இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல் 2

இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல்
jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
 ,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk; 3. capusngil
1. vOj;jpyf;fzk; 4. xw;wsngil
2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk; 5. Fw;wpaYfuk;
3. nghUspyf;fzk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk;
4. ahg;gpyf;fzk; 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
5. mzpapyf;fzk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
9. kfuf;FWf;fk;
 vOj;jpd; tiffs; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
vOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. capnuOj;Jfs;
2. rhh;ngOj;Jfs; “caph;nka; Ma;jk; capus nghw;ws
g/fpa ,cI xs k/fhd;
 KjnyOj;Jfspd; tiffs; jdpepiy gj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;jhFk;”
KjnyOj;Jf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. capnuOj;Jfs; ed;D}y;
2. nka;naOj;Jfs; 1. vOj;Jfs;
 capnuOj;Jfspd; tiffs;
capnuOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. Fw;nwOj;Jfs; (m> ,> c> v> x) KjnyOj;Jfs;(30)
2. nel;nlOj;Jfs; (M> <> C> V> I> rhh;ngOj;Jfs;(10)
X>
xs)
 nka;naOj;Jfspd; tiffs; capnuOj;Jfs;(12)
nka;naOj;Jfs; %d;W tifg;gLk; nka;naOj;Jfs;(18)
1. ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;)
2. nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;)
3. ,ilapdk; (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;) caph;f;Fw;nwOj;Jfs;(5)
 Ma;j vOj;J caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs;7
Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp> jdpepiy> (m> ,> c> v> x) (M><>C> V> I>
Kw;wha;jk; Mfpa ngah;fshYk; X> xs
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 rhh;ngOj;J mjd; tiffs; ty;ypd nky;ypd

Kjy; vOj;Jf;fshfpa caph; nka;naOj;Jfs;(6) nka;naOj;Jfs;(6)
vOj;Jf;fisAk;> nka;naOj;JfisAk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;)
rhh;e;J ,aq;Fk; vOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;Jfs;
vdg;gLk;. ,ilapd nka;naOj;Jfs; (6)
rhh;ngOj;J gj;J tifg;gLk;. (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;)
1. caph;nka;
2. Ma;jk; msngil
பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 1 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

“msngil” vd;gjw;F “ePz;L nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT

xypj;jy;” vd;W nghUs;. nra;Aspy; Xir nra;jw;nghUl;L> nrhy;ypd; Kjy;> ,il>
FiwAk; NghJ xU nrhy;ypd; KjypYk;> filapYs;s caph; nel;nlOj;Jfs;
,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; msngLj;J tUtijr; nra;Aspirasngil
nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L vd;gh;. ,jw;F ,ir epiwasngil vd;w
khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L xypg;gNj msngil NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
vdg;gLk;. v.fh:
msT  khj;jpiu> vil  vLj;jy; “Vhpd; cohmh; coth; ganyd;Dk;
vd;gJ nghUs; thThhp tsq;Fd;wpf; fhy;”
vOj;jpd; khj;jpiu mstpy; ePl;b xypj;jy; ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; “cohmh;” vd;Dk; nrhy;
msngLj;J te;Js;sJ. cohh; vd;gJ
 khj;jpiu msT: ,ay;ghd nrhy;
caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - xd;W (v.fh) “nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh;
caph; neby;> caph;nka;neby; - Nfz;ik
,uz;L tplh mh; tpioAk; cyF”
nka;> Ma;jk; - %d;W ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; nflh vd;gJ nflhm vd
capusngil - ,WjpapYk;> tplh vd;gJ tplhmh; vd
ehd;F ,ilapYk; msngLj;Jte;Js;sJ.
xw;wsngil - Ie;J NkYk; rpy v.fh
1) cohmh; 2) glhmh; 3) njh*ck;
 msngilapd; tiffs;: 4) J}c 5) jUck; 6) MmJk;
msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 7) Xxjy; 8) njhohmd; 9) cwhmik
1. capusngil 2. xw;wsngil 10) ngwhm
1. capusngil msngil
caph;  msngil ₌ capusngil cwhmik – nra;Aspir msngil
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ me;j
Xiria epiwT nra;a II. ,d;dpirasngil
caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; (M> <> C> V> nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj nghOJk;>
I> X> xs) msngLf;Fk; mt;thW nrtpf;F ,dpa Xiriaj; jUk; nghUl;L
msngLf;Fk; NghJ msngLj;jikia mwpa caph;f;Fwpy; nebyhfp> NkYk; msngLg;gJ
nel;nlOj;JfSf;F ,dkhd Fw;nwOj;Jfs; ,d;dpirasngil MFk;.
mtw;wpd; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;. v.fh:
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha;
khw;whq;Nf
 capusngilapd; tiffs;: vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
capusngil %d;W tifg;gLk;. nfLg;gJk;> vLg;gJk; vd;W xir Fiwahj
I. nra;Aspirasngil (my;yJ) ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa xir jUtjw;fhff; Fwpy;
,irepiwasngil nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ
II. ,d;dpirasngil ,d;dpirasngil vdg;gLk;.
III. nrhy;ypirasngil NkYk; rpy v.fh:
1) cs;sJ}ck; 2) mjdpD}cq;F
I. nra;Aspirasngil
III. nrhy;ypirasngil

