinous when
tan2 x  1

(i) x = (2n + 1) x   
2
(ii) tan x = ± 1

x = n ±
4
1  x , 0  x  2
E-4. f(x) = 
3  x , 2  x  3
1  (1  x) when 0  x  1
 1 f(x) when 0  f(x)  2 
y(x) = fof(x) =  = 1  (3  x) when 2  x  3
3  f(x) when 2  f( x)  3 3  (1  x)
 when 1  x  2
g(1–) = g(1) = 3  g(1+) = 1

g(2–) = g(2) = 0  g(2+) = 2
ADVLCD- 11
1
E-5. u= is discontinuous at x = – 2
x2
3 3 3
f(u) = = = is
2u  5u – 3
2
2u  6u – u – 3
2
(2u – 1) (u  3)
1
discontinuous at u = & –3
2
1 1 1 7
 = and = – 3 x = 0 and x = –
x2 2 x2 3
7
Hence y = f(u) is discontinous at x = – , – 2, 0
3
7
E-6. f(x) is continuous and  [f(–2), f(2)], by intermediate value theorem (IVT), there exists a point
3
7
c (–2, 2) such that f(c) =
3
E-7. g(x) = (|x – 1|  |4x – 11|) [(x – 1)2 – 3] = (|x – 1| + |4x – 11|) ([(x – 1)2] – 3)
Now |x – 1| + |4x – 11| is continuous every where & [(x – 1)2 – 3] is discontinuous at x = 1, 2; 2 1
At x = 1, g(x) is continuous
At x = 2, g(x) is discontinuous
At x = ( 2 + 1), g(x) is discontinuous
Section (F)
F-1. Curve of y = f (x) is as follows
It is continous every where not differentiable at x = 1

LHD (x = 2) = – 1 = RHD (x = 2) diff. at x = 2
F-2. y = f (x) is as follows
continous every where

non-differentiable at x = 0
 x cos x , x  0
F-3. f(x) = |x| cos x = 
 –x cos x , x  0
f (x) is non differentiable at x = 0
ADVLCD- 12
 xm sin 1

F-4. f (x) =  x   ; x 0

0 ; x  0
for continitity f(0) = 0 = RHL (x = 0)

 1
lim hm sin    0
h 0
n
lim hm [a finite quantity between [–1, 1]] = 0
h 0
It hold only when m>0

f(h)  f(0)
if m  0 neither continuous nor derivable for derivability lim = finite
h 0 h
 1
lim h(m1) sin   it is finite and unique and equal to zero if m > 1 when m >1 continuous and derivable
h 0
h
if 0 < m  1 continuous but not derivable
1  e x f (0) = 0
2
F-5. f (x) =
1  eh  0
2
h2
LHD (x = 0) = lim = lim  1   = – 1
h 0 h h 0 2 !
1  eh  0
2
h2
RHD (x = 0) = lim = lim 1   = 1
h 0 h h 0 2 !
Not differentiable at x = 0
F-6. f(x) is continous at x =1 a–b = –1

1
1
a(1  h)2 – b  1
 2a R.H.D. =  Lim  h
1 1 3
L.H.D. =  Lim  1 it gives  a = , b =
h  0 h h  0 h 2 2
Section (G)
G-1. y = [x] + |1–x|
G-2. y = f(x)
G-3. [x] is dicontinuous at –1, 0

{x} is dicontinuous at 1
1
is dicontinuous at 3, 4
log4 (x  3)
ADVLCD- 13
G-4. |x – 1|5/3 is differentiable for all x

  h2  
sgn h2/3
  cos  2 
1  
  x2    1  h  1 0  1
Let g(x) = sgn(x ) + cos 
2/3
2 
 g'(0) = lim = lim =0
  1  x  h  0 h h  0 h
so differentiable at 0.
 e x (3  2x)  2(e x  e)
 , x  (0, 1)
 (e  e)(3  2x)
x
2
 , x  (0, 1) 
 2  e /2 , x 1
 (e  e) 

x
ex
G-5. h(x) = f(x) g(x) =  , x  [1, 2) h’(x) =  , x  (1, 2)
 2  2
 (e x  e)(2x  3)  Not Defined , x2
 , x  [2, 3)  x
 2  e (2x  3)  2(e  e)
x
 , x  (2, 3)
2
Section (H)
H-1. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) function should be y = mx
f(1) = 2  
 m=2  f(x) = 7x
n
2n(n  1)
r
n
 f(r) = 2
r 1
=
2
.
r 1
f(1  cos x)  f(2)  0 

H-2. Given f(2) = 4 lim 0 form
x 0 tan2 x  
 sin x 
  f (1  cos x)
 sin x f (1  cos x)  x 
apply LHospital rule lim = lim = –2
x 0 2 tanx sec 2 x x 0  tanx  2
2  sec x
 x 
H-3. f : R  R and f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)  x, y  R
Put x = y = 0 f(0) = f2(0) since f(0)  0
f(0) = 1
f '(x) = lim
f(x  h)  f(x)
= lim f(x)
 f(h)  1 = f(x) f '(0)
h 0 h h 0 h
dy
Let f(x) = y  = y.f '(0)
dx
On solving ny = x f '(0) + c

y = f(x) = ec. ex f '(0)
 f(0) = 1  c = 0
Thus f(x) = ex.f '(0)  x  R
 1  1
H-4. f(x) . f   = f(x) + f    f(x) = 1 ± xn
x x
f(3) = – 26    f(x) = 1 – x3
f(x) = – 3x2 or f(1) = – 3
H-5. Given f(x + y)+ f(x – y) = 2f(x).f(y) ....(1)
ADVLCD- 14
Putting y = x in equation (1), we get
f(2x) + f(0) = 2(f(x))2 ....(2)
Putting y = – x in equation (1), we get
f(0) + f(2x) = 2f(x). f(– x) ....(3)
(3) – (2)
 2(f(x))2 = 2f(x)f(– x)
 f(x) = 0 or f(x) = f(–x)
in both cases, function is an even function
H-6. L1 = im (f(x) – f(x))

x  
e– x f  (x) –  f(x)
 L1 = im [As it is a bounded function]
x   e – x
e– x f  (x) –  f(x)e – x
 L1 = im
x   e – x
d
dx

f(x)e – x 
 L = L1 = im
x   d  1
–e – x . 
dx  
f(x)e – x
 L = im L = im – f(x)
x    e – x  x  
– 
  
 L = – im f(x)

x  
L
 L = – L2 L2 = –

f x – f x
H-7. f : R R | f (x) – f (y) |  | x – y |3  x, y R  x – y
x–y

taking lim x  y on both side we have |f ’(y) |  0
f ’(y) = 0
f (y) is constant  yR
ADVLCD- 15
PART - II
Section (A)
A-1. im sec x > 1 So imit not exist
x 0
A-2. S1 : False as Nr. is exactly zero as x  0+
A-3. im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x])
x 1
L.H.L.= im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = im (1  (1–h) + [1 – h  1] + [1 – 1 + h])

x  1– h 0
im = (h + [–h] + [h]) =0–1+0=–1

h 0
R.H.L. im =(1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = (1  (1+ h) + [1 + h  1] + [1 – (1 + h)]

h 0
= im (– h + [h] + [–h]) = 0 + 0 – 1 = – 1
h 0
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = – 1 so im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = – 1

x 1
x
A4. lim  1
x  0 x
Section (B)
(x3  27) n (x  2) (x  3)(x 2 – 3x  9) n[1  (x – 3)] n[1  (x – 3)]
B-1. im = im = im (x2 – 3x + 9).
x 3 (x 2  9) x 3 (x – 3)(x  3) x  3 (x – 3)
(9 – 9 + 9) (1) = 9
3
 4x – 1 3
x  
(4 x  1)3  x 
B-2. im = im
x0 x  x2  x  0   x 
sin   n  1    sin   
p x   p   . n 1  x 
2
 3 
p  x   
   3 
 
 p 
3
 4x – 1  x2 
   
= 3p. im  x  .  3  = 3 p (n 4)3
x0   x   x2 
 sin    n 1  
  p   3 
 x 
 
 p 
sin (eh  1) sin(eh – 1) (eh – 1) 1
B-3. Let x = 2 + h x 2, h  0 = im = im   = 1. 1. 1 = 1
h  0 n (1  h) h0 (eh – 1) h n (1  h)
h
sin  n(1  x) sin  n(1  x) sin x n(1  x) x
B-4. im = im . . . = 1 .1 .1 .1 = 1
x  0 n(1  sin x) x  0 n(1  x) n(1  sin x) x sin x
1– cos2(x – 1) 2sin2 (x – 1)
B-5. im ; im
x 1 x –1 x 1 x –1
2 | sin(x – 1) | 2 sin h 2 sin h

im ; LHL = lim  – 2 RHL = lim  2
x 1 x –1 h  0 –h h  0 h
 L.H.L.  R.H.L. So limit does not exist.
ADVLCD- 16
 1 1  
  – 1 
 2

 ....  –  1–    4x 2  .... 
x x 4 4
1 
1  3   2 2! 
(1  x 2 )1/ 3 – (1– 2x) 4   1
B-6. im = im  =
x 0 x  x2 x 0 xx 2
2
x x
2 2 sin2 2 2 sin2
2  1  cos x 4 = im 4 = 2
B-7. im = = im 2 2
x 0 sin2 x x 0 2
sin x x  0 x sin x 8
16. .
16 x2
cos1 (1  x) cos–1 1– (0  h) cos–1(1– h)
B-8. im  = im = im
x  0 x h 0
0h h 0
h
Let 1 – h = cos 
sin = 1– (1– h)2
sin–1 2h – h2 sin–1 2h – h2 2h – h2
 = sin–1 2h – h2 = im = im . =1× 2 = 2
h 0 h 0
h 2h – h2 h
 100 
  xk   100
 x – 1 x2 – 1 x100 – 1
im  
k 1 (100).(101)
B-9. =im    .....   = 1 + 2+ 3 + .....+ 100 = = 5050
x 1 x 1 x 1
 x – 1 x – 1 x – 1  2
1
sin
x  1  1
x 3 sin
1
 x  1
1 x x2
x x 1 0  0
B-10. im = im = =1
x x  x  1
2 x   1 1 1 0  0
1  2
x x

 1 
 sin 
 x 
– 
 1 1 1 
x 2 sin   –x2 sin 
 
B-11. im  x  = im x = im  x  =– 1
x   
9x  x  1 x  
2 x  1 1 3
9x2 – x  1 9– 
x x2
n n n
5 3 4
5 .     –  
5n  1  3n  22n 5.5n  3n  4n  9 9 9 = 00–0
B-12. im 2n  3
= im n = im =0
n 5 2 3
n n n   5  2n  27.9n n
5
n
2
n
0  0  27
9   9   27
   
  
sin  
          4n    = 1  . 1. = 
B-13. im n cos   sin  = im cos   im
n  
 4n   4n  n  
 4n  n      4 4 4
 4n 
 
   
 h 
  h – h 2  = im  h  = –2
B-14. sinh < h < tanh, h   0,   1   –1 LHL = im  2
 2  sinh sin h h 0     h0  sinh 
 cos  2  h  
 
   
 h 
RHL = im  2 2  = im  h  = –2
h 0     h0  sinh 
 cos 2  h 
  
 LHL = RHL = –2
ADVLCD- 17
1
3  ( 1)n
3n  ( 1)n n –3  0 3
B-15. im = im = = –
n  4n  ( 1)n n  1 4–0 4
4  ( 1)n .
n
 2 1   1 1 1   1  1
B16. lim    = lim     = lim  
x 1 1  x 2
 x  1 x 1
 1 x 1 x x  1 x 1
 x  1 2
  1  1 1 1  1 1 1
B-17. im  x  x 2 n 1  im x – x2
 = x  x – 2  3 – ......  = x 
im x – x + – + ....... =
x 
  x   
 2x 3x   2 3x 2
 x x4   x x4 
–
x2
1– 2  – ...... – 1–  – ......
e – cos x
= im    
2 4 . 2! 2! 4!
B-18. im
x0 3
x sin x x0  x 3

x3  x – .......
 3! 
1 1  6  1 1 
x4  –  – x  8. 3! – 6 !   .....
 8 4 !    1 1  1
= im =  –  =
x0  x 2
  8 24  12
x 4 1– .......
 3! 
sin(6x 2 ) sin6x 2 6x 2
B-19. im = im .
x  0 ncos(2x 2  x) x  0 6x 2 n(cos(2x 2  x))
0 
2
6x
= 1. im  form 
x  0 n(cos(2x  x))  0
2

12x –12 cos(2x 2 – x) x
= im = im . im
x  0 (– sin (2 x  x)) (4x – 1) x  0
2
4x – 1 x 0 sin(2x 2 – x)
cos (2x 2 – x)
 –12  1  1
=   . im = 12.   = – 12
 –1  (cos(2x – x))(4x – 1)  –1 
x 0 2
d3 (sin x)
B-20. Required =   cos x at x  a
dx x a
sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sina

 lim = –cosa
h 0 h3
Section (C)
 1
41  
x 1  x 2  4(x 1)  x
 x  2 im 
x  x  2
1 . ( x 1)

im
x  ( x  2)
im
x   1 – 2 
C-1. im   (1 form) = e = e = e 
 x
 = e4
x 
 x 2
     
5 5 5
C-2. im  1  tan2 x x
= im 1  tan2 0  h 0 h
= im 1  tan2 h h
(1form)
x  0 h 0 h 0
2
 tan h 
5 tan2 h im 5  
im h0
 h 
= eh0 h
= e = e5
1 1
C-3. im (1  [x]) n (tan x) = im (exact 1) n (tan x) =1

 
x x
4 4
 1 
 2– 
 x2 –2x 1– x2  4x–2   ( 2 x–1)x  im  x 
x x   
 x 2  2x  1  im   x im  2  4 2
x  x2 – 4x  2 x 0 x –4 x 2   1– x  2 
   
