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UNIT III PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART – A

Problem 1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating a and b from

z x 2
a 2
y 2
b 2 .
Solution:
z x 2
a 2 y 2 b 2  - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get
z
p
x
y 2 b 2 2 x - (2) 
z
q
y
x 2 a 2 2 y - (3) 
Multiplying Eqn. (2) and Eqn (3) 

pq x 2 a 2 y 2 b 2 4 xy  
pq 4 xyz [using (1)]

Problem 2 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a

and b from x a  y b  z
2 2 2
1.
Solution:
x a  y b  z 2 1 - (1)
2 2

Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y we get

2 x a 2 zp 0
x a zp - (2)
2 y b 2 zq 0
y b zq - (3)
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1) we get
z 2p 2 z 2q 2 z 2 1

i.e., z 2 p 2 q 2 1  1

Problem 3 From the partial differential equation by eliminating f from

f x  y z , x 
2 2
y z  0 . 2

Solution:
We know that if f (u, v) = 0
then u = f (v)
x 2  y 2 z 2 f x 
y z  - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y
We get

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2 x 2 zp f ' x 

y z 1  p  - (2)
2 y 2 zq f ' x 
y z 1 q 
Divide (2) & (3)
x zp 1  p
y zq 1 q
x qx zp zpq y  py zq zpq
z y p x z q y x
Problem 4 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f from
1 
z x 2 2 f  log x .
 y 
Solution:
1 
Let z x 2 2 f  log x  - (1)
 y 

Differentiate (1) w.r. t x and y

z 1 
1
p 2 x 2 f '  log x  - (2)
x  y 
x
z 1  1 
q 2 f '  log x  2  - (3)
y  y  y 
'
Eliminating f from (2) & (3)
p 2 x 1 2

q x
y 
px 2 x 2 qy 2
px qy 2 2x2

Problem 5 Obtain the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants
a & b from z xy  y x 2 a 2 b .
Solution:
z xy  y x 2 a 2 b - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t x and y

z  1 
p y  y  
2x
x 2 x a 
2 2

yx
p y 
x 2 
a2
p x
1 
y x 2 a 2

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p x
1 - (2)
y x a 2
2

z
q x  x 2 a 2

y
q x x 2 a 2 - (3)
Multiplying (2) & (3)
 p  x
 1 q x  x 2 a 2
 y  x 2 a 2
 p 
 1 q x  x
 y 
p y q x  xy
pq xp yq xy xy
px qy pq

z z
Problem 6 Find the complete integral of p q pq where p and q .
x y
Solution:
p q pq - (1)
This is of the form f p,q  0
Let z ax by c - (2) be the complete solution of the partial differential
equation.
z
p a
x
z
q b
y
(1) reduces to a+b=ab
a b a 1
a
b
a 1
 a 
z ax  y c
a 1 

Problem 7 Obtain the complete integral of z px qy  p 2 q 2 .

Solution:
z px qy  p 2 q 2 - (1)
This equation is of the form z px qy  f p,q  (clairaut’s type)
the complete integral is z ax by a 2 b 2 .

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Problem 8 Solve p 1 q  qz .

Solution:
p 1 q  qz - (1)
This equation is of the form f z ,p q,  0
z f x ay  be the solution
x 
ay u z f u
dz adz
p q
du du
(1) reduces to
dz  dz  dz
1 a  a z
du  du  du
dz
1 a az
du
dz
a az 1
du
dz 1
z 
du a
dz
du
1
z 
a
 1 
Integrating log  z   u b
 a 
 1 
i.e., log z   x ay b is the complete solution.
 a 

Problem 9 Solve the equation p tan x q tan y tan z .

Solution:
Given p tan x q tan y tan z
This equation is of the form Pp Qq R
When P = tan x Q = tan y R = tan z
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
P Q R
dx dy dz
i.e.,
tan x tan y tan z
Considering the first two,
dx dy
tan x tan y
Sign,

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cot xdx cot ydy

logsin x logsin y log a
sin x 
log   log a
sin y 
sin x
a
sin y
sin x
i.e.,a
sin y
Take,
dy dz
tan y tan z
dy dz
tan y tan z
cot ydy cot zdz
logsin y logsin z log b
sin y 
log   log b
sin z 
sin y
b
sin z
sin x sin y 
Hence the general solution is  ,  0
sin y sin z 