nra;Aspy; xir Fd;whj nghOJk;> 2. mUtpid vd;g csNth – Xfhuk;

ngah;r;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUisj; vjph;kiw
jUtjw;fhf msngLg;gJ nrhy;ypir 3. ahNd fs;td; - Vfhuk;
msngil vdg;gLk;. Njw;wg;nghUspy; te;jJ.
v.fh: Fbjop,f; NfhNyhr;Rk; khepy kd;dd;
mbjop, epw;Fk; cyF.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; jop> vd;wpUg;gpDk; nra;Aspd; Vfhuk;
xir Fiwtjpy;iy „joP‟ vd;gJ jOTjy; 1. nry;th;f;Nf - Vfhuk; gphpepiyg;
vdg; nghUs; jUk;. nghUspy; te;jJ
ngah;r;nrhy;yhFk; mr;nrhy; „jo;,‟ vd 2. rPtfw;Nf - Vfhuk; Njw;Nwfhuk;
msngLj;jhy; „jOtp‟ vd tpidnar;rr; 3. fhaNk> fz;Nz - Xfhuq;fs;
nrhy;yhapw;W. Njw;Nwfhuq;fs;
“,irnfbd; nkhopKjy; ,ilfil epiy 4. Gz;Nzh> ,fo; clk;Ngh nka; - Xfhuk;
neby; vjph;kiwfs;
msngLk; mtw;wtw; epdf;Fws; FwpNa”
ed;D}y; - 91 msngil
2. xw;wsngil
msngil nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ
1. voP, - nrhy;ypir msngil mjid epiwT nra;tjw;Fr; nrhy;ypYs;s
2. flhm ahid> rhma; Njhs; - ,irepiw nka;naOj;J msngLj;jiy xw;wsngil
msngilfs; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
3. mjdpD}cq;F - ,d;dpir msngil v.fh: vq;qfpiw tDs ndd;gha;.
nt//Fthh;f; fpy;iy tPL
msngil ,j;njhlhpy; tz;z vOj;Jfshf
1. xhP,> joP, - nrhy;ypir cs;s q; vd;gJk; / vd;gJk; ,UKiw
msngilfs; te;Js;sd. ,t;thW q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;>
2. joP,f;nfhs;s - nrhy;ypir t;> a;> y;> s; Mfpa gj;J nka;Ak;. /
msngil xd;Wk; Mfg; gjpNdhh; vOj;JfSk; xU
3. cwP, - nrhy;ypir Fwpiy mLj;Jk; ,UFwpy;fis mLj;Jk;
msngil nra;Aspy; ,dpa Xir Ntz;b msngLf;Fk;.
4. jhq;FW}ck;> tsh;f;FW}ck; - ,d;dpir ,t;thW msngLg;gjw;F xw;wsngil
msngilfs; vdg;gLk;.
5. nra;Nfh - „X‟ fhuk; mir “qQz ekd tayd Ma;jk;
epiy msghk; Fwpypdz Fwpw;rpopilfil
6. Qhd;Nw - „V‟ fhuk; mir kpfNy atw;wpd; Fwpahk; NtNw”
epiy ed;D}y; - 92
7. jhNd - Vfhuk; gphpepiy
8. fs;tNdh - Xfhuk; gphpepiy Fw;wpaYfuk;
9. tpisnrak; MtNjh – Xfhuk; vjph;kiw Fw;wpaYfuk; - FWik  ,ay;  cfuk;
10. Fd;wNkh NgaNjh> G+jNkh VNjh – (F> R> L> J> G> W)
Xfhuq;fs; tpdhg;nghUs; xU khj;jpiuasT xypf;f Ntz;ba
cfuk; miu khj;jpiuasthff;
Vfhuk; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaYfukhFk;.
1. ahNdh murd; - Xfhuk; vjph;kiw
jdp nebYlNdh> gy vOj;Jfisj; 1) neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