C-4. im  2  = e = e = e x
= e2
x
 x  4x  2 
ADVLCD- 18
x
–2 sin2
im 2
1  cos x –1 x 0 x x x
im   2 sin cos im– tan 
x0  sin x  2
C-5. im (cos x) sin x (1 form) = e = e 2 2
= ex0 = e0 =1
x 0
 x 
tan 
 a  2a 
C-6. im  2   (1form)
x a
 x
 a   x   x  a  x  1 x –a 1 im 1 2a 1  2a  2
im  2   1 . tan     tan   im    
   2a 
im
 x   2a   x  a xa  cos ec 2  x    
= e a .
xa x xa a x  a 
= e = e = e cot  
 2a 
= e  
 2a 
= e
 cos tx 1  1 cos tx  1
im   im  x2  2 2   x2
C-7. Required = e t0  t2 
= e t0  t x 
= e 2
C-8. im
n
1
n4

[13 x]  [23 x]  ...  [n3 x] 
13 x –1 < [13 x] 13 x
23 x –1 < [23 x] 23 x
. . .
. . .
. . .
n3 x –1 < [n3 x] n3 x
Adding all these inequilities
(13 + 23 + 33 ...........+ n3) x – n < [13x] + [23x] + ...........[n3x] (13 + 23 + ..........n3) x
2
n2 (n  1)2  n(n  1) 
x n  2  x
[13 x]  [23 x]  ....  [n3 x]
4 <   
n4 n4 n4
2 2
 1 x 1 [13 x]  [23 x]  .........  [n3 x]  1 x
im  1    3 < im  im  1  
 n 4 n  n 4
n  n 4 
n n
x [13 x]  [23 x]  ........[n3 x] x

 im 4

4 x  n 4
[13 x]  [23 x]  ........  [n3 x] x
 im 
x  n4 4
Section (D)
D-1. lim f(x)  f(0)
x 0
cos(sin x)  cos x 2  sin x  x   x  sin x 

lim  a  2 sin   sin  a
   
x 0 2
x x 2 2
 sin x  x   x  sin x 
sin   sin   1 sin x  x x  sin x
 a  lim 2. 
2 .  2 .    1
sin x  x x  sin x 4    = 2.1.1 4 (1 + 1) (1 – 1) = 0
x 0 x  x 
2 2
 1
D-2. f(x) =  x  2  [x] =
 
1
f(x) is discontinous at x = –1, 0, , 1, 2
2
ADVLCD- 19
n [(1  h)2  2(1  h)  5]

D-3. lim f(x) = lim f(1 – h) = lim
x 1 h 0 h 0 n [1  4h]
does not exist as denominater is tending to zero. similarly lim f(x) also does not exist.
n 1
   x   
D-4. lim x sin  (x  2)   lim  x  sin    1 and lim x sin  (x  0)   1
x 1  2  x 1  
2 x 1  2 
Section (E)
1  P(x)  1  Px 2P 1
E-1. LHL (x = 0) = f(0) = RHL (x=0); LHL = Lim   p f(0) = – = RHL
xx  0 2 2
 1 ; x  3, 1  x  2
E-2. If [g(x)] = sgn(g(x)) = sgn (x(x2 – 5x + 6)) = sgn (x (x – 2) (x – 3)) =  0 ; x  1, 2, 3
 1 ; 2  x  3 ; x  1
f(g(x)) is discontinuous at 3 points (0, 2 and 3)
1 1
E-3. y = , where t = , y = f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1, where t is discontinuous and
t2  t  2 x 1
1 1 1
y= at t = – 2 and t = 1  –2x + 2 = 1, x =
(t  2)(t  1) x 1 2
1
1–  x=2
x 1
1
f(g(x)) is discontinuous at x = , 2,1
2
E-4. Let f(x) = 2 tan x + 5x – 2

 5 5
f(0) = – 2 f (/4) = 2 tan + –2=
4 4 4
 5 
Now x   2, and f(x) is continuous on [0, /4]
 4 
 By intermediate value theorem c [0, /4] for which f(c) = 0
 (b) is correct.
Section (F)
F-1. f(x) = x  x  x 1  is continuous at x = 0
f '(x) = x  x  x 1  + x
 1
 
1 

 2 x 2 x 1
2 x
f '(x) = x  x 1 
2 2 x 1
f '(0+) f '(0–) = –1
Hence it is differentiable at x = 0
 x(3e1/ x  4)
 , x0
 2  e1/ x
F-2. f(x) = 
 x0
 0
h(3e1/ h  4)
1/ h
0
f(0–) = lim 2  e 2
h 0 h
f(0+) = lim f(x)  0  lim f(x)  f(0) not differentiable continuous
x 0 h0
ADVLCD- 20
x
F-3. f(x) = f(0) = 0 Domain x  0
x 1 x
 Lim f(x) = 0

x  0
 f(x) is continous

h
0
 RHD (x = 0) = Lim h 1 h = 1
h  0 h
 f(x) is differntiable at x = 0

 x , x  [, 0]
  2
F-4. f(x) = sin–1(cosx) =  cos cos x  
1
2   x , x  [0, ]

2
continous but not differentiable at x =0
F-5. f (0) = lim f(x)  0  1  0.sin( 1)  1

x 0
f (0 ) = lim f(x)  0  0  0.sin0  0 = f(0)

+
x 0
f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 at x = 2,

f(2+) = 2 + 2 + 2 sin 2 = 4 + 2 sin 2
f(2–) = 2 + 1 + 2 sin 1 = 3 + 2 sin 1
f(x) is not continuous at x = 2
F-6. Obvious
3
F-7. Lim f(x) = = f(2)  Lim f(x) = 1
x  2 5 x  2
f(x) is not continous at x = 2

9
Lim f(x) = Lim f(x) = f(3) =
x  3 x  3 2
1 9
((3  h)3  (3  h)2 ) 
2   Lim h  8 h  21  21 
2
Now LHD (x =3) is  Lim 4
h  0 h h  0 4 4
9 9
(| h  1|  | 1  h |) 
 and RHD (x = 3) is Lim 4 2 0 
h  0 h
Section (G)
 x
1  x , x0
G-1. f(x) =  f(x) is continous and differntiable for xR
 x , x0
1  x
 x
1  x , x0
f(x) =  f(x) is discontinous at |x| = 1
 x , x0
1  x
ADVLCD- 21
G-2. If ' f ' is differentiable then |f| is differentiable at each point x, where f(x) 0
if f() = 0 and f() = 0, then |f| is differentiable at x =  if f() = 0 and f()  0, then |f| is not
differentiable at x =  If f is differentiable then |f| may or may not be differentiable,
[option A, C, D not necessarly true]
Now |f| 2 = f 2 (f 2) = 2.f.f since f is differentiable
 f 2 is also differentiable
G-3.
G-4. y = f(x) = max {a–x, a+x, b}, 0 < a < b
f(x) is non-differentiable at 2 points
G-5.
x  x2 0  x  1/ 2

y  g(x)   1/ 4 1/ 2  x  1
 sin x x 1

ADVLCD- 22
 x x  ( , 1)  ( 1, )


G-6. S1: f(x) = |x sgn (1 – x2)| = 0 x  1, 0, 1
x x  (0, 1)  (1, )

function is discontinous at x = –1, 1 and non differentiable at x = –1, 0,1

 tan x – sin x
S2 : f(x) = a sin (x + 1) , x 0 = ,x0
2 x3
tan x – sin x tan x 1– cos x  1
a = lim 3
= lim =
x 0 x x  0 x3 2
1
 a=
2
 1
 (x 3 3
) x , x0
S3: f(x) = (x2 |x|)1/3 =  1 1
=–x
(  x 5 )3  ( 1)3 x   x , x  0
f(x) is differentiable every where except at x = 0
0  2 3
S4 :
f(x) will be non differentiable if sin–1(sinx) = 0 or graph of f(x) has a sharp point. Hence number of points
of non differentiable will be 5.
G-7. S1 : f(x) =
sin    x –   [x – ] is an integer for xR
1  x 
2
 f(x) = 0  xR.

Hence f(x) is always continuous. (False)
S2 : f(x) = p[x + 1] + q [x – 1] = (p + q) [x] + p – q
f(1) = 2p
f(1+) = 2p
f(1–) = p – q
But f(x) is continous at x = 1
2p = p – q p + q = 0 [True]
x , 1  x  0
0 , 0  x 1
S3 : f(x) = |[x] x| = 
x , 1 x  2

 4 , x2
function is not continuous at x = 2

 non-differentiable also (True)
S4 : f(0) = constant f(0) = 0  x  R
f(10) = 0 [False]
ADVLCD- 23
 x , x 1
G-8. f(x) =  2 f(x) should be continous at x =1
ax  bx  c , otherwise
it gives a+b+c =1
f(x) should be differentiable at x= 1
it gives 2a+b=1  b =1–2a c= 1–a–b= a
Section (H)
6 f(2h  2  h2 )  f(2) (h  h 2  1)  (1) (2h  2  h 2)  (2) f (2) h(2  h)
H-1. lim = lim = lim . =3
h 0 4 h  0 (2h  2  h2 )  (2) f(h  h  1)  f(1) (h  h  1)  (1)
2 2 h  0 f (1) h(1  h)
H-2. f(x + y) = f(x).f(y) and f(1) = 2

10
 210  1 
 f(n) = f(1) + f(2) + ........... + f(10) = 21 + 22 + 23 + ....... + 210 = 2   = 2046
n 1  2 1 
H-3. f(1) = 1 = 2 – 1
f(n + 1) = 2f(n) + 1
 f(2) = 2f(1) + 1 = 2. 1 + 1 = 3 = 22 – 1  f(3) = 7 = 23 – 1
f(4) = 15 = 24 – 1
Similarly f(n) = 2n – 1
2
 1 1  1
H-4. f  x   = x2 + 2 =  x   – 2
 x  x  x
1
Replace x + = t, where |t|  2
x
 f(t) = t2 – 2, |t|  2
H-5. Method 1 : (usual but lengthy)

x2 f(x) + f(1 – x) = 2x – x4 .....(1)
replace x by (1 – x) in equation (1)
(1 – x)2 f(1 – x)+ f(x) = 2 (1– x) – (1 – x)4 .....(2)
eliminate f(1 – x) by equation (1) and (2) we get f(x) = 1 – x2
Method 2: Since R.H.S. is polynomial of 4th degree and also by options consider f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
x2 f(x) + f(1 – x) = 2x – x4  x2 (ax2 + bx + c) + a (1 – x)2 + b (1 – x) + c = 2x – x4
by comparing coefficients
a=–1
b=0
c=1
 f(x) = – x2 + 1
H-6. f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy  x,y  R
Replace 2y with y we have

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + 2xy  x,y  R
diff. w.r.t. x
f '(x+y) = f '(x) + 2y
Put x = 1 y = –1 f '(0) = f '(1) –2
ADVLCD- 24
PART - III
1. Consider the graph of 2 cos x in (–, ). 2 cos x is integer at 9 points.
[2 cos x] is discontinuous at 7 points in (–, )
Similarly from graph of 2sinx, we can observe that [2 sin x] is discontinuous at 7 points
(continuous at –/2, )
[2 tan x/2] is discontinuous at 4 points (continuous at –/2)
[3 cosec x/3] is discontinuous at 4 points (continuous at /2)
y = [2 cos x] y = [2 sin x]
y = [2 tan x/2] y = [3 cosec x/3]
2. (A) f(x) = |x3| is continuous and differentiable
(B) f(x) = | x | is continuous
1 x
f (x) = . {does not exist at x = 0}
2 |x| |x|
(C) f(x) = |sin–1 x| is continuous

sin1 x 1
| sin1 x | 1  x2
(D) f(x) = cos–1 |x| is continuous
1 x
1 x 2 |x|
ADVLCD- 25
EXERCISE # 2
PART–1
 
1. im


|x|3 –  x 3  (a > 0)
 
xa– 

a a
  

   
x = a – h = im

 |a –h|3 –  a –h3  = im 
 |a|3 –  1 – h 3  = a 2 – 0 = a 2
  a    a  
h0 

a   

h0 

a 


x x x x x sin x x sin x
2. im cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 .......cos n = im = ( im = 0)=
n   2 2 2 2 2 n   x n   2n x
2n sin n
2
   sin  tan 
3. sin <  < tan,    0,   1
 2   
nsin  n tan    nsin    n tan   
n im       ; n N
    0
       
  nsin    ntan   
L.H.L. = im       = n – 1 + n = 2n – 1
0
       
  nsin    n tan   
R.H.L. = im       = n – 1 + n = 2n – 1
       
  0
 L.H.L. = R.H.L = 2n – 1
 sin x  sin x
4. R.H.L. = im (1  ex )  when x  (0, h) and h  0 then (1 – ex)  (–1, 0) and <1
x 0  x  x
sin x  sin x 
So –1 < (1 – ex) < 0; im (1  ex )  1
x x 0  x 
 sin x   x sin x 
L.H.L. = im (1  ex )  = x im (e  1) x 
x 0   x  0 
 
sin x
when x  (–h, 0) and h  0, then ex – 1  (–1, 0) and <1
x
sin x
So –1 < (ex – 1) <0
x
 sin x 
So im (ex – 1)  1 L.H.L. = R.H.L. = –1
x 0  x 
 x3 
cos  x –  ...  – cos x
cos (sin x) – cos x  3 ! 
5. im = im
x 0 x4 x 0 x4
  x3 
2
 x3 
4

 x –  ...   x –  ...  
    x 
2
6   6  x4
 1–  – ...... – 1–  – ....
  
2! 4! 2! 4!