3 2

Problem 10 Solve D 3DD 2 D Z
3
 0.
Solution:
Substituting D = m, & D 1= 1
The Auxiliary equation is m 3- 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1, 1, -2
Complimentary function is 1 y x x2 y x 3 y 2 x 
i.e., Z 1 y 
1 x2 y x 3 y 2 x 

2 z 2 z 2 z

Problem 11 Find the general solution of 4 2 12 9 2 0.
x 
xy y
Solution:

4 D 2 12 DD1 9 D1 2 Z  0
The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 12m 9 0
4m2– 6m – 6m +9 = 0
2m (2m – 3) – 3 (2m – 3) = 0

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(2m – 3) 2= 0
3
m= (twice)
2
 3   3 
C.F. = 1 y  x x2 y  x 
 2   2 
the General solution is Z = C.F. + P.I
 3   3 
z 1 y  x x2 y  x 
 2   2 


Problem 12 Solve D DD D D D z
3 2 2 3
 0.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m3 m 2 
m 1 0
m 2 m 
1 m 1 0
m 2

1 m 1 0
i.e. m 1, i, i
The general solution is Z 1 y x 2 y ix 3 y ix 

2 2

Problem 13 Find the particular integral of D D D DD D z
3 3
 e x cos2 y .
Solution:
1
P.I. e x cos 2y
D D D DD  D
3 2 2 3

cos 2y
ex
D 1 D 1 DD 1D2 D3
3 2

e 2iy
e x R.P. of
D 1
3
 D 1 DD 1D2 D3
2

e 2iy
e x R.P. of
1 2i 4 8i
e x
1 2i
R.P. of cos 2y i sin 2 y 
5 1 2i 1 2i 
1 x 1
e . cos2 y 2 sin 2 y 
5 5
ex
P.I. cos2 y 2 sin 2 y 
25


Problem 14 Solve D DDD1 z
2
 0.
Solution:

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D 2
DDD1 0
D 1D D '1  0
This is of the form
D m D 1
1
1 D m2D 1 2  0
m1 0,1 1, m2 1,2 1
C.F. is Z e1 x f1 y m1x e2 x f 2 y m2x 
Z e xf 1 
y e x f 2 y x 
Problem 15 Solve D D1D D2 z e 2 xy .
Solution:
This is of the form
D m1DC1 D m2D C2 
.... D mnD C n Z 0
Hence m1 1 c1 1 m2 1 c2 1 c2 2
Hence the C.F. is z e x1 y x e 2 x2 y x 
e 2 x y
P.I.
D D1D D2 
e 2 x y
2 
1 12  1 2 
1 2 x y
e
2
1
Hence, the complete solution is Z e x1 y x e 2 x2 y x  e 2 x y
2

PART – B

Problem 16
a. From the partial differential equation by eliminating f and 
from z f 
y x 
y z .
Solution:
z f 
y x 
y z  - (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
P x 
y z 1  p  - (2)
q f ' 
y ' x 
y z 1 q  - (3)
' x 
y z r. " x 
y z 1  p  - (4)
2
r
s ' x 
y z s. " x 
y z 1  p 1 q  - (5)
f " 
y ' x 
y z t '' x 
y z 1 q  - (6)
2
t

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From (4) r 1 ' x 

y z  1  p  " x 
y z 
2
- (7)
From (5) s 1 ' x 
y z  1  p 1 q  y z 
" x  - (8)
Dividing (7) & (8) we get
r 1  p 
s 1 q 
1 q r 1  p s


b. Solve D 2 DD z
2
 e 2 x x 3y .
Solution:
Auxiliary Equation is given by m 2 2m 0
i.e., m (m – 2) =0
m = 0, m = 2
C.F. = f1 
y  f 2 y 2 x 
1
PI1 e2 x
D 2 DD
2

2x
e
(Replace D by 2 and D by 0)
4
1
PI 2 x 3y
 2

D 2 DD  
1
1  2 D 3
1   x y
D 2  D 
1  2 D 
2 
1  ...... x 3y
D  D 
1  3 2 x 3 
x y  
D 2  D 
x5 x6
y 2.
20 4.5.6
5 6
x x
y 
20 60
The complete solution is
Z C .F . PI1 PI 2
e 2 x x 5y x 6
Z f1 
y  f 2 y 2 x 
  
4 20 20

Problem 17
a. Find the complete integral of p q x  y .
Solution:

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The given equation does not contain z explicitly and is variable separable.
That is the equation can be rewritten as p – x = y – q =a, say - (!)
p a x and q y a
Now dz = pdx + qdy
dz a x dx y a dy (2)
Integrating both sides with respect to he concerned variables, we get

z
a x 2 y a 2 b - (3)
2 2
when a and b are arbitrary constants.
b. Solve y p xyq
2
x z 2 y .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
The subsidiary equations are
dx dy dz
P Q R
dx dy dz
y 2
xy x z 2 y 
Taking I & II ratios
dx dy
y 2
xy
xdx ydy
Integrating,
x 2 y 2
C
2 2
x 2  y 2 2c c1
dy dz
Taking II & III ratios
xy x z 2 y 
Z 2 y dy ydz
ydz zdy 2 ydy
d 
yz 2 ydy
Integrating,
yz y 2 c2
yz y 2 c2

the solution is  x  y 2 , yz y 2
2
 0

Problem 18
a. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation
z px qy  p q . 2 2

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Solution:
The given equation z px qy  p 2 q 2 is a clairaut’s type equation.
Hence the complete solution is z ax by a 2 b 2 -(1)
To get singular Solution :
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. a and b
0 = x + 2a - (2)
0 = y – 2b - (3)
x y
a and b
2 2
Substituting in (1),
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
z  
2 2 4
2 x 2 y x 2 y 2
2 2
z
4
4 z y x is the singular solution.
2 2


b. Solve D 4 DD5 D z
2 2
 3e2 xy sin x 2 y .
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation,
m 2 4m 5 0
m 2 5m 
m 5 0
m m 5 
 m 5  0
m 1m 5  0
m 1,  5
 C.F. = f y x g  5 x 
y 
1
PI1 3e 2 x y
2

D 4 DD 5 D  
2

3e 2 x y
4 
8 5
3 2 x y
e
9
1 2 x y
e
3

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1
PI 2 sin x 2 y 
D 4 DD5 D2
2

1
sin x 2 y 
1 4 
 2 5 
4
1
sin x 2 y 

1 8 20
1
sin x 2 y 
27
 the complete solution is Z CF PI1 PI 2
1 1
i.e. Z f y x g 
y 5 x 
 e 2 x y  sin x 2 y 
3 27

Problem 19 a. Find the general solution of 3 z 4 y p 4 x 2 z q 2 y 3 x .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp Qq R.
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are
P Q R
dx dy dz
- (1)
3 z 4 y 4 x 2 z 2 y 3 x
Use Lagrangian multipliers x, y, z we get each ratio is

xdx  ydy zdz

1
2

d x 2  y 2 z 2 
3 xz 4 xy 4 xy 2 yz 2 yz 3 xz 0
Hence d x  2
 y 2 z 2  0
Integrating both the sides,
x 2  y 2 z 2 C1 - (2)
using multipliers 2, 3, 4 each of equation (1) is
2dx 3dy 4dz
6 z 8 y 12 x 6 z 8 y 12 x
2dx 3dy 4dz
0
2dx 3dy 4dz 0
Hence 2 x 3 y 4 z C2 - (3)

 the General solution is  x 2  y 2 z 2 ,2 x 3 y 4 z  0

  e 2e 2 y  .

2
b. Solve D 2 DDD 3D 3D2 z
2 2 3x

Solution:

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D 2
2 DDD2 3D 3D2 z D D '
 2 D D '1 z
D D '
 2 D D '
1 
z e 6 x 4e3 x2 y 4e 4 y
m1 1,1 2, m2 1,2 1

 C.F. e 2 x f y x e xf y x 

1
PI1 e6x
D D2 D D1
1
e6 x
6 
0 2 6 
0 1
1 6x
e
20
1
PI 2 4e 3 x 2 y
D D2 D D1
4
e3 x 2 y
3 
2 2 3 
2 1
4 3 x 2 y
e
3 
4
1 3 x 2 y
e
3
1
PI 3 4e 4 y
D D2 D D1
4e 4 y
0 
4 2 0 4 1
4
e 4 y

2 3
2 4 y
e
3
the general solution
1 6 x 1 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
Z e 2 x f y x e xf y x 
 e  e  e
20 3 3

Problem 20
a. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f and
g in z f x  y 
g x y 
Solution:
z f x  y 
g x y 