njhlh;e;Njh nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd jdp nebiyj; njhlh;e;J tUk;
nka;NahL Nrh;e;J tUk; cfuk; jdf;Fhpa Fw;wpaYfuk; neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;
xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J miu MFk;.
khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,jidNa (jdp neby; vd;gJ caph; nebyhfTk;>
Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. caph;nka; nebyhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;)
gR – fhR> gL – ghL> mJ – ge;J v.fh: ghF> fhR> NjhL> fhJ> NrhW
Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fspy; gR> gL> mJ
Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jo; Ftpe;J ed;F 2) Ma;jj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;:
xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F F> R> L> J Nghd;w Ma;j vOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk;
vOj;Jf;fSf;F xU khj;jpiu msT. Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;
Mdhy; fhR> ghL> ge;J Nghd;w MFk;.
nrhw;fspy; F> R> L. J Nghd;w v.fh: v/F> m/F> f/R
vOj;Jf;fspd; cfuk; Fiwe;J
xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. 3) caph;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;:
,q;F F> R> L. J Mfpa capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk;
vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; njhlh;f;Fw;wpaYfuk;
mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuahf MFk;.
xypf;fpwJ. v.fh: moF> KuR> gz;ghL> vUJ> kuG>
1) jdp xU Fw;nwOj;ij mLj;J tUk; ghyhW>
cfuk; vOj;Jfs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu ,r;nrhw;fspy; ty;ypd nka;fis
msthfNt xypf;fpwJ. Ch;e;J te;j cfuk; (F> R> L. J> G> W)
(v.fh) mJ> gR> gL> nghJ) capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J (o – o;  m> u
2) nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk;> ,ilapYk; tUk; – h;  m> gh – g;  M> U – h;  c> yh
„cfuk;‟ jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; – y;  M) <w;wpy; mike;J Fiwe;J
Fiwe;J xypf;fhJ. xypg;gjhy; Fw;wpaYfuk; Mapuw;W.
3) nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypdk;
nka;fis (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) Ch;e;J Fwpg;G: neby; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; mike;j
cfuk; (F> R> L> J> G> W) kl;LNk nrhy; nebiy cila ,uz;L vOj;J
jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J nrhy;yhf kl;LNk tUk;.
miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;.
nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp vOj;jhf epw;Fk;
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F Kd; cs;s vOj;ij 4) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;:
Nehf;f Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifahfg; ty;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;
vdg;gLk;.
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffs; v.fh: ghf;F> jr;R> jl;L> gj;J> cg;G> Gw;W
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;
1) neby;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; 5) nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;:
2) Ma;jj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; nky;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J
3) caph;j;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; nkd;njhlh;f;
4) td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
5) nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; v.fh: ghq;F> gQ;R> tz;L> ge;J> mk;G>
6) ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; fd;W