 
= im
x 0 x4
1 2 1  x
4
x4  .  –  ......
= im  2 6 24  24 =
1 1
 –
1
=
1
x 0 x4 6 24 24 6
1  t 1  nt  t 1
 t t 1  nt 
2
t  tt
t
t 1  1
6. lim = lim (LH. rule) = lim (LH. rule) = =2
t 1 1  t  nt t 1 1 t 1 1 1
1   2
t t
ADVLCD- 26
7.
x 
im tan2 x
  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  sin2 x  6 sin x  2 
2
 2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  (sin2 x  6 sin x  2) 

= im tan2 x  
  2 sin2 x  3 sin x  4  sin2 x  6 sin x  2 
x 
2  
(sin2
x – 3 sin x  2)
= im tan2 x .
x 

2
2  3  4  1 6  2
1  sin2 x – 3sin x  2  0  0
= im   0 form  0 :i  (use L'Hospital rule)
x 

2
6 cos2 x     
1 2 sin x cos x – 3cos x 1 2 sin x – 3  1  1  1
= im = im =    =
6 x 
 2cos x(– sin x) 6 x 
 –2sin x  6  2  12
2 2
8. ,  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

 ax2 + bx + c = a(x – ) (x – )
1 a(x–  ) (x–  )
im ax bx c
2
 
im
(x–  )
im 1  ax 2  bx  c x  = ex x  = ex   = ea( – )
x 
 n 
   3 
1 1
xn
e x  2x ex ex


9. im   , n  N
x  xn
n
x xn
(2) ex
 (3) ex
xn
im when x   , 0
x  xn ex
ex
xn
Put = t
ex
 2t  3 t  2
im   = n2 – n3 = n  
t 0
 t  3
10.


im  im
exp x n 1  x
ay

 exp  x




b y  
n 1  x   
  

y 0 x  y 
 
 


by  

x
ay x

 1  x  1  x  
= im  im    by expansion
y 0 x  y 
 
 
  x(x – 1) a2 y2   x(x – 1) b2 y2 
  1  ay  .  .....    1  by  .  ....  
 2! x2 2! x2 
= im  im   

y 0 x y
 
 
 
 y 2

 y(a – b)  2 (a – b )  ..... 
2 2
= im   =a–b
y 0
 y 
 
ADVLCD- 27
 2x x
11. f(x) = im  cot 1 2 
t 0   t 
Case-I : when x = 0
f(x) = 0
Case-II : when x > 0
 2x x 2x 2x
f(x) = im  cot 1 2  =  cot 1() = . 0=0
t 0
  t   
Case-III when x < 0
 2x x 2x 2x
f(x) = im  cot 1 2  = × cot–1 (– ) = .  = 2x f(x) = 2x
t 0
  t   
12. g(x) = x – [x] = {x}  [0, 1)

g(x) is discontinuous only at x  I
Now h(x) = fog(x)
h(x) is continuous  x  R – I
Let x  I, consider x = n
h(n) = f [g(n)] = f(0)
lim h(x)  lim f({x}) = f(1) = f(0)
x n x n
lim h (x) = lim f({x}) = f(0)  h(x) is continuous x  I

x n x n
h(x) is continuous  x  R
 b
(a  b  5)   a   x 2  .....
13. lim f(x) = lim  2
3
x 0  x 0 x2
b
 a + b + 5 0 & –a – =3  a = –1, b = –4
2
1/ x
  cx  dx3   (x  dx)3 
Because lim f(x) = lim  1  
x 0 
  exists so, lim    0 c = 0
x 0
  x2  x 0
 x2 
Now lim (1 + dx)1/x = ed = 3

x 0
 x2 x is irational
14. f(x) = 
1 x is rational
It is continuous x 2 = 1 x =  1
Discontinuous at all x except x = 1, –1
[sin0]  0 0  x 1
[sin1]  0 1 x2

[sin2]  0 2x3

15. f(x) = [sin[x]] = [sin3]  0 3x4
[sin 4]  1 4x5

[sin5]  1 5x6

[sin6]  1 6  x  2
f(x) is discontinuous at (4, –1)
ADVLCD- 28
 0 x
16. f(x) = 
( 1) x  (n,n  1), n  
n
f(x) = discontinous at all integer value of x.
  1
17. lim f(x)  lim h 1  hsin      0
x  0 h 0
  h 
 1
lim f(x)  lim h 1  hsin 0
x  0 h 0
 h 
f(0) = 0
f(x) is continuous at x = 0
  1  1
 h  1  hsin      0 1  hsin   
  h   h
LHD at x = 0 is lim = lim =
h 0 h h  0
h
LHD is not define so f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
18. y = f(x) = max {x2, (x–1)2, 2x(1–x)}

y = f(x)
Non-differentiable at two points.
1 ; x   –1,0 

19. f(x) = [x] [sin x], x  (–1, 1) = 
0 ; x  [0,1)

f(x) is continuous in (–1, 0)
20. f(x) = [n + psinx],x  (0, ) graph of y = n + p sinx
obviously
f(x) = [n +psinx] is discontinous at points mark in above curve
 number of such points  (p –1) + 1 + p –1 = 2p –1
1
21. Given g(x) = g(x) cannot be define where f(x) = 0
f(x)
 if f(x) is onto, g(x) may or may not be onto

same argument can be given for continuity and differentiability of g(x) if f(x) is one-one
 for x1x2 f(x1)f(x2)
g(x1)g(x2)
 g(x) is also one-one

ADVLCD- 29
22. f(x) = x3  x2 + x + 1
f '(x) = 3x2  2x + 1 > 1 ,  x R
f(x) is strictly increasing

max {f(t) ; 0  t  x} , 0  x 1 f(x) 0  x 1
So g(x) =  = 
 3xx , 1 x  2  3xx 1 x  2
2 2
g(1) = f(1) = 1 – 1 + 1 + 1 = 2 = lim g(x)

x 1
lim g(x) = 3 – 1 + 1 = 3
x 1
g(x) is neither continous nor differentiable at x = 1
 x  y  f(x)  f(y)
23. f   = .......(1) f(0) = 0, f '(0) = 3
 3  3
Put x = 3x and y = 0
f(3x)
f(x) = ........(2)
3
 3x  3h  f(3x)  f(3h) f (3 x )
lim f(x  h) = lim f   = lim = = f(x)
h 0 h 0
 3  h  0 3 3
Similarly we can prove lim f(x  h)  f(x) f(x) is continuous for all x in R
h0
f(h) f( h)
Given that f '(0) = 3  lim = lim =3
h 0 h h 0 h
 x  y  4  2f(x)  2f(y)
24. f  ,x,y  R ......(1)
 3  3
1 xy 2
differentiate w.r.t. y f     3 f (y)
3  3 
replace x with 3x and y with 0
f(x) = –2f (0)
put x = 0
we get f(0) = 0 f(x) = 0  f(x) = constant f(x) = f(0)
4 4
in equation (1) put x = 0 = y it gives f(0) = f(x) =
7 7
PART-II
–1 –1
sin (1– {x} . cos (1– {x}) sin–1(1– h) . cos–1(1– h)
1. im f(x) = im = im
x 0 x 0 2{x} (1– {x}) h  0
2h (1– h)

sin–1(1– h) sin–1 h (2 – h) 2 sin–1 h(2 – h)  h 
= im = im 2h – h2 = im .1. 1– 
h  0 h  0 1 h  0
(1– h) 2h 2h – h 2
2h 2 2 2

sin– 1 (1 – {x}) cos
–1
(1 – {x}) sin–1 h . cos –1 h 
im f(x) = im– = im  2 =
x 0 – x  0 2 {x} (1 – {x}) h  0
2(1– h) h 2 2 2
2 2
then 4  lim f ( x )   8  lim f ( x )  = 4(/2)2 + 8(/2 2 )2 = 22
 x 0   x 0 
ADVLCD- 30
 sin  1  
  1  1 
 
 x  1 
im x sin  x   sin    im   
 sin    = 1 + 0 = 1
x 
2.
  x 1  2
 x 
 2
 x  x 
 
1– cos x cos 2x 1– cos2 x cos2x 1

3. im = im = im .
(1  cos x (1  cos x
x 0 2 x 0 2 x 0
x cos 2x )x cos 2x )
 1  cos 2x
1–  cos 2x
1 – cos2 x cos 2x 1  2  1 2 – cos2x – (cos2x)2
im = im = im
x 0 x2 2 x 0 x2 2 x 0 2x 2
1 1 1 1– cos2x
= im – 2 (cos 2x + 2) (cos 2x – 1) = im (cos 2x + 2). im
4 x  0
x 4 x  0 x  0 x2
2
(1 2) 2 sin2 x 3  sin x  3 3 30
= .2 im  limit = 
4 x 0  x 
= . im = = 16.50
4 x 0 x2 2 2 2
 3f(x) – 1 3 im f(x) – 1
4. im f(x) exist and is finite & non zero im  f(x)  2  = 3  im f(x) + x  2
=3
x  x 
 f (x)  x 
 im f(x)
 x  
Let im f(x) = A
x 
3A – 1
A+ = 3 A = 1 so im f(x) = 1
A2 x 
5. im f(g (h (x)))
x0
L.H.L. x  0 –
im h (x) = 0 +
x0–
im f(g(x))
x0
then im g(x) = 1 +
x0
1 35
im f(x) = 12(1) – =
x0 3 3
R.H.L. x  0 +
h (x) = 0 +
so im f(g(x)) = 0
x0
35
L.H.L. = R.H.L. =
3
6. im g(f(x))
x 0
L.H.L. = im g[f(x)]
x 0–
5 5
im g(sinx) = im g(sinh) = im (sin 2 h + ) =
x 0– h 0 h 0 4 4
5 5
R.H.L. = im g[f(x)] = im g(sinx) = im g(sinh) = im (sin 2 h + ) =
x 0 x  0 h 0 h 0 4 4
5
L.H.L. = R.H.L. =
4
5
so im g[f(x)] =
x 0 4
ADVLCD- 31
 1 1 1 1 
7. im     .............  
n  n2 n2  1 n2  2 n2  2n 
using sandwitch theorem
1 1

n 2 n
1 1

n 1
2 n
1 1

n2  2n n
adding all these inequilities
1 1 1 1 2n
   .............  
n 2
n 1
2
n 2
2
n  2n
2 n
Taking both side im
n
 1 1 1 1 
im     .............  =2
n  n2 n 1
2
n 2
2
n  2n 
2
1  1  1   2  1 
8. lim x 2  2  = lim x 2  2   2    lim 1  x  2   = 1
x  0  x  x 0 x  x  x 0
  x 
similarly lim – f(x) = 1
x  0
 sin 1 x  tan1 x 94x tan1( 2  1) 

9. im    is equal to
x  0  3 sin  x 
 x 
 
 sin 1 x  tan1 x 94x 
 8 
 12 3

  x3 x5
 

 x  x .... –  x–  –....
 94
 1 1
x3     x5
 3! 3 
...... 
47
  3 ! 3 5
im = im + = im + =12.25
x  0  sin x 
3 3
3  x  x
x x 0 8 x 0 4
 
 
x 3
1 x3
10. im = 1   im im = 1
x 0
a  x  bx – sin x  x 0
a  x x 0 bx – sin x
1 x3 1 x3
  . im =1 . im = 1
a 
x 0
x3 x5  a x 0 x3 x5
bx –  x –  – ...... (b – 1) x  –  ...
 3 ! 5 !  3 ! 5 !
If limit exists, then b – 1= 0  b=1
1 x3 1 1
so . im = 1  × = 1  a = 36
a x 0 3  1 x 2  a 1
x  –  ....
 6 120  6
so a = 36, b = 1
n n
 7    7  5 
 
5
 x         
  
11. f(x) = x f(0) =
4(  1)   4(  1) 
1  1  
n
  1 1 
  4()(  1) 
n
35 35
 f(0) =  f(0) =
4
      1
1

1
35  1  35n
  f(0) = 1  f(0) =
4  n  1  4(n  1)
35n 35 35 35
Now im f(0) = im = im = 
n  n 4(n  1) n  1 4(1  0) 4
4 1  
 n 
ADVLCD- 32
h2 
12. LHL = im f(0 – h) im = f(– h) = im  –1 
=1
h 0 h 0 h 0
 1  1
RHL = im f(0 + h) = im f(h) = im  im n 
=
h 0 h 0 h 0  n  4  h  4
 x 11 2 
1
13.  (1  x) x = e 1–  x  .....
 2 24 
 x 11 2 
1
e – e 1–  x – .....
e  (1  x) x  2 24  e
Now  = im = im =
x0 tan x x0 x 3 2x 5 2
x   .....
3 15
nx
e n x  en x  2 cos  k x2
14. im 2
x  0 (sin x  tan x)
 n2 x 2 n 4x 4   n 2x 2 n 4x 4 
2 1    .....  2 1    ........  k x 2
= im  2! 4!   4.2! 16.4! 
x  0  x 3
  x 3
2 5 
x   ........    x   x  ....... 
 3!   3 15 
 n2   2n 4 2n 4 
x2  n 2   k   x 4  
= im  4   4! 16.4! 
x  0  1 1
x 3      ..........
 3! 3 
limit exists, if coff. of x2 is zero.
n2
n2 + – k = 0 4k = 5n2
4
so the possible value match that is n = 2, k = 5
n n n
 (n) (n  1) (2n  1) 
r
r 1
2
(n  r  1)  (n  1)
r 1
r2   r3
r 1
 (n  1) 
15. im = im = im  6  1
n   n n   n n  
 n (n  1)
2 2


r 1
r 3

r 1
r3 
 4


1/ 3 4 1
= –1=  1 
1/ 4 3 3
n98 1
16. im =
n   x
C2 x C3  99
nx 1  x C1   2  ... 
 2n 
 6n 
the limit obviously exists if x – 1 = 98
ADVLCD- 33
 1 , x0
 0 , 0  x  1/ 2

 1 , 1/ 2  x  1
17. f(x) = 
5  4x , 1 x  5/ 4
4x  5 , 5/4  x  2

 6 , x2
f(x) is discontinous at x = 0, 1/2, 1, 2 in [0, 2]
18. y = f(x)
y = f(|x|)
 1  cosh n (cosh)

19. f   = lim
 
2 h 0 4h2 n [1  4h2 ]
2  sin2 h / 2  4h2 n(1  2sin2 h / 2) 2sin2 h / 2 1 1
= lim   . . . = .1.1. (–1).1 = 
h 0 16  16 2
 2 2 2
 h / 2  n (1 4h ) 2sin h / 2 h / 2 64 64
   = 64 = 2 6 , 4 3 , 8 2 , 64 1
ADVLCD- 34
20. We have lim– f(x) = lim (sin(–h) + cos(–h))cosec(-h) = lim (cosh – sinh)–cosech
x 0 h 0 h 0
1 (cosh  sinh 1) cosh sinh 1
.
(cosh  sinh 1) (  sinh)
= lim (1  (cosh sinh 1) = lim e  sinh
=e
h 0 h 0
1 2 1

e h  e 2 / h  e3 / h e h  e h 1 e
Now we have lim  f(x) = lim = lim 2 2 / h
=
x  0 h 0 ae
2 1/ h
 be 1 3 / h
h 0 (ae )e  (be1 ) b
e
If ‘f’ is continuous at x = 0, then e = a = gives a = e and b = 1
b
21. y = |sinx|
y = sin|x|
y = f(x) = |sinx| + sin|x|
f(x) is continous every where

f(x) is not differentiable at x = n
f(x) is not periodic
22. Differentiability at x = 1
sin[(1  h)2 ] 
 a (1  h)3  b  (a  b)
(1  h) 2
 3 (1  h)  8
f(1–) = Lim
h 0 h
a (1  h)3  a  0  3a (1  h)2
= Lim  form  = Lim
h 0 h 0  h 0 1
f(1–) = 3a
2cos(1  h)   tan1(1  h)  a  b ( 2cos h  tan 1(1  h)  a  b)
f(1+) = Lim = Lim
h 0 h h 0 h
Function is differentiable