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Let u x  y v x y
Z f u
.g v - (1)
Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, we get
p f u.g ' 
v  f ' 
u .g v - (2)
q f u
g ' v 1 f ' 
ugv - (3)
r f u
g " 
v 2 f ' 
u g ' v  f " 
u .g v - (4)
s f u
g " 
1 f " 
v  u g. v - (5)
t f u
g " 
v 2 f ' 
u g ' v  f " 
ugv - (6)
Subtracting (4) from (6) , we get
r t 4 f 
u g.  v - (7)
From (2) & (3), we get
p 2 q 2 4 f u
.g v . f ' 
u .g ' 
v
= Z (r – t) from (1) & (7)
2
2 z 2 z  z  z 
2

i.e., z  2  2     
x y  x  y 

b. Solve the equation pq 

p q z  px qy  pq .
Solution:
pq
Rewriting the given equation as Z px qy  - (1)
pq 
p q
we identify it as a clairaut’s type equation. Hence its complete solution is
ab
Z ax by  - (2)
ab 
a b
The general solution of (1) is found out as usual from (2).
Let us now find the singular solution of (1).
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to a and then b, we get

0 x 
ab 
a b b ab b 1
ab 
a b 
2

b2
i.e., 0 x  - (3)
ab 
a b 
2

and similarly
a2
0 y  - (4)
ab 
a b 
2

a2 y a b
From (3) & (4), we get or k , say
b2 x y x
a k y and b k x
Using there values in (3) we get

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 
2
k 2x  k 2 xy k y k x x 0

k x k xy k y k x x

2 2

i.e., k xy  x 

y  1
1  x  y
k
xy
1  x  y 1  x  y
Hence a and b
x y
Also
ab 1 1
ab 
a b 1 1
1  y x
1  
b a 1  x  y 1  x  y
1  x  y
Using these values in (2), the singular solution of (1) is
z 
x 1  x  y  y 1  x  y  
1 
x  y  
1  
2
z x  y

Problem 21
a. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating

f from f x  y z , z 2 xy
2 2 2 2
 0.
Solution:
f x 2  y 2 z 2 , z 2 2 xy  0
Let u x 2  y 2 z 2 and v z 2 2 xy then
the given equation is f u v,  0 - (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively

f u  f v 
f u 
f v
we get .  0 and .  . 0
u x  v x 
u y 
v y
f f
2 x 2 zp  2 zp 2 y  0 - (4)
u v
f f
2 y 2 zq  + 2zq-2x  0 -(5)
u v
from (4) and (5)
x zp zp y
we get 0
y zq zq x

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x zp zq x  y zq zp y 

zqx x 2 z 2pq xzp zpy y 2 z 2pq zqy
zp x  y zq x  y  x 2 y 2
zp x  y zq x  y  x y x  y 
zp zq x y
zp zq y x
z p q  y x

b. Solve the equation p 1 q 2   q 1 z .

Solution:
The given equation is of the from f z ,p q,  0

P 1 q 2  q p z  - (1)
Let z f x ay  be the solution of (1)
If x ay u then z f u
If dz adz
p and q
du du
(1) reduces as
z   adz
2
2  dz 
1 a    1 z 
u 
 du  
 du
dz  
2
2  dz 
i.e., 
1 a   
a az  0
du 
 du  

dz
As z is not a constant, 0
du
2
 dz 

1 a   
2
a az 0
du 
2
dz 
i.e., a   az 
2
1 a
du 
dz
a az 
1 a - (3)
du
solving (3), we get
dz
a  du
az 
1 a
2 az 
1 a u b
2 az 
1 a x ay b
4 az 
1 a  x ay b 
2

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which is the complete solution of (1)

Problem 22
a. Solve the equation p q
2 2
z 2 x 2  y 2 .
Solution:
The given equation dues not belong to any of the standard types.
  z q 
2 2
It can be rewritten as z 1 p 1
x 2  y 2 - (1)
As the Equation (1) contains z 1 p and z q1 we make the substitution Z = log z
z -1p=P and z q-1 Q
Using there values in (1), it becomes
P 2 Q 2 x 2  y 2 (2)
As Eq. (2) dues not contain Z explicitly, we rewrite it as
P 2 x 2 y 2 Q 2 a 2 , say (3)
From (3)
P 2 a 2 x 2 and Q 2 y 2 a 2
P a 2 x 2 and Q y 2 a 2
dz Pdx Qdy
dz a 2 x 2dx  y 2 a 2dy
Integrating, we get
x 2 a2 
x y a2 
y
Z x a 2  sin h 1   y 2 a 2  cos h 1  b
2 2 
a 2 2 
a
the complete solution of (1) is
x 2 a2 1 
x y a2 
y
log z x a  2
 sin h   2
y a  2
 cos h 1  b
2 2 
a a 2 
a
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Singular solution does not exist and the General solution is found out as usual.