ed;D}y; - 93
6) ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
,ilapd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J
tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; ,ilj; njhlh;f; Ifhuk;  FWf;fk; ₌ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; Ifhuk;
Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J
v.fh: %o;F> nra;J> rhy;G> rhh;G Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;> xU
“nebNyhL Ma;jk; caph;typ nkyp khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
,ilj; MFk;.
njhlh;nkhop ,Wjp td;ikA+ Ufuk; I> it> ij.
m/Fk; gpwNky; njhluTk; ngWNk” Ifhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L
ed;D}y; - 94 khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;fpd;wJ.
Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjy;> ,il> fil
Fw;wpaypfuk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tUk;NghJ> nkhopf;F
Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiuasTk;> Vida
FWik  ,ay;  ,fuk; ₌ Fw;wpaypfuk; ,lq;fspy; xU khj;jpiuasTk; xypf;Fk;
(FWfpa XiriaAila ,fuk;) Ifhuk; ,t;thW Fiwe;J xypg;gNj Ifhuf;
,fuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu FWf;fk; MFk;.
mstpy; ,Ue;J miu khj;jpiuahff; Ie;J  Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; ₌ 1½
Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfukhFk;. khj;jpiu
tPL  ahJ? ₌ tPbahJ? ,isQh;  Ifhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; ₌ 1
xU Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; (tPL)
Kd; “ah” vd;Dk; vOj;ij Kjyhf cila khj;jpiu
nrhy; (ahJ) te;J NrUk;NghJ> Gwit  Ifhuk; nkhopf;F filapy; ₌ 1
mf;Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s khj;jpiu
cfuk; ,fukhf khWk; (l;, ₌ b)
(tPbahJ) ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
,jw;Ff; fhy msT miu khj;jpiu MFk;. xsfhuk;  FWf;fk; ₌
epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;J xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J tUnkhopapd; xsfhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L
KjnyOj;J afukhf ,Ue;jhy; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu
mitapuz;Lk; GzUk;nghOJ epiynkhop khj;jpiuahfTk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk;
<w;wpYs;s Fw;wpaYfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk;. xypg;gJ xsfhuf; FWf;Fk; MFk;.
NkYk; „kpah‟ vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy; xsfhuk; jdpj;j xypf;Fk; NghJ
tUnkhopahf te;jhy; mjpy; cs;s ,fuKk; kl;Lk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu msT
(k;  , ₌ kp) xyp Fiwe;J Fw;wpaYfuk; xypf;Fk;.
MFk;. nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;nghOJ
v.fh: xd;wiu khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;. xsfhuk;
nfhf;F  ahJ ₌ nfhf;fpaJ? nkhopf;F ,ilapYk;> filapYk; tuhJ.
v/F  ahJ ₌ v/FahJ? v.fh: xsit – nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu
khj;jpiu
cyF  ahJ ₌ cyFahJ?
“jw; Rl; ls nkhop Ik;% topAk;
Nfs;  kpah ₌ Nfs;kpah?
ieAk; xsTk; Kjy; mw;whFk;”
“afuk; tuf;Fws; „c‟j;jphp ,fuk;
ed;D}y; - 95
mirr;nrhy; kpahtpd; ,fuKk; Fhpa”
kfuf;FWf;fk;
fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.