 – 2 + = a + b .....(1)
4
2 cos h  tan1 (1 h) 2  / 2 1 1
= Lim = Lim 2 sin h + =
h 0 h h  0 1  (1  h)2
2
1
Now f(1 – ) = f(1 + ) 3a =
2
1
a = ....(2)
6
 13
by (1) and (2) b = –
4 6
ADVLCD- 35
23. lim f(x)  lim x2 e2(x 1)  1

x 1 x 1
f(1) = 1
lim f(x)  lim a sgn (x +1) cos2(x –1) + bx 2 = a.1.1+ b
x 1 x 1
for continuity a + b = 1
(1  h)2 e2h  1  e2h  1 
LHD (x = 1) is lim = lim 2e2h  he2h   = 2 + 0 + 2 = 4
h 0 h 0
h  h 
asgn(2  h)cos2h  b(1  h)2  1 acos2h  b  bh2  2bh  (a  b)
RHD (x = 1) is lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
 cos2h  1 
= lima    bh  2b = 2b
h 0
 h 
f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 if 2b = 4 b = 2 a = –1
24. As 0 < {ex} < 1

{ex }n – 1
 lim – 1  f(x) = – 1  x  R
n   {ex }n  1
25. f(x) = [x sin x] graph of f(x) is as shown in the figure
2f(x)  3f(2x)  f(4x)  0 

26. Given f(0) = 4 lim  0  form
x 0 x2  
2f (x)  6f (2x)  4f (4x)  0 
using LHospital rule lim  0  form
x 0 2x  
2f (x)  12f (2x)  16f (4x) 2.4  12.4  16.4
using L Hospital rule lim = =12
x 0 2 2
27. f(10 – x) = f(x) = f(4 – x)  f(10 – x) = f(4 – x)
Let 4 – x = t  f(6 + t) = t
 f(x) is periodic with period 6.  f(x) = 101 at x = 0,6,12, 18, 24, 30
Since f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)  f(x) is symmetric about x = 2
 f(0) = f(4)  using periodic nature
f(x) = 101 at x = 4, 10, 16, 22, 28  f(5 + x ) = f(5 – x)
x is symmetric about x = 5
f(0) = f(10)   x = 4, 10, 16, 22
f(6) = f(4)  x = 0, 6, 12, 18,
Total different values of x are 0,4, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 28, 30
n
28.  f(a  k)
k 1
= 2048 (2n – 1)
or f(a + 1) + f(a + 2) + ......... + f(a + n) = 2048 (2n – 1)

f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)
f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2
or f(x) = 2x
Now f(a + 1) + f(a + 2) + ........ + f(a + n)
= 2a [2 + 4 + ......... + 2n] = 2a . 2(2n – 1)
or 2048 = 2a + 1 or a = 10
ADVLCD- 36
PART - III
x  9x  20
2
1. f(x) =
x  [x]
x 2  9x  20 25 – 45 20
im = = 0
x5 x  [x] 1
x 2  9x  20 (5  h)2 – 9(5  h)  20 25  10h h2 – 45 – 9h  20
im = im = im
x5 x  [x] h 0 5  h – [5  h] h 0 h
h h
2
h(h  1)
= im = im = 1 
h 0 h h 0 h
  im f(x)  im f(x)
x  5– x5
so im f(x) does not exist

x5
cos2  cos2x
2. Let f(x) =
x2  | x |
(A) im f(x)
x 1
for x = – 1 |x| = – x
cos2  cos2x
f(x)=
x2  x
cos2  cos2x 2sin2x
Now im (form) = im = 2sin2
x 1 x x
2 x 1 2x  1
cos2  cos2x 0 2sin2x
(B) im ( form) = im = 2sin2
x 1 x2  x 0 x 1 2x  1
1  acos x  
3. For im 2
for  0  form
x  0 x 0
1 + a = 0  a = – 1
b sin x b
for im = im b = 0
x  0 x3 x2 x  0
 
2
1  acos x b sin x 1– cos x 2sin2 x  sin x 
Now,  = im – im = im = im 2 = im 2  
2  = 1 . (1)2 = 1

x  0 x 2 x  0 x 3 x  0 x 2 x  0 x2 x  0 4  x 
2 2

 2 
1
 (a, b) = (–1, 0) and  =
2
| x  |
4. f(x) =
sin x
| –  h   | |h|
(A) f(–  ) = im = im = – 1
h 0 sin (–   h) h 0 – sin h
| – – h   | |h|
(B) f(–  ) = im = im = 1
h 0 sin(–  – h) h 0 sin h
(C) f(–  )  f(–  ) so im f(x) does not exist
x  
(D) for im f(x)

x
| x  | 2 – h 2
LHL = im– = im = = 
x  sin x h 0 sinh 0
| x  | 2  h 2
RHL = im = im = – = – 
x  sin x h 0 – sinh 0
LHL  RHL so im f(x) does not exist.
x 
ADVLCD- 37
 2x
1  , 0  x  1
5. f(x) =  a

 ax, 1  x  2
2(1– h) 2
L.H.L. = im– f(x) = im 1 + = 1 +
x 1 h 0 a a
R.H.L. = im f(x) = im a (1 + h) = a
x 1 h 0
 f(x) exists
L.H.L.= R.H.L.
2
 1 + = a  a2 – a – 2 = 0  (a – 2) (a +1) = 0  a = 2, –1
a
6. ,  be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
where 1 <  < .
(i) if a > 0
So ax2 + bx + c > 0 when x  (–, )  (, )

| ax 2  bx  c |
So im  1 when a > 0 and x  (–, )  (, )
x  x0 ax 2  bx  c
(ii) If a < 0
| ax 2  bx  c |
So ax2 + bx + c > 0 when x  (, ) im 1
x  x0 ax 2  bx  c
when a < 0 and x  (, )

So (A) a > 0 and x0 < 1 right
(B) a > 0 and x0 >  right
(C) a < 0 and  < x0 <  right

(D) a < 0 and x0 < 1 wrong
7. (A) If m > n m–n>0  im (x)  0

x 0
(B) If m = n, then
m 1
a0 xm  a1  ..........  ak xmk a0
im (x)  im m 1 m

x 0 x 0
b0 x  b
m
1  ..........  b x b0
a0
(C) If n – m is even positive, then im (x)   as 0
x 0 b0
a0
(D) If n – m is even positive and  0 , then im (x)  
b0 x 0
8. To find im f(x)
x 0
L.H.L. = im– f(x) = im– {x} cot {x} = im (1 – h) cot (1 – h) = cot 1

x 0 x 0 h 0
tan2 [x] tan2 [0  h] tan2 0

R.H.L. = im f(x) = im = im = im = 0
x 0 x 0 x 2 – [x]2 h 0 (0  h)2 – [0  h]2 h 0 h2
 L.H.L.  R.H.L.so f(x) does not exist. f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.
 im f(x) = cot
2
Now cot–1 –1
( cot1)2 = cot–1 (cot 1) = 1
x 0 –
ADVLCD- 38
2
1
x2  2 x2  2 x2 = – 1
9. (A) im = im = im
x  –  3x  6 x   –3x  6 x   6 3
–3 –
x
2
1
x2  2 x2 1
(B) im = im =
x   3x – 6 x   6 3
3–
x
2sin x cos x  a sin x
10. im = p (finite)
x0 x3
sin x  2cos x  a  sin x 2cos x  a 2cos x  a
 im .   = p  x im . im = p  im = p
 
2
x0 x x 2 0 x x0 x x0 x2
0
For   form 2 + a = 0
0
a = – 2
 x
–2  2sin2 
2(cos x – 1)  2
 p = im  p = im  p = – 1
x0 x2 x0 x2
(ax  1)n
11. im 
x   xn  A
n
 1
a  x 
 = (a  0) = an
n
 (A) If n  N  im 
x  A 1 0
1 n
x
(ax  1)n 1
(B) If n  Z– & a= A = 0then im n = im n = n  Z–
x  x A x  x
(ax  1)n 1 1
(C) If n = 0 then im n = im =
x  x A x  1  A 1 A
n
(ax  1)n (ax  1)n  1
(D) If n  Z–, A = 0 & a  0 then im = im = im  a  
x  x A
n x  x n x 
 x
= (a + 0) = a n n
12. (i)  =
x 

im sin x 1 sin x 
 x  1 x  x 1 x
  = im 2 cos  . sin
 
x   2 2
   
 x  1  
x x 1 x
  = im 2 cos  . sin  
x  
 2 
 2
  x  1 
x 

 x  x 1  
 1 
  = im2cos   sin
x  
 2 
 2

x  x 1   

  = (oscillating value –1 to 1) × 0 = 0
(ii) m= im sin x  1  sin x 


x  
when x
then x undefined
m is undefined
ADVLCD- 39
im(– sin h) ( nh)

13. im f(x)= im | 0 – h| sin(0 –h)
= im h s i n ( – h ) = eh0 = e0 = 1
x0 h 0 h 0
im (sin h) ( nh)
im f(x)= im | 0  h |sin (0 h) = im hsin h
= eh = e0 = 1
x0 h h 
 im f(x) = im f(x) = 1
x  0 x  0
 im f(x) = 1
x0
1
14. im  cos x  a sin bx  x = e 2 (1   form)
x  0
 cos x  a sinbx 1   sin x  abcosbx 

lim   im  
 ex0  x 
 e2  ex0  1 
 e2  im
x 0
  sin x  abcosbx  = 2
 ab = 2
2 2
 a = 1, b = 2; a = 2, b = 1; a = 3, b = ; a = , b = 3
3 3
2
15. im 1  ax  bx 2  x = e 3 (1    form)
x0
2x(a  bx)
im (axbx2 ) 2 im
 e x 0 x
= e3  x 0 x  = 3
im 2(a  bx)
 x0 = 3  2a = 3
3
 a = , b  R
2
loge sinh
16. im log x (sin x) = im log  0 h 
(sin(0  h)) = im log h
(sin h) = im
x 0  sin h 0 sin  h 0 sin  h 0 h
2  2  2 loge sin
2
h h h h h
loge 2sin cos loge 2  loge sin  loge cos loge 2  loge cos
= im 2 2 = im 2 2 = im 1 + 2
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
loge sin loge sin loge sin
2 2 2
loge 2  0
= 1 + = 1 + 0 = 1

xn
17. im x = 0 (n  integer)
x e
case (i) when n = 0

n
then im xx = im 1x = 0
x e x e
n
im xx    n!
case(ii) when n is +ve integer im x = 0
 form  = x 
x e  e
case(iii) when n is – ve n = –m where m  z+

n –m
im xx = im x x = im 1 =0
x e x e x   xm.ex
xn
so im x = 0
x e
log3  1 sin1 log3  sin1

2n
18. f(1) = lim 
n  12n  1 2
log(3  h)  (1  h)2n  sin(1  h)
f(1 + ) = lim lim   sin1
h  0 n (1  h)2n  1
log(3  h)  (1  h)2n  sin(1  h)
f (1 – ) = lim lim  log3
h  0 n (1  h)2n  1
discontinous at x = 1
ADVLCD- 40
19. (A) f(x) is continuous no where

(B) g(x) is continuous at x = 1/2
(C) h(x) is continuous at x = 0
(D) k(x) is continuous at x = 0
 | x3| x 
20. f(x) =  x 2 3x 13 Clearly it is continuous at x = 1
   x 1
 4 2 4
f(1+) = f(1–) = f(1) at x = 3 f(3+) = f(3+) = f(3) = 0
It is continuous at x = 3
f(1  h)  f(1)
f(1+) = lim = –1
n0 h
f(1  h)  f(1) h2  2h  1  6  6h  13  8 h2  4h
f(1–) = lim = = lim = –1
n0 h 4h n0 4h
1
21. f(x) = x–1  x  0, 
2
1 2
 which is not continous at x = 2
f(x) x  2
 x 2
tanf(x) = tan    x  0,  
 2 
x  2    2
        1, 
2  2 
 tanf(x) is continuous in [0, ] y = f–1 (x) = 2(1+x), which is also continous in [0, ] 
0 , x
22. f(x) = [x] and g(x) =  2
x , x  R  
limg(x)  lim x2  1 , but g(1) = 0

x 1 x 1
limf(x)  lim[x] does not exist since LHL = 0 and RHL = 1

x 1 x 1
gof(x) = g([x]) = 0  gof(x) is continous for all values of x
0 , x
fog =  2 ,
 [x ] x R  
fog(1) = 0 , lim– fog(x)  0 , lim fog(x)  1

x 1 x 1
fog is not continous at x = 1
ADVLCD- 41
1  x  1 , 1  x  0

23. f(x) = [x] + {x} Curve of y = f(x) =  x , 0  x 1

 1  x  1 , 1  x  2
Method: II y = f(x) can be discontinuous only at x 

so we check continuity only at x = n 
f(n) = [n] + {n}  n  0  n
LHL (x = n) is Lim [n – h] + {n  h} = (n–1) + 1 = n
h  0
RHL (x = n) is Lim [n + h] + {n  h} = (n+0) = n

h  0
f(x) is continous for x R
1
24. f(x) = x  + |x–1| + tanx
2
1 1
x is non-differentiable at x =
2 2
|x–1| is non-differentiable at x = 1

tan x is non-differentiable at x =
2
 (sin1 x)2 cos1/ x x0

25. y  f (x)  
0 x0
f(x) can be discontinuous only at x = 0 in [–1,1]
So we check only at x = 0
 1
(sin1( h))2 cos     0
LHD (x = 0) = limh  h
h 0 h
2
 sin1( h)   1
lim   . hcos   = –1. 0. [finite quantity between [–1, 1]] = 0
h 0
 h  h
2
(sin1( h))  1
RHD (x = 0) is limh . cos    0
h 0 h2 h
Hence f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous in [–1,1]
n
26. f(x) = a
k 0
k | x |k = a0 + a1 |x| + a2|x|2 + a3|x|3 + ............+ an|x|n
f(0) = a0 we know that lim | x | 0

x 0
lim f(x)  a0
x 0
f(x) is continous for x = 0

|x|n is differentiable if n  1, nN
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0, due to presence of |x|
If all a2k+1 = 0, f(x) does not contains |x|  f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
ADVLCD- 42
27. f(xy + 1) = f(yx + 1)

f(x) f(y) – f(y) – x + 2 = f(y) f(x) – f(x) – y + 2
f(x) – f(y) = x – y
Putting y = 0
f(x) – 1 = x – 0
f(x) = x + 1
28. Given f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy ........(1)
f(h)
and lim =3
h 0 h
f(x  h)  f(x) f(h)  xh x2
f(x) = lim = lim  3  x f(x) = 3x + +c
h 0 h h 0 h 2
in equation (1) put x=0=y f(0) = 0
x2
Therefor f(x) = 3x +
2
1 1
29. f(x + a) = + f(x)  f((x)) 2 or f2(x + a) + – f(x + a) = f(x) – f2(x)
2 4
1
or f2(x) + f2 (x + a) + = f(x) + f(x + a) ......(i)
4
Put xx+a
1
f2 (x + a) + f2(x + 2a) + = f(x + a) + f(x + 2a) .......(ii)
4
from (i) – (ii)
f2(x) – f2(x + 2a) = f(x) – f(x + 2a) or (f(x) – f(x + 2a)) (f(x) + f(x + 2a) – 1) = 0
or f(x) = f(x + 2a)  period = 2a
PART–IV
(1 to 3)
im f(x)
x 0
sin x  aex  be x  c n (1  x)