b. Solve the equation D 2

D2 z sin 2xsin3 y 2 sin 2 x  y .
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m 2+ 1 = 0
i.e., m  i
C.F. = f y ix g 
y ix 

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1
PI1 sin 2xsin3 y
D D '22

. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y 

1 1
D D ' 2
2 2

1  1 1 
 cos 2 x 3 y  cos 2 x 3 y 

2 4 9 
4 9 
1 1
. cos 2 x 3 y cos 2 x 3 y 
13 2
1
sin 2xsin3 y
13
1
PI 2 2 sin 2 x  y 
D D '2
2

1
D D '2
2 1 cos 2 x 2 y 
1 1
2 
1  2 cos 2 x 2 y 
D D '
2
D D '2
1 1
e0 x  cos 2 x 2 y 
D D '
2 2

4 4
x2 1
 cos 2 x 2 y 
2 8
The complete solution is Z C .F . PI1 PI 2
1 x2 1
i.e., Z f y i x g 
y i x 
 sin 2xsin 3 y   cos 2 x 2 y 
13 2 8
Problem 23
a. Solve p  q 1.
Solution:
This is of the form f p,q  0 .
The complete integral is given by z ax by c where
a  b 1
b 1  a

1  a 
2
b

  y c
2
The complete solution is z ax 
1 a - (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. c we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
There is no singular integral
Taking c f a where f is arbitrary,

  y  f a
2
z ax 
1 a - (2)
Differentiating partially w.r.t a, we get

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 1 
0x 2 1  a  
y  f ' 
2 a 
a 
- (3)

Eliminating ‘a’ between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.


b. Solve x  yz p  y zx q
2 2
   z 2 xy .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are 2 - (1)
x yz y zx z xy
2 2

dx dy dy dz dx dz


x yz  y zx
2 2
 2 2

y zx z xy x  yz z 2 xy
2

d 
x y  d 
y z  d 
x z 
i.e.,
x 2
y 2
z x y  y z x y z  x z  y 1 z 
2
2 2 2

d 
x  y  d 
y z  d 
x z 
i.e., - (2)
x y x 
y z  y z x 
y z  x z x 
y z 
d 
x y  d 
y z  d 
x z 
i.e., - (3)
x y  y z x z
Taking the first two ratios, and integrating log x y  log y z log a
x y
 a - (4)
y z
Similarly taking the last two ratios of (3) we get,
y z
 b - (5)
x z
x y y z x y x z
But and are not independent solutions for 1 gives
y z x z y z y z
which is the reciprocal of the second solution.
Therefore solution given by (4) and (5) are not independent. Hence we have to
search for another independent solution.
xdx  ydy zdz
Using multipliers x, y, z in equation (1) each ratio is
x  y 3 z 3 3 xyz
3

dx dy dz
Using multipliers 1, 1, 1 each ratio is
x  y z 2 xy yz 
2 2
zx
xdx  ydy zdz dx dy dz
x  y z 3 xyz x  y z 2 xy yz zx
3 3 3 2 2

1
2

d x 2  y 2 z 2  d  y z 
x 
x  
y z  x 2  y 2 z 2 xy yz zx 
x  y z xy yz zx
2 2 2

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Hence
1
2
dx  2
 y 2 z 2  x 
y z 
dx y z 


x 
y z 
2

Integrating
1 2
2

x  y 2 z 2 
2
k

  
x 2  y 2 z 2 x 
y z  2k
2

x 2  y 2 z 2 x 2  y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx 2k

i.e., xy  yz zx b
 x  y 
the general solution is xy  yz zx,  0
 y z 

Problem 24
a. Solve yp 2 xy log q .
Solution:
yp 2 xy log q
yp 2 xy log q
p 2 x y log q
log q
p 2 x a (say )
y
1

p 2 x a and log q a - (1)
y
p 2 x a, log q ay
q e ay
Now dz pdx qdy
dz 2 x a dx eaydy - (2)
Integrating (2), we get
1
z x 2 ax  e ay b - (3)
a
Where a and b are arbitrary constant.
Equation (3) is the complete solution of the given equation.
Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t b we get 0 = 1 (absurd)
There is no singular integral.
Put b 
a in (3)
e ay
z x 2 ax  
a - (4)
a
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get

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1 
0
1 ay
a
x  
e y e ay  2 ' 
0 
a 
a

y 1
0 x  e ay  2 e ay ' 
a -(5)
a a
Eliminating ‘a’ between (4) & (5) we obtain the general solution.