kfuk;  FWf;fk; ₌ kfuf;FWf;fk;> ,jw;F Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.
„k;‟ vd;Dk; vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu
khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Kw;wpaYfuk;
Fiwe;njhypg;gJ kfuf;FWf;fkhFk;.
nra;Aspy; NghYk;> kUSk; Nghd;w jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu
nrhw;fspy; <w;wpay; vOj;JfspYs;s mstpypUe;J Fiwahj cfuk; Kw;wpaYfuk;
cfuq;fs; nfl;Lg; Nghy;k;> kUs;k; vd;whfpg; vdg;gLk;.
Nghd;k;> kUz;k; vd;W jphpAk;. mt;thW
jphpe;j dfu> zfuq;fspd; Kd; cs;s kfuk; 1. gF> gR> gL> mJ> jG> ngW ₌
miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiu ,it jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;j tUk;
msNt xypf;Fk;. ty;ypd cfuk; ngw;w Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.
jUk; tstd;> tUk; tz;b Mfpa 2. fhZ> cz;Z> cWK ₌ ,tw;wpd;
njhlh;fspy; epiy nkhopaPww ; py; kfuKk; <w;wpYs;s z> K cfuq;fs;
tUnkhop Kjypy; tfuKk; cs;sd. Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;
,JNghy; epiy nkhopaPww ; py; kfuk; ,Ue;J 3. vO> js;S> fjT ₌ ,tw;wpd;
tfu Kjy; nkhopNahL GzUk; NghJ epiy <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd cfuq;fs;
nkhopaPww; pYs;s kfuk; Fiwe;J fhy; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;.
khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,t;thW
Fiwe;njhypf;Fk; FWf;fk; kfuf; FWf;fk; 2. nrhy; ,yf;fzk;
MFk;.
“zd Kd;Dk; t/fhd; kpirAkf; FWFk;” xnuOj;J jdpj;J epd;Nwh> gy
vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; czh;j;Jkhapd;
ed;D}y; - 96 mit nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
nrhy;ypd; mikg;G> tiffs;
Ma;jf;FWf;fk; gw;wpawpa ,yf;fz Kiwf;F nrhy;
,yf;fzk; vd;W ngah;.
Ma;jk;  FWf;fk; ₌ Ma;jf;FWf;fk; nrhy;> gjk;> nkhop> fpstp vd;git
Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu xU nghUis czh;j;Jk; gy nrhw;fshFk;.
khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff;  nrhy;ypd; tiffs;:
Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Ma;jf;FWf;fkhFk;. nrhy; ,yf;fzk; ehd;F tifahf
v.fh: gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fy;  jPJ ₌ f/wPJ 1. ngah;r;nrhy;
Ks;  jPJ ₌ K/BJ 2. tpidr;nrhy;
epiynkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhh;e;J tUk; 3. ,ilr;nrhy;
yfu> sfu nka;fs; Kd;Nd> tUnkhop 4.chpr;nrhy;
Kjypy; jfuk; te;jhy; yfuj;jpw;F Kd; ,yf;fpa tifahy; ehd;fhfg;
tUk; jfuk; efukhFk;. sfuj;jpw;F Kd; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tUk; jfuk; lfukhFk; NghJ mt;thW 1. ,aw;nrhy;
jphpe;J efu> lfuq;fs; GzUk;NghJ 2. jphpr;nrhy;
epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s yfu> sfuq;fs; Ma;j 3. jpirnrhy;
vOj;jhfj; jphpAk;. ,t;thW jphpfpd;w Ma;j 4. tlr;nrhy;
vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J  ,yf;fz tiffs;
1. ngah;r;nrhy;:

ngaiu czh;j;Jk; nrhy; (v.fh)