= im = im
x 0 x3 x 0
 x3 x5   x2 x3 x 4   x2 x3 x 4   x 2 x3 x 4 
 x –   ...   a  1  x     ........   b  1– x  –  – ....   c  x –  –  .... 
 3! 5!   2 ! 3! 4!   2 ! 3! 4!   2 3 4 
x3
 a b c  1 a b c  
(a  b)  x(1  a – b)  x 2   –   x 3  –  –    x 4    ....
 2! 2! 2   3 ! 3! 3! 3   
= im
x 0 x3
ab  0 
 1 1
limit is finite  1  a – b  0  a = – , b = and c = 0
 2 2
a  b – c  0
1 a b c 1
Also im f(x) = –  –  = – (1 – a + b – 2c) = –
x 0 3! 3! 3! 3 3
1 1
1. a+b+c=– + +0=0
2 2
1
2. im f(x) = –
X  0 3
sin x aex  be– x  c n(1  x) ab–c
3. im x f(x) = im = =0
x 0 x 0 x2 2
ADVLCD- 43
1
4. (A) f (x) = LHL = 0 = RHL
n| x|

(B) f (x) = x sin LHL = 0 = RHL
x
1
(C) f (x) = f (0) = not define
1  2cot x
LHL = 1
RHL = 0  LHL  RHL
 | sin x | 
(D) f (x) = cos   LHL (at x = 0) = cos (– 1) = cos 1
 x 
RHL (at x = 0) = cos 1
LHL = RHL
5. (A) Lim f(x) = 1 Lim f(x) = 0

x  0 x  0

(B) Lim f(x) = – Lim f(x) = /2
x  0 2 x  0
(C) Lim f(x) = –1 Lim f(x) = 1

x  0 x  0
(D) Lim f(x) = Lim f(x) = 0

x  0 x  0
 1 
 tan tan x x  
6. f(x) 
 n [x]  1 x  
 
  
f   = 1
4 
   
f   = x =
4  4

Jump = 1 –
4
7. g(t) = lim (1 + a tan x)t/x

x  0
t tan x
lim a tan x lim ta
g(t) = ex  0 x = ex  0 x
g(t) = eta
= eta
g(x) = e ax
 a = 2, g(x) = e2x
g(2) = e4
 x eax , x0
8. f(x) = 
 x  ax  x , x  0
2 3
lim f(x) = lim x + ax2 – x3 = 0

x 0  x 0
lim f(x) = lim x eax = 0

x 0 x 0
f(0) = 0
a  (0, )
f(0  h)  f(0) h  ah2  h3

9. f(0+) = lim = lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
f(o – h)  f(o) he –ah
f(0–) = lim = lim =1
h 0 – h h 0 h
ADVLCD- 44
10. (10 to 12)

 0 , x  1
1  x , 1  x  0

Given function f(x) can be rewritten as, f(x) = 
1  x , 0  x 1
 0 , x 1
 0 , x  1  1  0 , x0
1  (x  1) , 1  x  1  0  x , 0  x 1
 
 f(x – 1) =  or f(x – 1) = 
1  (x  1) , 0  x 1 1 2  x , 1 x  2
 0 , x 1 1  0 , x2
 0 , x  1  1  0 , x  2
1  (x  1) , 1  x  1  0 2  x , 2  x  1
 
also, f(x + 1) =  or f(x + 1) = 
1  (x  1) , 0  x 1 1  x , 1  x  0
 0 , x 1 1  0 , x0
 0 , x  2
2  x , 2  x  1

  x , 1  x  0
Now, g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 
 x , 0  x 1
2  x , 1 x  2

 0 , x2
It is easy to check that g(x) is continuous for all x  R and non-differentiable at x = – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2.
EXERCISE # 3
PART - I
x n(1 b2 )
1  1
= 1 + b2 = 2b sin2   sin2 = b  b 
x
1. lim e
x 0 2  
1 
We know b +  2  sin2 1 but sin2  1  sin2 =1  = ±
b 2
2. f(x) = kx
Hence f(x) is continuous & differentiable at x  R & f ’(x) = k (constant)
    
3*. (A) at x = – Lf  –  = 0 = f– 
2  2  2
 
Rf  –  = 0  continuous
 2
(B) at x = 0 Rf(0) = 1
Lf(0) = 0  not differentiable
(C) at x = 1 Rf(1) = 1
Lf(1) = 1  differentiable at x = 1
3  3
(D) at x = – > – f(x) = – cos x  differentiable at x = –
2 2 2
1  1 
  b   b
x b  f(x) =  b  b,
+ 
1 b
4. f(x) = = f(x) < 0 x (0, 1)
bx  1 b (bx  1) (bx  1)2
Range of f(x) is (–1, b) so range  co-domain
so f is not invertible
f–1 doesnot exist
No comparison with f–1
ADVLCD- 45
 x2  x  1 
5. im  – ax – b  = 4
x 
 x  1 
 x 2 (1– a)  x(1– a – b)  (1– b) 

im   =4
x 
 x 1 
Limit is finite. It exists when 1 – a = 0  a = 1
 1– b 
 1– a – b  x 
then im  = 4
x 
 1 
1
 x 
 1–a–b=4  b=–4
6. ((1 + a)1/3 – 1)x2 + ((a+1)1/2 – 1)x + ((a+1)1/6 – 1) = 0

let a + 1 = t6
 (t2 – 1)x2 + (t3 – 1)x + (t – 1) = 0
(t + 1)x2 + (t2 + t + 1)x +1 = 0
As a  0 , t  1
1
2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0  x = – 1 and x = –
2
7. (i) for derivability at x = 0
 
h2 . cos  –  – 0
f(0 – h) – f(0)  h 
L.H.D. = f '(0–)= im = im = im – h . cos =0
h 0 –h h 0 –h h 0 h

h2 . cos   – 0
f(0  h) – f(0) h
RHD f '(0+) = im = im = 0  So f(x) is derivable at x = 0
h 0 h h  0 h
(ii) check for derivability at x = 2
     
(2  h)2 . cos   –0 (2  h)2 .cos  
f(2  h) – f(2)  2  h  2h
RHD = f '(2+)= im = im = im
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
    h 
(2  h)2 .sin  – (2  h)2 .sin  
 2 2  h   2(2  h)  .  
= im = im = (2)2 . =
h 0 h h 0    2(2  h) 2(2)
 2(2  h)  h
 
  
(2 – h)2. cos   –0
f(2 – h) – f(2) 2–h
LHD = im = im
h 0 –h h 0 –h
      
(2 – h)2.  – cos   – 0 (2 – h)2 cos  
  2 – h  2–h
= im = im
h 0 –h h 0 h
    h 
(2 – h)2 .sin  –  (2 – h)2.sin  – 
= im  2 2 – h  = im  2(2 – h)  . –  =–
h 0 h h  0  h  2(2 – h)
–
 2(2 – h) 
 
So f(x) is not derivable at x = 2
ADVLCD- 46
f(2n)  an  an  bn  1
 
8*. f(2n )  an  an  bn  1
 
f(2n )  bn  1 So B is correct
f(2n  1)  an  an  bn 1  1
 
f((2n  1) )  an  an  bn 1  1 So D is correct
f((2n  1) )  bn 1  1
 an 1  bn  1
9*. Consider
h(x) = f(x) – g(x) Assume a<b
h(a) =  – g(a) > 0
h(b) = f(b) –  < 0
else if a > b h(a) < 0 and h(b) > 0.
By intermediate value theorem  h(c) = 0 .....(1)
(A) (f(c)) + 3f(c) = (g(c)) + 3g(c)
2 2
(f(c) – g(c)) (f(c) + g(c) + 3) = 0

So there exist a 'c' : f(c) – g(c)
from (1).
Hence A is correct.
(D) Similarly (f(c)) 2 = (g(c)) 2
(f(c) – g(c)) (f(c) + g(c)) = 0
 (D) is correct.
B&C are wrong as by counter eg
If f(x) = g(x) =   0, then
B  2 +  = 2 + 3 is not possible.
C  2 + 3 = 2 +  is not possible.
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a 1 x 1
10. lim   
x 1  x  sin(x  1)  1  4
x x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a  1
 lim   
x 1  x  sin(x  1)  1  4
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a  1
Hence lim   
x 1  (x  1)  sin(x  1)  4
put x = 1 + h,
1 1 h
 ah  sinh  1
lim   =
h0  h  sinh  4
a  1 1 1
or = or   a=0 or 2
2 2 2
ah  sinh
But at a = 2, tends to negative value. So correct Answer is a = 0
h  sinh
However a = 2 may be accepted if this is not considered
ADVLCD- 47
 x 1 x  0
11. f(x) = |x| + 1 = 
 x  1 x  0
g(x) = x = 1
2
y
(0,2)
(–1,1) (1,1)
(–1,0) (1,0)
Number of Non-differential points 3.

 x2 x  0
12. f2(f1(x)) = (f1(x))2 –  2x
e x0
 x2 x0
f4(x)  2x
 e  1 x 0
f1(x) f2(x)
x x
f3(x)
f4(x)
x2 e2x – 1
x
f4(x) is many-one onto, continuous and non-derivable. f3(x) is many-one, into, continuous and derivable
f2(x) is one-one, into, differentiable. Hence R  2
so (D)
p  1, q  3, R  2, S  4
13*. g(0) = 0, g (0) = 0 g (1)  0

 g(x) ; x  0

f(x) g(x) ' x  0 h(x) = e|x|
 0
 ; 0
 
f h  x   = g e|x| , h  f  x    e
|g x |
g  x  – g 0 
R  f'  0   = lim = g(0) = 0
x 10 x0
–g  x  – g 0 
 
L f'  0  = lim =
x 10 x0
g(0) = 0
 
R h'  0  = 1 & L h'  0   –1   So h(x) is non derivable. at x = 0
Now lim
f h  x   – f h  0  
= lim
 
g e|x| – g 1
x 0 x x 0 x
g(e )  g(1)
x
g(e x )  g(1) e x  1
R(f(h(x))) = lim = lim = g(1)
x 0 x x 0 ex  1 x
 
L f ' hx  = – g (1) Hence f  h  x   is non derivable at x = 0
Since x = 0 is repeated root of g(x) So f  h  x   is differetiable at x = 0

hence (A), (D)
ADVLCD- 48
  
14*. f(x) = sin  sin  sin x  
6 2 
   
Let sin x =     – , 
2  2 2
 
 f(x) = sin  sin  
6 
   
Let sin  =     – , 
6  6 6
 1 1
 f(x) = sin   – ,    (A)
 2 2
   
Now fog(x) = sin  sin  sin  sin x   
6 2 2 
 1 1
Clearly, range of fog is also  – ,   (B)
 2 2
        
sin  sin  sin x   sin  sin  sin x   sin  sin x 
 6  2  2  6  2  6  2 
Now, lim = lim 
x 0  x 0      sin x
sin x sin  sin x  x
2 6 2  x
 
sin  sin x   sin x
2  2  2 1  
= lim      (C)
x 0  6  x 3 2 6
sin x
2
Now, gof(x) = 1
   
 sin  sin  sin x   = 1
2  2  2 
   2 2 1
 sin  sin  sin x       (D)
 6  2    3.14 2
 1)  cos(an )  1  a2n
)1
n
e(ecos(a
15. m  2 and n  2 = lim  
a0 (cos(an )  1)  (an )2  am
 ecos(an )1  1)   cos(an )  1  1
= e  lim    lim    lim a
2nm
= e × 1 ×   lim a2nm
a0  cos(a )  1)  a0
n  2n 2 a0
   a  a0
Now lim a2n–m must be equal to 1. i.e., 2n – m = 0
a 0
m
2
n
16. h(g(g(f(x)) = f(x)
h(g(x)) = f(x) (by definition)
h(g(x) = fof
h(x) = f(fof(x))
g (f) = f = 1
now x2 + 3x + 2 = 2
we get x = 0
g(f(0)) f (0) = 1
1 1
g (2) = = h'(x) = f(f(x)) f (x)
f '(0) 3
h'(1) = f(6) f(1) = 111 × 6 and h(0) = f(f(0)) = f(2) = 8 + 6 + 2 = 16
and h (g(3)) = f(3) = 27 + 9 + 2 = 38
ADVLCD- 49
 3 x 3 5 x 5   3 x 2 
x 2  x   – ....... x3     ....... 
x sin x
2  3! 5!   3! 
17. Lim = Lim   = Lim   =1
x 0 x  sinx x 0  x 3
x 5  x 0 x 3
x 5
x   x    ........ (  1)x    ........
 3! 5!  3! 5!
 