b. Solve 2 x p
4 2
 yzq 3 z 2 0.
Solution:
2
x 2p  yq
Rewriting this equation, we get 2   3 0
 z  z
This is an equation of the form 
f x mz pk y,z qn k
 0 may be transformed into
the standard type f P,Q  0 by putting X x1m , Y y1n and
Z z k 1 , whereK 1
(or) X log x Y log y Z log z if m 1, n 1 and k 1
Here m 2 n 1
Hence X x 1
Y log y and Z log z
Z  px 2
P
X
Z z x

z x X
1
z
 
p x 2
z
Z 
Z z y 1 y
Q q.y q
Y 
z y Y Z Z
the equation becomes, 2 P 2 
Q 3 0
This is of the form f P,Q  0
Hence the complete integral is Z aX bY c
Where
2a 2 
b 3 0
b 2a 2 3
the complete solution is Z aX bY c
i.e., log z
a
x
 
 2a 2 3 log y c - (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t to c
We get 0 = 1 (absurd)
Singular integral does not exist.
Taking C = f (a) where f is arbitrary
log z
a
x
 
 2a 2 3 log y  f a - (2)
Differentiating partially w.r.t a we get
1
0 4a log y  f ' 
a - (3)
x
Eliminating ‘a’ between (2) & (3) we get the general solution.

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Problem 25
a. Find the complete solution of x  pz  y qz 
2 2
1.
Solution:
x  pz  y qz 
2 2
1 - (1)
This equation is of the form f z p z, qk  k
 0
k 1
If k 1 and Z z
Hence put Z = z 2
Z Z z
P . 2 zp
x 
z x
p
Pz
2
Z Z z
Q . 2 zq
y 
z y
Q
qz
2
Substituting there results in (1)
2 2
 P   Q 
x   y   1
 2   2 
This is a separable equation
2 2
 P   Q 
x   1 y   a2
 2   2 
dZ Pdx Qdy
dZ dx 2  1 a 2 y dy
2 a x 
 
Integrating,
 y 2 
Z a x 2  1 a y

2
  2
 dy
 2 
Z 2 a x 
2 1 a 2y y 2 b
2

is the complete solution.

2
 2

b. Solve z 2 yz  y p xy zx q xy zx .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp Qq R
dx dy dz
The subsidiary equations are 2
z 2 yz y 2
xy zx xy zx
xdx  ydy zdz
Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we have each fraction
0
xdx  ydy zdz 0

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x2 y2 z 2
Integrating   c
2 2 2
i.e., x 2  y 2 z 2 C1 - (1)
dy dz
Again, taking the last two members, we have
x y z  x y z 
dy dz
i.e.,
y z y z
y z dy y z dz
ydy zdy ydz zdz
ydy zdy  ydz zdz 0
ydy d 
yz zdz 0z
Integrating we get y 2 2 yz z 2 C2 - (2)
From (1) & (2) the general solution is

 x 2  y 2 z 2 , y 2 2 yz z 2 0 
Problem 26
a. Solve the equation 9 pqz
4
4 1 z 3 .
Solution:
9 pqz 4 
4 1 z 3  - (1)
The given equation is of the form f z ,p q,  0
Let z f x ay  be the solution of (1)
If x ay u then z f u 
dz dz
P and q a
du du
Substituting the values of p & q in (1), we get
2
dz 
9a   z 4 4 1 z 3
du 
 
dz
3 az 2 2 1 z 3
du
a 3 z 2dz
du
2 1 z 3
Integrating we get
a 3z 2
 2 1 z 3 dz du
Put 1 + z 3= t 2
3 z 2dz 2tdt

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a 2tdt
 2 t 
du

a 
dt du
at u b
i.e, a 1 z 3 x ay b

a 1 z 3
 x ay b  2
- (2)
The singular solution is found as usual
Put b 
a


a 1 z 3  x ay 
a 
2
- (3)
Differential w.r.t. a

1 z 3 
2 x ay 
a y a  - (4)
The elimination of ‘a’ between (3) & (4) gives the General solution.