ngah;r;nrhy; vdg;gLfpwJ. ngah;r;nrhy; gj;JkPl;lh; Jzp> gj;J fpNyh mhprp>
MW tifg;gLk;. Ie;Jgb vz;nza;> tl;lg;gyif> rJutPL>
1. nghUl;ngah; nrt;tfg; Gj;jfk;> Kf;Nfhzk; $k;G>
2. ,lg;ngah; nrk;ik.
3. fhyg;ngah;
4. rpidg;ngah; 6. njhopw;ngah;:
5. gz;Gg;ngah; (m) Fzg;ngah; njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy;
6. njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
1. nghUl;ngah; (v.fh)
nghUl;fspd; ngaiuf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; Ml;lk;> tpisahl;L> vOJjy;>
nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;. rphpj;jy;.
(v.fh)
mofd;> Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb> njd;id njhopw;ngah;fs;
,it capUs;s nghUs;.
ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L> vz;nza;>  Mf;fy; ePf;fy;
kz;> ePH;> fhw;W ,it capuw;w nghUs;fs; tpisahl;L
MFk;.  nghWj;jy; kwj;jy;
nghWj;jy;
2. ,lg;ngah;:  xuhy; nghiw
,lq;fspd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; fz;Nzhl;lk;
,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.  nry;yhik ciuj;jy; vd;wy;
(v.fh)  fhj;jy; <jy;
tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> kf;fs; kfpo;r;rp
thoplk;> Njhl;lk;> fhL> ,y;yk;> Fsk;  Fw;wk; ,Of;fy;
xOf;fk;
3. fhyg;ngah;:  tply; njspjy;
fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy; fz;Nzhl;lk;
fhyg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.  gzpjy; fw;wy;
(v.fh) ngWjy;
fhiy> rpj;jpiu> ijj;jpq;fs;>  tho;jy;
Nfhilf;fhyk;> nrt;tha;f;fpoik  ePqf
; hik - vjph;kiw
njhopw;ngah;
4. rpidg;ngah;:
cWg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; njhopw;ngah;
rpidg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh)
 xOf;fk; ,Of;fk; nrhyy;
jiy> fz;> %f;F> tha;> nrtp>
 ,Lk;ig gLghf;F
ehf;F> Gy;> taJ> if> fhy;> tpuy;> Nth;>
xOf;fk;
jz;L> fpis> ,iy> G+> fha;> fdp> tpij.
 ,Of;fk; ,Lk;ig xOfy;
5. gz;Gg; ngah; (m) Fzg;ngah;:  xLf;fk; tho;jy;
epwk;> tbtk;> Rit> Fzk; ,aw;Wjy;
Mfpatw;Ws; xd;wpidf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;  ,Uf;if fsT
gz;Gg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. tho;f;if
 xOf;fk; Jsq;Fjy; gif nghUois czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J Ntw;Wikj;

nfhsy; njhif vdg;gLk;.
 tply; xOFjy; jiy
Mw;Wjy;  Ntw;Wikj; njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;.
 xOFjy; Nehd;wy; mit
nghWj;jy;
i. Kjy; Ntw;Wik my;yJ vOtha;
 njhlh; (njhlh;G) - Kjdpiyj;
Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
njhopw;ngah;
ii. 2 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ
 Fj;J - Kjy; epiyj;
nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
njhopw;ngah;
iii. 3 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ fUtp
Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
t.vz;. ngah; tif ngah; iv. 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ nfhil
1 nghUl;ngah; fz;zd;> ehw;fhyp
Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
2 ,lg;ngah; NtY}h;> ehkf;fy; v. 5 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ ePf;f
Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
3 fhyg;ngah; ijj;jpq;fs;> vi. 6 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ fpoik
ez;gfy; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
4 rpidg;ngah; vii. 7 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ ,lNtw;Wik
Kfk;> if
vdg;gLk;.
5 Fzg;ngah;
tl;lk;> moF viii. 8 Mk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ tpsp
6 njhopw;ngah; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
Mly;> ghly;
Ntw;WikAk; mjd; cUGfSk;