 – 1 = 0  = 1, Limit = 6  = 1
1  1 7
  = 6 ( + ) = 6 1 6  = 6 × 6 = 7
6  
 1
 –3 –  x 1
2

 –2 1 x  2
18. f(x) = [x2 – 3] = [x2] – 3 = 
 –1 2x 3

0 3x2
 1 x2
g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x–7| f(x)

 1
 (–x – 4x – 7)(–3) – x0
2

(x – (4x – 7))(–3) 0  x 1

(x – (4x – 7))(–2) 1 x  2
= (|x| + |4x – 7|) [x – 3] = 
2
(x – (4x – 7))(–1) 2x 3

 ((x – (4x – 7))(0) 3  x  7/4

 (x  (4x – 7))(0) 7/4  x  2
 (x  (4x – 7))(1) x2

 1
15x  21 –
2
x 0

 9x – 21 0  x 1

=  6x – 14 1 x  2
 3x – 7 2 x 3

 0 3 x2

 5x – 7 x 2
Now graph of given function is

21
27/2
3
1 1 2 3 2
–1/2 1 2 3 2 3 3 7
–1/2 3 2 7
f(x) g(x) 6 2  14
–1
–8
–2
–12
–3
–21
Clearly F is not discontinuous at exactly 4 point in [–1/2, 2] and g is not differentiable at 4 points in
(–1/2, 2) Hence Ans. is BC
ADVLCD- 50
19. at x = 0, x = 0 is repeated root of g(x) = |x| sin|x 3 + x| hence f(x) is differentiable

& at x = 1  a cos|x3 – x| = acos(x3 – x)
as cos(–) = cos()
 f(x) is differentiable
20. f(x) = xcos( (x + [x])

Check continuity at x = n
f(n) = ncos2n = n
f(n+) = ncos2n = n
f(n–) = ncos(2n–1)= – n
It is discontinous at all integer points except 0
1  (1  h)(1  h) 1 1  (1  h)2 1 h2  2h 1

21*. f(1+) = lim cos = lim cos = lim cos
h0 h h h0 h h h0 h h
1
= lim( h  2)cos  lim f(1 ) does not exist 
h0 h h0
1  (1  h)(1  h) 1 1  (1  h2 ) 1 h2 1 1
f(1–) = lim cos = lim cos = lim cos = lim hcos  0
h0 h h h0 h h h0 h h h0 h
1  
n
 tan
1 1 1
22. fn(x) =   fn(x) = tan (x + n) – tan (x) f 'n (x) =
–1 –1 
 1  (x  j)(x  j  1)  1  (x  n) 1  x2
2
j1
fn(0) = tan–1(n)  tan2 (tan–1n) = n2

5 5
 j
5.6.11
(A) tan2 (f j (0)) = 2
  55
j1 j1
6
1 1
(B) f 'n (0) = 1  1 + fn(0) =
1 n 2
1  n2
sec2 (fn(0)) = sec2 (tan–1 (n)) = 1+ n2.
 1 
Hence (1 + f 'n (0)).sec2(fn(0)) =  2
 (1 + n ) = 1
 1  n2 
10 10
so 
i1
(1  f i' (0)) sec2 (fi(0)) = 1  10
i1
 n 
lim f n (x) = lim tan1   0
x  x   1  x(n  x) 
lim tan (fn(x)) = 0 & lim sec 2 (fn (x))  1

x  x 
sin 1  eh  0 sin 1  eh 1  e h

2 2 2
|h|
23. (i) f '1(0) = lim = lim  2

h0 h h0 h2 h h
1 e
|h| |h|
=1×1× =1×1× = limit does not exist.
h h
 for option (P), (2) is correct.
ADVLCD- 51
| sin x | | sin x | x |x| |x|

(ii) lim f 2 (x)  lim 1
= lim   1
 = lim 1 1
x 0 x 0 tan x x 0 |x| tan x x x 0 x
= limit does not exist  for option Q, (1) is correct.

(iii) lim f3 (x) = lim[sin(loge (x  2))]
x 0 x 0
now at x tends to zero (x + 2) tends to 2

 loge (x + 2) tends to n2
 loge (x + 2)  n2
which is less than 1
0 < lim sin(loge (x + 2)) < sin1
x 0
 lim [sin(loge(x + 2))] = 0

x 0
f3(x) = {0 x  [–1, e/2 – 2)

 f '3(x) = 0 x (–1, e/2 – 2)
 f "3(x) = 0 x (–1, e/2 – 2)
Hence for (R), (4) is correct.
 1  1
(iv) lim f4(x) = lim  x 2 sin  = lim x2  sin  = 0
x 0 x 0  x x 0  x
 1
h2 sin    0
x  1
f '4 (0) = lim = lim hsin   = 0
h 0 x h0 x
1 1
f '4 (x) = –cos + xsin , x  0
x x
1 1
 cos  hsin  0
f"4(0) = h h does not exist
h
hence for (S), (3) is correct.
h2 / 3  0
24. (A) lim =0
h0 |h|
sinh 0
(B) lim does not exist
h0 h2
| h | 0
(C) lim =0
h 0 |h|
(D) f(X) = x|x|
f (h)  f (0) h | h | 0
 lim 2
= lim does not exist
h0 h h0 h2
ADVLCD- 52
PART - II
f(3x)
1. lim =1
x 0 f(x)
f(2x) f(3x)
f(x) < f(2x) < f(3x) Divide by f(x) 1  
f(x) f(x)
f(2x)
using sandwitch theorem  lim =1
x  f(x)
Hence correct option is (4)
sin (x  2)
2. lim 2
x 2 (x  2)
 does not exist 
(f(x)2 ) – 9
3. im  0 ; im[(f(x))2 – 9]  0 ; im f(x) = 3
x 5
|x–5| x 5 x 5
4. f(0) = q
1
1  x  ..... – 1
(1  x) 1/ 2
– 1 2 1
f(0+) = im = im =
x 0 x x  0 x 2
sin (p  1)x  sin x
f(0–) = im–
x 0 x
(cos(p  1)x)(p  1)  (cos x)
f(0–) = im = (p + 1) + 1 = p + 2
x 0 – 1
1 3 1
 p+2=q=  p=– ,q=
2 2 2
 x sin(1/ x) , x  0
5. f(x) =  at x = 0
 0 , x0
  1 
LHL = lim  –hsin  –   = 0 × a finite quantity between – 1 and
h 0
  h 
1
RHL = lim h sin =0
h 0 h
f(0) = 0
 f(x) is continuous on R.
f2(x) is not continuous at x = 0
x 2 f(a) – a2 f(x) 2xf(a) – a2 f (x)
6. im = im = 2af(a) – a2f (a)
x a x–a x a 1
x 2 f(a) – a2 f(x) x 2 f(a) – a2 f(a)  a2 f(a) – a2 f(x)
Alter im = im
x a x–a x a x–a
(x – a )f(a) – a (f(x) – f(a))
2 2 2
 f(x) – f(a) 
= im = im (x + a) f(a) – a2   = 2af(a) – a2f (a)
x a x–a x  a
 (x – a) 
7. Doubtful points are x = n, n  I
 2x – 1   2n – 1 
L.H.L = lim– [x] cos    = (n – 1) cos  2   = 0
x n  2   
 2n – 1   2n – 1 
R.H.L. = lim [x] cos    = n cos  2   = 0
x n  2   
f(n) = 0
Hence continuous
ADVLCD- 53
8. f(x) = 3 2x5
f(x) = 0 2<x<5
f(4) = 0
(1– cos2x) (3  cos x) x 2sin2 x 3  cos x x 1

9. I = im 2
. = im 2
. . = 2.4. = 2
x 0 x 1 tan4x x 0 x 1 tan 4x 4
sin(  cos2 x)  0  sin(  cos2 x) sin(  sin 2 x)  sin2 x

10. Lim  form  = Lim = × = .
x 0 x2 0  x 0 x2  sin2 x x2
11.
1– cos2x  3  cos x  = lim
2sin2 x (3  cos x) cos 4x
=2
lim
x 0 x tan 4x x 0 x2 sin 4x 4
4x

k x  1 0  x  3
12. g(x)  
 mx  2 3  x  5

 
k x  1 – 2k   x  1– 4   k
L(g(3)) = lim–  lim– k   =
x 3 x–3 x 3
 
  x – 3 x  1  2  

4
mx  2 – 2k
R(g(3)) = lim
x 3 x–3
Since this limit exists 3m + 2 – 2k = 0  2k = 3m + 2 ...(i)
So R(g(3)) = m by L-Hospital rule
Since g(x) is differentiable k = 4m ...(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii)
2 8
m= ,k=  k+m=2 ...(ii)
5 5
 21x tan x 2
 
1 lim 1 tan2 x 1 lim 1
  2( x )2
13. P = lim 1 tan2 x 2x then log p = P = e x0 = e x 0 = e2
x 0
1
2 1
logP = log e =
2
14. f(x) = n2 – sin x
f(f(x)) = n2 – sin | n2 – sin x |

In the vicinity of x = 0
g(x) = n2 – sin(n2– sinx)
Hence g(x) is differentiable at x = 0 as it is sum and composite of differentiable function
g'(x) = cos(n2 – sinx). cosx
g'(0) = cos(n2)
ADVLCD- 54

15. x t
2
 tan t  sin t
lim
t 0 (2t)3
 sin t(1  cos t) 1
lim 
t 0 8t cos t
3 16
  1  2  15  
16. lim x        ......    
x 0
x x  x 
  1 2 15  
lim  x    x    ......  x    = 1 + 2 + 3 + ………+ 15 =
15
15  1  120
x 0
 x x  x  2
17. f (x) = |x – |. (e|x| –1) sin |x| According to given options we have to check only at x = 0 and 
at x = 0, f(0) = 0
f(0 – h) – f(0) (   h).(eh – 1)sinh (  – h)(eh – 1)sinh
LHD = lim = lim = RHD = lim =0
h 0 –h h 0 –h h 0 h
 diff. at x = 0
Now at x = 
f() = 0
f(  – h) – f( ) k.(e –h – 1).sinh
LHD = lim = lim =0
h 0 –h h 0 h
f(   h) – f( ) –h(eh – 1)sinh
RHD = lim = lim =0
h 0 h h 0 h
differential at x =  also, hence answer is (3)
18. Using rationalization

1 1 y4  2 1 1 y4  2
lim 4

y 0 y 1 1 y4  2
1 y4  1 1 1 y4  1 1 1
= lim   = lim 
y 0 y4 1 1 y4  2 1 y4  1 y 0
1 1 y4  2 1 y4  1
1 1 1
by putting value of limit =  
2 2 2 4 2
1 4y 3
.
2 1 1 y4 2 1 y
4
1
using L.H rule lim =
y 0 4y 3 4 2
1  x  sin 1  x  sin  1  x  2 
19. Lim  
x 1 1  x 1  x 
1  x  sin  x  1  sin   2 
= Lim   = Lim   x  1  sin  x  1 =–1 + 1 = 0
x 1  x  1 1 x 1  x  1
ADVLCD- 55
20. y = f(x) –2
1 2
–1
y = |f(x)| 1
–2 1 2
–2 –1 1 2
y = f(|x|)
–1
y = g(x)
–1 1 2
one non differential point at x = 1
x  [ 1, 0)  (  x  1)

 x  [0, 1)  x
21. Interval f(x) = 
 x  [1, 2)  2x
 x  [2, 3)  x2
at x = 0, 1
f(x) is discontinuous
ADVLCD- 56
 x  2sin x   x 2  2sinx  1  sin2 x – x  1 

  sin x  
1   2


  x  2sin x  1  sin x – x  1

2 2

= lim  
x
22. lim
x 0 x 2  2sin x  1– sin2 x  x – 1 x 0 2sin x sin2 x
x – 1
x x
(1  2)(1  1)
= =2
3
23. g(x) = |f(x)|
f ( x ) – f (c ) f (x)
g'(c+) = lim = lim = ± f'(c)
x c x–c x c x–c
f ( x ) – f (c ) f (x)
g'(c–) = lim– = lim– = ± f'(c)
x c x–c x c x–c
for g (x) to be differentiable at x = c.
f'(c) must be 0. Else it is non-differentiable.
24.  f(x) is non differentiable at x = 1, 3, 5
 f(f(x)) = f(f(1) + f(f(3)) + f (f(5)) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
25. LHL = a + 3
f(0) = b
 1 
 1  3h3 – 1 
RHL = lim 
h0 
 1
h 
 
 a = –2
b=1
 a + 2b = 0
 4  4 
26. lim x  –    = A
x 0
 x  x 
4
 lim 4 – x   = A
x 0 x
4–0=A
check when
(A) x = A  1 x = 5  discontinuous (B) x = A  21  x = 5  continuous
(C) x = A  x = 2  continuous (D) x = A  5  x = 3  continuous
ADVLCD- 57
HIGH LEVEL PROBLEMS (HLP)

1– cos(a1x) . cos (a2 x). cos (a3 x).......cos(an1x)
1. Let Ln+1 = im
x 0 x2
1– cos (an1x)  cos (an1x) – cos (a1x) . cos (a2 x) ..... cos (an1x)
Ln+1 = im
x 0 x2
1– cos(an1x)  cos (an1x) {1– cos(a1x).cos(a2 x).....cos (an x)}
Ln+1 = im
x 0 x2
 an 1 
2
1– cos(an1x)
Ln+1 = im + im cos (an+1x). Ln Ln+1 = + Ln
x 0 x2 x 0 2
a12 a 2
a 2
a 2
L1 = ; L2 = 2 + L1 = 2 + 1
2 2 2 2
a2 a 2
a 2
a 2
1 n 2
L3 = 3
2
+ L2 = 3 + 2 + 1 ; Ln =
2 2 2
 ai
2 i1
1 x  x 10 x 10 10 10
2. f2(x) = f1(f1 (x)) =   10   10 f2(x) = 2   10 fn(x) = n  10   2  .....  n1
2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2
 x 10  10
im f (x) = im  n  10   .....    = 0 +  20
n n n  2 2  1
1
2
n 1
x f(x)
3.  im xnf(x) = p  im =p
x  x  x
(n  1) xn f(x)  xn1f (x)
using L- Hospital rule, we get im = p  im xn+1 f(x) = –np.
x  1 x 
4. Let x2= 1  1 = 2 ; x3 = 2  1 = 3 ; x4 = 4 ; x5= 5 ;......; xn = n