2

b. Solve D 3DD2 D z
2
 2 4 x e x 2 y
.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is
m 2 3m 2 0
m 1m 2  0
m 1,2
 C.F. 1 y x 2 y 2 x 

P.I .
e x 2 y
2 4 x 
D 3DD '
2
2 D '2
e x 2 y 2 4 x 
D 2 D 'D D '
Re placeD D 1, D ' D '
2
ie.,D D a ,D ' D 'b

e x 2 y
2 4 x 
D 
 1 2 D '2  1 D '
 D 
 2 


e x 2 y
2 4 x 
D 2 D '3 D D '1 
e x 2 y
2 4 x 
 D 2 D ' 
3 1  1 D D '
 
  3 

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1
1 x 2 y  D 2 D '  1
e 1
   
1
 
D D ' 

 2 4 x 
3  3 
1 x 2 y  D 2 D ' 
e 1 
 1 D D '...
... 2 4 x 
3  3 
1 x 2 y  4 D 5 D '
... 
e 1 
 2 4 x 
3  3 
1 x 2 y  1 
e 2 4 x  
 16 
3  3 
1 x 2 y 22  2 x 2 y
e  4 x  e 11 6 x 
3  3  9

Hence the general solution is

Z C .F . P.I .
2
Z 1 y x 2 y 2 x  e x 2 y 11 6 x 
9

Problem 27
a. Solve p x  y zq
2 4 2
2z2 .
Solution:
  qy  z
2
This can be written as Px 2 2
2z2 - (1)
Which is of the form f x p y, q z ,  0
m n

Where m = 2, n= 2
1 1
put X x1m ; y y1
n
x y
Z Z x
P .
X x X
 
p x 2 px 2

Z Z y

Q .
Y y X
 
q y 2 qy 2

Substituting in (1) the given equation reduces to P 2 Qz 2z2

This is of the form f p,q, z  0
Let Z f X aY where u = X + aY
dz adz
P ,Q
du du
Equation becomes,
2
dz  dz 
  az  2 z
2
0
 
du  
du
dz
Solving for ,we get
du

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dz az  a 2z 2 8 z 2
du 2
dz a  a 2 8
du
z 2
a  a 2 8
log z u b
2
a  a 2 8 
log z  X ay 
b
 2 
 
a  a 2 8 1 a 
log z    b
 2 x y 
 
is the complete solution.
The singular and general integrals are found out as usual.

b. Find the general solution of y z 

p z x q x  y .
Solution:
This is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the form Pp Qq R .
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are
y z z x x y
dx dy dz dx dy dy dz
each is equal to - (1)
2 x 
y z  y x z y
Taking the first two ratios,
d 
x y z  d  x y 
2 x 
y z  x y 
Integrating,
1
log x 
y z  log x y log c
2
log x 
y z  log x y  log k
2

x 
y z  k 
x  y 
2

i.e., x 

y z x y 
2
k - (2)
Taking the last two ratios of equation (1),
d 
x y  d 
y z 
x y y z
Integrating, log x y  log y z log b
x y
 b - (3)
y z

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 2 x  y 
Hence the general solution is f x 
y z x y ,  0
 y z 

Problem 28

a. Find the equation of the cone satisfying px qy z and passing through the
circle x  y z
2 2 2
4, x 
y z 2.
Solution:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equations are
x y z
Taking the first two ratios,
log x = log y + log a
x
 a - (1)
y
Taking the second and third ratios,
log y = log z + log b
y
 b - (2)
z
 x y 
the general solution is  ,  0 - (3)
 y z 
We have to find that function  satisfying (3) and
also x2+ y 2+ z =2 4 - (4)
and x + y + z = 2 - (5)
Hence, we will eliminate x, y, z from (1),(2),(4),(5)
From (2) y = bz
From (1) x = ay
x =abz
using the value of x & y in (4) & (5)
a 2b 2z 2 b 2z 2 z 2 4
 
z 2 a 2b 2 b 2 1 4 - (6)
Also abz + bz + z = 2
1 
b ab z 2 - (7)
Eliminating z between (6) & (7)
Squaring (7)
1 
b ab  z 2
2
4 - (8)
From (6) & (8),
1 b 2 a 2b 2 1 
b ab  1 b 2 a 2b 2 2b 2ab 2ab 2
2

Simplifying b + ab 2+ ab = 0
1 ab a 0

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x y
Using a , b in (9)
y z
xy x
1   0
yz y
x x
1  0
z y
i.e., yz xy xz 0 is the required surface.


b. Solve D 2 DD6 D2 z  y cos y .
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m 2+ m – 6 = 0
m = 2, –3
C.F. = 1 y 2 x 2 y 3 x 
y cos x
P.I .
D DD '
2
6 D2
1 y cos x
D 2 D ' D 3D '
1  a 3 x cos xdx  where a 3 x
D 2 D '  y

1 a 3 x sin x 3 sin xdx  where a 3 x

D 2 D '   y

1
y sin x 3 cos x 
D 2 D '
a 2 x sin x 3 cos x dx where a 2 x y

a 2 x cos x 

 2 sin x 3 sin x 
 where a 2 x y
P.I . y cos x sin x
Z 1 y 2 x 2 y 3 x sin x y cos x

Problem 29
a. Solve the equation pz 2 sin 2 x qz 2 cos 2 y 1 .
Solution:
The given equation contains (z 2p) and (z q).
2

Therefore we make the substitution Z = z 3

Z
P 3 z 2p and Q=3z 2 q
x
Using there values in the given equation, it becomes
P 2 Q
sin x  cos 2 y 1
3 3

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Equation 1 does not contain Z explicitly.