njhif epiyj;njhlh;fs;
t.v Ntw;Wik cUGfs; nghUs;
njhif epiyj; njhlh; MW tifg;gLk;. 1 Kjy; ,ay;G ------------
mit: Ntw;Wik
1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif 2 ,uz;lhk; I Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;>
2. tpidj; njhif Ntw;Wik mikjy;> ePj;jy;>
3. gz;Gj; njhif Vj;jy;> cilik
4. ctikj; njhif 3 %d;whk; My;> Md;> fUtp> fUj;jh>
5. ck;ikj; njhif Ntw;Wik xL> XL cldpfo;r;rp
6. md;nkhopj; njhif 4 ehd;fhk; F Nfhil> gif>
Ntw;Wik Neh;r;rp> jFjp>
1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif mJthjy;>
xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUG nghUl;L> Kiw
kiwe;J te;J nghUs; czh;j;JtJ 5 Ie;jhk; ,y;> ,d; ePf;fs;> xg;G>
Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik vy;iy> VJ
v.fh: fz;zd; ,uhkd; ghh;j;jhd; 6 Mwhk; mJ> MJ gz;G> cWg;G>
,j;njhlhpy; fz;zid ,uhkd; Ntw;Wik xd;wd;> $l;lk;>
ghh;j;jhd; vd tphpe;J epd;W nghUs; gytpd;> ePl;lk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; 7 Vohk; ,y;> fz; nghUs; Kjypa
„I‟ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J
Ntw;Wik MWk; jw;fpoik> gifnfhsy;(gifiaf;nfhsy;

gpwfpoik fhy;kbj;J
,uz;bw;Fk; ,UsWf;Fk;(,Uis mWf;Fk;)
fldhjyhk;. thy;Fioj;J
8 vl;lhk; ---------- tpspj;jy; nrtpaWj;J(nrtpiamWj;J) G+jp
Ntw;Wik nghUspy; tUk; rhj;j
(tpspj;jy; mwdwpe;J(mwj;ijmwpe;J)
mioj;jy;) ngUikawpe;J
jpwdwpe;J(jpwid  mwpe;J)
v.fh mwdPDk;
t. Ntw;Wikj;njhi cU njhfh epiy
v f G  ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
1 ghy; gUfpdhd; I ghiy cld;njhf;f njhif
(2) gUfpdhd;  jhh;Nte;jd; (jhiu mzpe;j murd;)
2 jiy My; jiyahy;  ePh;j;jlk;>
tzq;fpdhd; (3) tzq;fpdhd;  Nghh;f;Ffd;>
3 Ntyd; kfd; F NtyDf;F  fitabf;Nfoy;
(4) kfd;  thp cOit (thpfisf; nfhz;l
4 Ch; ePq;fpdhd; ,d; Chpd; Gyp)
(5) ePqf
; pdhd;  ts;Sfph;g;Gyp ($h;ikahd efj;ij
5 nrq;Fl;Ltd; mJ nrq;Fl;Ltd cila Gyp)
rl;il (6) J rl;il  ePh;Kfpy;>
6 Fifg;Gyp fz; Fifapy;  nfhiyg;Gyp (nfhiyia tpUk;Gk;
(7) Gyp Gyp)
(m)  jpiuf;fq;if (miyfis cila
,y; fq;if)
 fow;fhy;>
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 ntwpj;jio>
 Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
 cfph;f;FUis>
cUGk;
 tisf;if (tisia cila if)>
gaDk; cld;
 ,iyg;nghopy; (,iyia cila
njhf;f
nghopy;)>
njhif
 ftpd;kyh;>
 khwd;fspW - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;
 kiwegp
njhif
 Giugy;>
 jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;
 Jisg;gy;>
njhif
 tisf;fuq;fs;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 tiuf;fypq;fk;>
 ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
E}y; Nehf;fp  flw;ypq;fk;>
caph;nrFj;J  flfhp>
Nfhy;Nehf;fp  Kj;Jf;nfhz;il (Kj;Jfisf;
jpwdwpe;J nfhz;l nfhz;il)>
 GdyUtp