 1 
 
n  n1    im  1 1 1 
 n 1
n
x   
n n 
im 

1n
 im n1 n n im  
 
n 

1
n n  n n  n1 n   
im  n 1  = im   = e =e =e =e = e2 = e
n  n  
 xn   n 
1 1 1 k k k
5. Now, < 2 <    < 2 < 2
n2  n n  k n2  1 n2  n n k n 1
n
k n
k n
k  1  . n  n  1 n
k n  n  1
  <  2 <  2   2  <  2 <
k 1 n 2
 n k 1 n  k k 1 n 1 n n 2 k 1 n  k 2 n2  1  
 1  . n  n  1 n
k n  n  1
 im  2  < im n < im
n 
n n 2 n 
k 1
2
k n 

2 n2  1 
n
k 1
 im im  = (By Sandwich theorem)
n  n 
k 1 n2
 k 2
 
 x 2  1  x 4  2x 2 
6. im x3 x2  1  x 4  x 2 = im x3  
x x  x2  1  x 4  x 2 
 
x3 (1  x  x )
4 4
x3
 
= im = im
x  x2  1  x 4  x 2 




1  x4  x2 x 
 x  1 x  x 2 

2 4 

 1 x4  x2 
x3 1 1 1
= im  . 
x  1   1  2 2 2 4 2
x3  1  1  2   1  4  1
 x4   x 
 
ADVLCD- 58
loge  loge x  2loge  loge x  loge x x

7. Let L = im  L = im . . =2×0×0×0=0
x  x x  loge x x
e x e
loge x x
Since im = 0 and im x  0 (using L.H. Rule)
x  x x  e
8. im loge  sin  4m  1 x 
loge  sin  4n  1 x 

x
2
1
.cos  4m  1 x.  4m  1
im sin

 4m  1 x im tan  4n  1 x. .  4m  1
= x = x 
1 tan  4m  1 x 4n  1
.cos  4n  1 x.  4n  1
2
2
sin  4n  1 x
  
Put x– =y  +y x=  (4m+1)x = (4m+1) +(4m+1)y
2 2 2
 tan (4m+1)x = – cot(4m+1)y
similarly tan (4n+1)x = – cot(4n+1)y
cot  4n  1 y  4m  1 tan  4m  1 y  4m  1
 Given limit = im . = im .
y  0 cot  4m  1 y (4n  1) y 0 tan  4n  1 y (4n  1)
 4m  1 y . .
4m  1  4m  1
2 2
tan 1
= im =
y 0 (4m  1) y tan  4n  1 y  4n  1 2
 4n  1
2
(4n  1) y
x
9. Let  =
2r
sin 
f(x) = tan. sec2 =
cos .cos 2
n
 x x
f(x) = tan2 – tan ; f(x) =   tan 2
r 1
r 1
 tan 
2r 
x x
f(x) = tanx– tan so f(x) + tan
= tanx
2n 2n
  x 
loge tan x  (tan x)n sin  tan  
 im   2  
x
 n 1  (tan x)n 4

g(x) = 

 
 k x
4
  
0 x
4 2

 
g(x) = loge tan x 0x
 4
 
k x
 4
It is continuous when k = 0
n1 nx  1 x
n1  nx 
1  nx  1  nx  . 1  nx 
1/ x 1/ x
x
im e e x
10. x (e1 )
= im  = im   im 
x  e1  
x  e1 x  e1  
x  e–1 x  e1  
x  e–1 x  e1
e n ex 1 x
 nx 
. 1  nx  x = e.1. (0)e–1  im 1 = 0
x  1 
= im  x 1
x  e–1  ex  1 
ADVLCD- 59
23  1 33  1 43  1 n3  1
11. Pn = . . ...........
23  1 33  1 43  1 n3  1
(2  1)(22  2  1) (3  1)(32  3  1) (n  1)(n2  n  1)
 Pn = . ...........
(2  1)(22  2  1) (3  1)(32  3  1) (n  1)(n2  n  1)
1.7 2.13 3.21 (n  1)(n2  n  1) 1.2.3...........(n  1) 7.13.21...........(n2  n  1)
 Pn = . . ........  Pn = .
3.3 4.7 5.13 (n  1)(n  n  1)
2
3.4.5..........(n  1) 3.7.13..........(n2  n  1)
1.2 n2  n  1 2 (n2  n  1)
 Pn = .  Pn =
n(n  1) 3 3 n(n  1)
2 (n2  n  1) 2
 im Pn = im 
n  n  3 n (n  1) 3
1
1
1
  x 11 2  x
   e  1–  x – ......   1
1  x 
x
x
 x
im   = im     = im
2 24 x 11 2
12. (i)
x0   x  0   x0  1– 2  24 x – ...... 
 e  e  
   
 
 x 11  1 1
im  –  x2 –........  · –
= ex  0  2 24  x
= e 2
  
sec 2  
     2 – bx 
(ii) im  sin2   (1 form)
x  0
  2  ax  
  
– cos2  
im  2–ax 
     2   x  0 2  
im  sin2 

x  0
 –1 · sec 
 2–ax  

 2–bx 
cos  
 2–bx  0 
= e = e  0 form 
 
 2   2   2  2a2 2
– sin  – sin  – cos 
   2–ax  · (2–ax)
2
 2–ax  . a (2–bx)  2–ax  . a
2
im im im
x  0  2   b (2–ax)2 x  0  2   b x  0  2  2b2 2 a2
sin  cos   –
 sin    2–bx 
 2–bx   2–bx  (2–bx)2 b2
Applying L.Hospital rule = e =e = e =e
x sinn x
13. f(x) = im
n   sinn x  1
case (i) if sin x  (0, 1)

im (sinn x)  0
n  
f(x) = 0 and sin x  (0, 1)  x  (2n, 2n+ )

case (ii) if sin x = 0  x k, k z
f(x) = 0

case (iii) if sin x = 1  x  2k+ , k z
2
x
f(x) =
2
case (iv) if sin x (–1, 0)
im (sinn x) 0, x (2k+ , 2k+ 2); kz f(x) = 0
n  
case (v) if sin x = –1

(sinn x) = – 1
then f(x) will not take any definite value so if sinx = –1
 
x =  2n –  these values not lie in the domain
 2 
  
For Domain ; x  R – 2n – ; n  z 
 2 
For Range ; f(x) = 0,for x (2k+ , 2k+ 2)  {k} (2k, 2k+ ) ; kz
x    
f(x) = , for x  2k+ , k z Range = {0}  n  ; n  z 
2 2  4 
ADVLCD- 60
1  a x  a2 x 1  a x  1 a2x  1 (b1x  1) (b2x  1)   

1
 a x  a2 x x im  1
x0  b x
 1  b2 x
 1
x

im  1
x0 
 x

x

x

x

  b x b x
 1



14. im  1x  e e 2
x 0 
 b1  b2
x

1 1 a a 
loge  1 2 
2
(loge a1  loge a2  loge b1  loge b2 ) 2  b1b2  a1a2
= e = e
b1 b2
p  q  qxp  px q  0  pqxp 1  pqxq1 0 
15. im pq 
form  = im p 1 q 1 p  q 1 
form 
x 1 1 x  x  x
p q
0  x 1 px  qx  (p  q)x 0 
pq(p  1)xp 2  pq(q  1)x q2 pq
= im =
x 1 p 2
p(p  1)x  q(q  1)x q2  (p  q)(p  q  1)xp  q2 2
  
 nsin2 r 
16. f (n,) =
r 1 

1  2 
2  
 cos r 
 2 
     
n  cos r 1  cos .cos cos 2 ..........cos n 1
f (n,) =
r 1


 2 ;
 
f (n,) =
 
2

2

2
 
2
 cos r   cos .cos .cos .......cos 

 2   2 22 23 2n 

sin 2n
2n 1
   
2n.sin n 1 (sin2)  22n sin2 n 
f (n,) = 2 ; f (n,) =  2 
 n  
2
  
sin 2 . (sin2 )  2n sin n1 
 2n   2 
 
 2n. sin  
 2n 
 2n  
2 .sin2 n
sin2  2
 sin2 2 
f (n,) = im .  = . = = g() = im g() = 1
n sin2   n   sin2  2 tan   0
 2 .sin n1 
 2 
4cos2 x
17. Let f(x) =  f() = 2
2  cos x
1  4cos2 x  f(x)  f( )
 lim   2 = lim = f()
x  x    2  cos x 

x  x
4 (2  cos x)( 2cos x sin x)  cos2 x(  sin x)
Now f(x) = f() = 0
4cos2 x (2  cos x)2
2
2  cos x
  1  1  1 1  
1  1/ 3 1/ 3  1     1   1 
a 1  1 a  1  3  3  1 33 
18. im x 3  1     1    2 ; im x 3 1    1    2 
x   x  x  x   3x 2! x 2 3x 2! x 2 
 
 
1
 2 1 
a 1 5 2
im x
9 2
3
Limit exist when a + =2 a= = 
x  x  3 3 9
5 2 13
a+=  
3 9 9
ADVLCD- 61
(1  sin x)n  log x

19. f(x) = lim
n   2  (1  sin x)n
(i) for 0 < sin x < 1,
log x
1
(1  sin x)n
f(x) = lim =1
n  2
 1
(1  sin x)n
(ii) for sin x = 0,
1  log x
f(x) =
3
(iii) for – 1  sinx < 0,
log x
f(x) =
2
 log x
 2 , –1  sin x  0

1  log x
 f(x) =  , sin x  0
 3
 1 , 0  sin x  1


 f(x) is discontinuous at integral multiples of  


1  ax  x . ax na –ax na  na(ax  xax na) ax ( na)2 ( na)2

20. lim – = lim  = lim – 
x  0
2 x
xa x  0 x 2ax na  2x. ax x  0 (xa na  2a )
x x
2
(2a) – x n 2a – 1
x
(2a) n2a – n2a
x
(2a)x ( n2a)2 ( n2a) 2
lim  = lim = lim 
x  0 x2 x  0 2x x  0 2 2
for g(x) to be continuous (na)2 = (n2a)2
1
 (na + n2a) = 0  a=
2
1
 g(0) = (n 2)2
8
1 
21. Let  = sin–1 x  as x   
2 4
  
1 1
cos 1  cos   2  
im cos (2sin  cos ) = im cos (sin2) im
=    2 
 
 
1 1 1
sin   sin   sin  
4 4 4
2 2 2
   
cos1  cos   2    2
im   2  2 0  2
Left hand limit =    = im  0 form  = im– = 2 2
1  1    cos 
4
sin   
4 sin   
4
2 2
       
cos1  cos   2   cos  cos  2    2 
 2    2  2
Right hand limit = im = im = im
 1  1  1

4 sin   
4 sin   
4 sin  
2 2 2
2
= im = 2 2  LHL  RHL
 cos 

4
 Limit does not exist
ADVLCD- 62
cos1(1  {h} 2 )sin1(1  {h}) cos–1(1– h2 ) sin1(1  h)

22.  R.H.L. = lim f(0 + h) = = lim . lim
h 0 {h}  {h}3 h 0 h h 0 1  h2
(putting 1–h2 = cos2)
cos1(1  2sin2 )  2 
= (sin1 1) lim = lim =
 0 2 sin  2 2  0 sin  2
cos–1(1– {–h} 2 )sin–1(1– {–h}) cos1(h(2  h))sin1 h

 L.H.L = lim f(0 – h) = lim = lim
h 0 h 0 {–h} – {–h}3 h 0 (1  h)(2  h)h
cos–1(h(2 – h)) sin1 h cos 1 0 

= lim lim = =
h 0 (1– h) (2 – h) h 0 h 2 4
since R.H.L.  L.H.L, therefore no value of f(0) can make f continuous at x = 0
23. As f is continuous on R, so f(0) = limit f(x)

x 0
 
 1   1 
Thus f(0) = limit f   = limit  (sinen ) en 
2
= 0 + 1 = 1
n 
 4n  n 
 1 2
1 
 n 
24. f(0) = 0
h h h
f(0+) = lim   + ...............
h 0 h  1 (h  1)(2h  1) (2h  1)(3h  1)
 1 1 1 1 1 
= lim 1      ............ 
h 0
 h  1 (h  1) 2h  1 2h  1 3h  1 
f(x) is not continous at x = 0
since f(0)  f(0+)
25. Let F(x) = f(x) – x

F(a) = f(a) – a = b – a
F(b) = f (b) – b = a – b
 F(x) is continous and F (a) & F (b) are of opposite signs.
 F(x) = 0 has atleast one root in (a, b)
f (x) – x = 0
 f (x) = x for atleast one c (a, b)
26. f(x.y) = f(x). f(y)
Put x = y = 1 f(1) = f2(1) f(1) = 1 since f(1)  0
Now let x  0
then lim f(x  h) = lim f(x(1  h / x)) = lim f(x) f (1  h / x))
h 0 h0 h0
= f(x).f(1) = f(x)
also lim f (x  h) = lim f (x)f(1  h / x) = f(x).f(1) = f(x)
h0 h0
 f(x) is continous for all x except at x = 0
ADVLCD- 63
 f(x)
 2 x 1
27. g(x) = 
 h(x)  1 x  1
 6
sin2  . 2x sin2 (2   . 2x )

g(1) = im = im =2
x 1 loge sec  . 2x x 1 loge sec(2   . 2x )
Now g(x) is continuous at x = 1
g(1+) = g(1–) = g(1)
f(1) h(1)  1
= 2
2 6
f(1) = 4 h(1) = 11
g(1) = 2
4g(1) + 2f(1) – h(1) = 8 + 8 – 11 = 5
 x 2  2x , x  0
28.  f(x) =  2
 x  2x , x  0
by definition of g(x)
 x 2  2x , –2  x  –1

 –1 , –1  x  0
g(x) = 
 0 , 0x2
 x 2 – 2x , 2x3
 2x  2 , –2  x  –1
 0 , –1  x  0

g(x) = 
 0 , 0x2
2x – 2 , 2x3
clearly g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 and not differentiable at x = 0, 2
ADVLCD- 64
 –1  (x  1)2 , –1  x  0

 x2 , 0  x 1
29. f(x) = 
 1  (x – 1) , 1 x  2
2
 2  (x – 2)2 , 2x3
graph of f(x) is as shown is figure
 f(x) is continuous for all x but

non-differentiable for integral points.
 x
1– x , x  –1

 x , –1  x  0
1  x
30.  f(x) = 
 x , 0  x 1
1– x
 x
 , x 1
 1  x
x x
 lim f(x) = lim = 0 and lim f(x) = lim =0
x  0 x 0 1 x x  0 x 0 1 x
and f (0) = 0  f(x) is continuous at x = 0
x 1 x
 lim f(x) = lim = and lim– f(x) = lim– 
x 1 x 1 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 1 x
 f(x) is discontinuous for x = 1
Similarly we can check that f(x) is discontinuous at x = – 1
–h
–0
f(0 – h) – f(0)
 L.H.D. at (x = 0) is = lim  = lim  h
1 =1
h  0 –h h 0 –h
h
–0
f(0  h) – f(0) 1– h
 R.H.D. at (x = 0) is = lim  = lim  =1
h  0 h h  0 h
 L.H.D. = R.H.D.
 at x = 0, f(x) is derivable.
ADVLCD- 65
31.  lim cos

m  
2n
(m! x)  is 1 or 0 according to x is a rational number or an irrational number. As m!x will
become integral multiple of  when x is rational, then cos (m!x) = ± 1. And when m!x is not an integral
multiple of  i.e. when x is irrational then –1 < cos (m!x) < 1
0 , x Q
 f(x) = 
 –1 , x Q
 f(x) is discontinuous and non-differentiable at every real number.