P Q
Rewriting (1), we have sin 2 x 1  cos 2 y a , say - (2)
3 3
From (2), P 3a cos ec x and Q 3 1 a sec 2 y
2

Now dZ = Pdx + Qdy

= 3a cosec 2xdx + 3 (1 – a) sec y2 dy - (3)
Integrating (3),
Z 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y b
z 3 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y b (4)
is the complete solution.
Singular solution does not exist.
put b a  in (4)
z3 3a cot x 3 1 a tan y 
a - (5)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. to a we get
0 3 cot x 3 tan y ' 
a - (6)
Eliminating a between (5) & (6) we get the required solution.

b. Solve the equation D 2

2 DDD2 z x 2y e2 x y
.
Solution:
The Auxiliary equation is m 2- 2m + 1 = 0
(m – 1)2= 0
m = 1 twice
C .F . 1 y x x2 y x 

P.I .
1
e x y x 2y  2

 D 2 DD D
2 2

1

e x y x 2y 2

D D 2

1
e x y x 2y 2

D 
1 D1
2
 
1
e x y x 2y 2
D D
2

2
1  D
e x y
1  
D 2  D 
x y 
2 2

1  2 D 3D '2  2
e x y
1 
D 2  D
 2  x y
D 
 2


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 2 2 2
e x y
1
D2
 3
x y  D 2 x y  D 2 2 x

2

2
 
 1 
 D
 1
e x y y 2 2 x 2 4 y 3 x 2 6 4
D
1
D
 
x  2


 1 4 2 1 5 1 6  x y
P.I .  x y  x y  x e
12 15 60 
Z C .F P.I
 1 1 1 
1 y x x2 y x 
 x 4y 2  x 5y  x 6 e x y
12 15 60 
Problem 30
a. Solve the equation mz ny p nx lz q ly mx . Hence write down the
solution of the equation 2 z  y p x z 
q 2 x  y 0 .
Solution:
The equation mz ny p nx lz q ly mx is a Lagrange’s linear equation of the
form Pp Qq R.
dx dz dy
The Subsidiary equations are - (1)
mz ny ly mx nx lz
ldx mdy ndz
Using l, m, n as a set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
i.e., ldx mdy ndz 0
Integrating we get lx my nz a
xdx  ydy zdz
Choosing x, y, z as another set of multipliers, the ratio in (1)
0
Integrating we get x  y z b
2 2 2


the general solution of the given equation is f lx my nz ,x 2 y 2 z 2  0
comparing the equation 2 z  y p x z q 2 x y......... 
2
With the pervious equation 1, we get l 1, m 2, n 1
Therefore the solution of equation (2) is

f 
x 2 y z , x 2  y 2 z 2 0 

b. Solve D D 3D 3D z
2 2
 xy 7 .
Solution: D D 3D 3Dz xy 7
2 2

D DD D3z xy 7

Here m1 1 c1 0 m2 1 c2 3
 C.F y x e3 x y x 

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xy 7
 P.I
D DD D3
1 xy 7
D  D  D D
1  
3 1  
 D   3 
 
1  D D D
1 1


1   1   xy 7 
3D  D  3 
1  D D2 
 1   2 ...
3D  D D 
 D D  1 
1   D D ...xy 7 
2

 3 9 
 D D  D 2 2 DD  DD 1 

1    ...xy 7 
 3 3 9 9 3D 
1 1 1 2 D D D D 4 DD
    2  xy 7 
3 D 3 3D 2 3 D 27  
1 x 2 xy 67 x 2 x x3 y 
 y 7 x      
3  2 3 27 3 3 6 9 
1 x 2y xy x 2 x y x3 67 
  7 x    
3  2 3 3 3 9 6 27 
Hence the general solution is
1 x 2y xy x2 x y x 3 67 
z y x e3 x f y x 
   7 x    .
3  2 3 3 3 9 6 27 

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