32.  f(1) = 0
  2    2 
R.H.L. = lim f(1 + h) = lim cos–1  sgn    = hlim cos–1  sgn   = 0
 3  3h  1    2  3h  

h 0 h 0
  0

  0  
L.H.L. = lim f(1 – h) = lim cos–1  sgn    = cos–1 (0) =
h 0 h 0
  3  3h   2
 f(–1) = 0
 f(x) is discontinuous hence non-derivable at x = 1
f( 1  h)  f( 1) f( 1  h)  f( 1)
 f(–1+) = lim = 0 and f(–1–) = lim =0
h 0 h h  0 h
 f(–1+) = f(–1–) = 0
 f(x) is derivable at x = – 1
1 1
33. y = f(x) = xsin 1/x. sin when x  0, , r = 1,2,3
x sin1/ x r
1
y = 0, x = 0, where r = 1, 2, 3,...............
r
1
Let t = x sin1/x as x  0+, t  0 and as x  , t 0
r
y = t sin1/t
1
lim y  limt sint  0 = f(0) also lim y  limt sin t  0 = f  
x 0 t 0
x
1 t 0
r
 r 
1
f(x) is continous at x = 0 and  f(x) is continous  x  [0, 1]
r
We know that t = xsin1/x is not differentiable at x = 0
1
therefore y = tsin1/t = xsin1/x. sin is not differentiable at x = 0
1
x sin
x
 h h  h 
f(x) f  1    f(x) 1  g   
f(h  x)  f(x)  x x  x 
34.  f(x) = limit = limit = f(x) limit
h0 h h0 h h0 h
f(x)    h  f(x) f(x) x2

=
x 
 limit
h  0
 1  g      f(x) =
  x  x
so  f '(x) dx =  xdx = 2
c
35. Given that

ADVLCD- 66
f(xy) = exy–x–y (eyf(x) + ex f(y))  x,y  R+

putting x = y = 1 , we get
f(1) = e–1 (ef(1) + ef(1))  f(1) = 0
 h   h 
h
 h  1 
x 1   x  1  e x f ( x)  e x f 1    f ( x)
 x   x   x 
f(x  h)  f(x) e  
now  f(x) = limit = limit
h0 h h  0 h
h
h–1–  x h
f(x)(eh – 1)  e x
(f(1  ) – f(1))
x e x 1 . f (1)
= limit = f(x) +
h0 h x
e x
1 ex f '(x)  f(x)e x 1 d  f(x) 
 f(x) = f(x) + 
=  =  
x x e 2x
x dx  e x 
Integrating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
f(x)
n |x| + c = or f(x) = ex (n|x| + c)
ex
since f(1) = 0  c = 0
 f(x) = exn|x|
36. Given f(x + y3) = f(x) + [f(y)]3 and f ’(0) > 0
putting x = y = 0, we get f(0) = f(0) + (f(0))3  f(0) = 0
f(0  h)  f(0) f(h)
also f(0) = limit = limit
h0 h h  0 h
 
3
f(0  (h1/ 3 )3 )  f(0) f(h1/ 3 )
Let L = f ’(0) = limit = limit = L3
h0 (h1/ 3 )3 h0 (h1/ 3 )3
or L = L3 or L = 0 , 1, –1 as f(0) > 0  f(0) = 0, 1
Thus f ’(x) = limit

f(x  h)  f(x)
= limit

f x  (h1/ 3 )3  f(x) 
h0 h h0 (h1/ 3 )3
f(x)  (f(h1/ 3 ))3  f(x)
f ’(x) = limit  f ’(x) = 0 , 1
h0 (h1/ 3 )3
Integrating both sides, we get f(x) = 0 or f(x) = x + c
As f(0) = 0 , we have f(x) = 0 or f(x) = x
Now f(x) = 0 is imposible as f(x) is not identically zero
 f(x) = x and f(10) = 10
 1  2(2  2x)
37. f(x) + f   = = g(x) .......(i)
 1 x  x(1  x)
1
Replace x by in equation (i)
1 x
 1   1 x   1 
f   + f  x  = g  1  x  .......(ii)
 1  x     
1 x
Replace x by in equation (i)
x
 1 x   1 x 
f   + f(x) = g   x  .......(iii)
  x   
(i) – (ii) + (iii)
 1   1 x  2(1  2x) 2(1  x 2 ) 2x(2  x) 2(x  1) x 1
2f(x) = g(x) – g   + g  = – + = or f(x) =
 1 x   x  x(1  x) x (x  1) x 1 x 1
ADVLCD- 67
38. Let x = y = 1
f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) = 2 + f(x) . f(y)
3f (1) = 2 + (f(1))2 f(1) = 1, 2. But given that
f(1)  1 so f(1) = 2
1
Now put y =
x
 1  1  1  1
f(x) + f   + f(1) = 2 + f(x) . f   f(x) + f   = f(x) . f  
x x x x
so f(x) = ± xn + 1
Now f(4) = 17 ± (4)n + 1 = 17  n = 2
f(x) = +(x)2 + 1.
 f(5) = 52 + 1 = 26
39. | f(2k) – f(2i)| = | f(2k) – f(2k –1) + f(2k–1) – f(2k–2)......... f(2i+1) – f(2i)|
 | f(2k) – f(2k–1)| + | f(2k–1) – f(2k–2)| + ...........| f(2i+1) – f(2i)|
Consider | f(2k–1 + 2k–1)| – f(2k–1) |  1
So | f(2k) – f(2i)|  1 + 1 + ........(k – i) term 
k
k (k – 1)
| f(2k ) – f(2i ) |  
i 1
(k – i) 
2
Hence proved.
Hindi. | f(2k) – f(2i)| = | f(2k) – f(2k –1) + f(2k–1) – f(2k–2)......... f(2i+1) – f(2i)|
 | f(2k) – f(2k–1)| + | f(2k–1) – f(2k–2)| + ...........| f(2i+1) – f(2i)|
| f(2k–1 + 2k–1)| – f(2k–1) |  1
| f(2k) – f(2i)|  1 + 1 + ........(k – i)
k
k (k – 1)
| f(2k ) – f(2i ) |  
i 1
(k – i) 
2
40. Notice that f(f(x)) – f(x) = x and if f(x) = f(y) then clearly x = y. This means that the function is injective.
Since f(f(0)) = f(0) + 0 = f(0), because of injectivity we must have f(0) = 0, implying f(f(0)) = 0. If there
were another x such that f(f(x)) = 0 = f(f(0)), injectivity would imply f(x) = f(0) and x = 0.
41. Let xy = u and x/y = v 2f  

uv = f(u) + f(v)
differentiating w.r.t. u, we get 2f  uv  2 vu = f(u)
t 1
put u = 1 and replace v with t2  2f(t). = f(1)  f(t) =
2 t
 f(t) = log t + c
as f(1) = 1  c=0  f(t) = log t
42. (i) Put x = y = 1 in given relation, we get f(f(1)) = f(1)
f(1)
(ii) Now put x = 1, y = f(1) in given relation, we get f(f(1)) = =1
f(1)
from (i) and (ii)
 f(f(1)) = 1
 f(1) = 1
f(1) 1
Put x = 1, f(f(y)) =  f(f(y)) = now substitute y = f(x)
y y
1  1 1
f(f(f(x))) =  f   =
f(x) x f(x)
ADVLCD- 68
43. (i) f(x + p) = {1 + (1 – f(x))3}1/3
 f(x + p) + f(x) = 2 .......(i)
replacing x by (x + p) in equation (i)
f(x + 2p) + f(x + p) = 2 ......(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
f(x) = f(x + 2p)  period = 2p
(ii) f(x – 1) + f(x + 3) = f(x + 1) + f(x + 5) .....(i)
Replace x by x + 2
f(x + 1) + f(x + 5) = f(x + 3) + f(x + 7) ......(ii)
(i) – (ii)
f(x – 1) = f(x + 7)
f (x + 8) = f(x)
period = 8
44. Number of ways of discontinuity at a point x = c are 3.
(i) LHL at x = c is equal to f(c) but not equal to RHL at x = c
(ii) LHL at x = c is not equal to f(c) but equal to RHL at x = c
(iii) LHL at x= c is neither equal to f(c) nor equal to RHL at x = c (where f(c)) is equal to RHL at x=c
 , x  ( , )

 , x
  , x  (, )
45. (i) h(x) = 
 , x  ( , ]

 , (,  )
 , [ , )
(ii) h(x) = 
ADVLCD- 69

Limits Continuity Derivability Ex Solution

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Limits Continuity Derivability Ex Solution

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Limits, Continuity & Derivability

SOLUTIONS OF LIMITS, CONTINUITY & DERIVABILITY

(iii) im f(x) = 3 (iv) im f(x) = 3 (v) im f(x) = 3

A-2. (i) im (x + sin x) = 2 + sin 2 (ii) im tan x – 2x = tan 3 – 8

im [sin x] By graph of sin x

R.H.L = im [sin x] = 0

L.H.L. = im– [sin x] = 0 so im [sin x] = 0

L.H.L. = im– sgn [tan x] = im sgn [tan ( – h)] = im sgn (– ve) = –1

R.H.L. = im– sgn [tan x] = im sgn [tan ( + h)] = im sgn (+ ve) = 0

R.H.L. = im f(x) = im (2x – 3) = im [2(1 + h) – 3] = – 1

L.H.L. = im– f(x) = im– (x + 1) = 2

so im (2x – 3) = im– (x + )  2 – 3 = 1 +   = – 2

R.H.L.= im (4x2 + 2) = 6

L.H.L.= im– (x2 – 6x + 11) = 6

(iii) im (tan x)tan2x = ()º form  Yes

( n(1  x) – n2) (3.4 x–1 – 3x) [ n (2  h) – n2] [3.4 h – 3 – 3h]

a  bsin x  cos x  cex

then a–b+c=0 .....(1)

(cos )x  (sin )x  cos 2   

tan(a  2h)  2tan(a  h)  tana

(iii) im ([x])1–x ; im [1 – h]1 – (1 – h); im (0)h = 0

C-2. (i) im (tan x)tan2x (1 form)

it takes (1 + a + b) form so 1 + a + b = 1  a+b=0 ....(i)

 e(a + 2b)c = e3  (a + 2b)c = 3  bc = 3

[1 . 2x]  [2 . 3x]  .....  [n . (n  1) x]

(1.2)x – 1 < [1.2x]  (1. 2)x

(2.3)x – 1 < [2.3x]  (2.3)x

n(n + 1) x – 1 < [n (n + 1)x]  n(n + 1)x

so (1.2)x + (2.3)x + ... n (n + 1)x – n

< [1.2 x] + [2. 3 x] + .... [n(n +1)x]

 (1. 2) x + (2. 3) x + .... n(n +1)x

 n(n  1) (2n  1) n (n 1) 

[1.2 x]  [2.3 x]  .....  [n(n  1)x] x

b(1  sin x) b(1  cosh) b 1 b

D-3. (i) h(x) = {x} [x]

h(x) = (x + 2) (x – 2) = x2 – 4 which is even  x  R

sin3x  A sin2x  Bsin x

Curve of y = f(x) discontinuous at all integers in [–2, 2]

g(1–) = g(1) = 3  g(1+) = 1

At x = ( 2 + 1), g(x) is discontinuous

It is continous every where not differentiable at x = 1

F-2. y = f (x) is as follows

continous every where

for continitity f(0) = 0 = RHL (x = 0)

It hold only when m>0

F-6. f(x) is continous at x =1 a–b = –1

G-3. [x] is dicontinuous at –1, 0

G-4. |x – 1|5/3 is differentiable for all x

f(1  cos x)  f(2)  0 

On solving ny = x f '(0) + c

Putting y = x in equation (1), we get

f(2x) + f(0) = 2(f(x))2 ....(2)

Putting y = – x in equation (1), we get

f(0) + f(2x) = 2f(x). f(– x) ....(3)

 f(x) = 0 or f(x) = f(–x)

in both cases, function is an even function

H-6. L1 = im (f(x) – f(x))

 L = – im f(x)

f (y) is constant  yR

A-2. S1 : False as Nr. is exactly zero as x  0+

L.H.L.= im (1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = im (1  (1–h) + [1 – h  1] + [1 – 1 + h])

im = (h + [–h] + [h]) =0–1+0=–1

R.H.L. im =(1  x + [x  1] + [1  x]) = (1  (1+ h) + [1 + h  1] + [1 – (1 + h)]