 jhs;jiy (jhisj; jiyahy;) - mb (mgadJ mb) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif njhiffs;
 eh fhf;f> fjk; fhj;J> ,fy;  tpuy;Rit – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
nty;Yk; - ,uz;lhk;  Nga;f;fzq;fs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; njhif
 fsk; fz;Nlhk; - ,uz;lhk;  kiotuthy; (kioapdJ tuthy;) –
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
 mUs;nghop (mUisg; nghopfpd;w) -  cs;@h; (Ch;cs;)> Edpf;nfhk;gh; (nfhk;gh;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif Edp) – Kd;gpd;dhfj; njhf;f epd;w
 Cd;nghjp cfph; (Cdhy; nghjpe;jpUe;j) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;
- %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif  vd;fhy;> vd;ngah;> epd;dfh;> vd;gjp –
 nrhy; ,Of;F> nghUl;gad; - %d;whk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;
Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;  vd;Daph; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
cld;njhf;fnjhiffs;  fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk;) – Mwhk;
 ths;tha; mhpe;J (thspd; thahy; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
mhpe;J)> nghd;gj;jh; (nghd;dhy; Mfpa  topf;fiu – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
gj;jh;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;
 gzptplk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 fhfpjg;G+ - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
 jd;xd;dhh; > Nte;jd; nghUs; - Mwhk;
gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 fzpif rpWtd; (fzpiff;Fr; rpWtd;)>
 nrWeh; nrUf;F – Mwhk;
,ir Njhw;W (,irf;Fj; Njhw;W) – Ntw;Wikj;njhif
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
 ejpg;gug;G – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 FbePh; (Fbg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; ePh;) –
 Fd;Nwwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
 nrtpGf – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
cld;njhf;f njhif
 kiyKio – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
 epd;Nfs; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 gfy;G+f;fs; (gfypy; G+f;Fk; G+f;fs;) –
 Nghh;f;Fwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif
 miuf;fypq;fk; (miuapd;fz; cs;s
 thd;kio (thdpypUe;J tPOk; kio) –
fypq;fk;)> mbg;ghzh; (mbapd;fz;
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
tho;fpd;w ghzh;) – Vohk; Ntw;Wik
cld;njhf;f njhif
cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhiffs;
 gor;Rit> caph;j;jpus;> Iiajhs;>
ePh;tsk;> epd;gjk; - Mwhk;  gz;izklthh;> fhdg;gwit – Vohk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f
njhif
 gpzTg;grp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 tpidtyp> jd;typ> khw;whd;typ>  Njth – tpsp
Jiztyp – Mwhk;  Cu (CuNd) – tpspj;njhlh;
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 rpiyj;njhoy; (rpiyapdJ njhopy;) –
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik njhif
 mbnjhOJ fhykbj;J
 ePNuhir – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 rpiyehz; (rpiyapdJ ehz;)>  cuk; gpse;J Nfrhp epfh;
Midkzp (MidapdJ kzp)> mgad; Kfk;kJ
 thy; Fiyj;J E}y; Nehf;fp epd;dfh; vd; gjp

 MwzpAk; nrtpaWj;J  tpidg;gad; (tpizapdJ gad;)
 mwd; mwpjy; ,Us;  jkpnohsp (jkpopdJ xsp)
mWf;Fk;  mwpTilahh; Nfz;ik
 mwd; <Dk; jpwd; mwpe;J  gfy;nty;Yk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 ,d;gKk; <Dk; (gfypy; nty;Yk;)
nrUf;FmWf;Fk;  ,yhd;fz; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGf
 ,fy; nty;Yk; (,fiy nty;Yk;)  cilahhd;fz; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik
 caph;ntsty; Nfhy;Nehf;fp cUGf
 Gfo;ngw;w gydile;jha;  nrtpGf - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGf
 khir vw;wp ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik  efuj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik
tphp tphp
 nrtpr;nry;tk;> thAzh;T> nrtpapd;Rit  eufj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; tphp
cld;njhf;f njhiffs;  jhh;Nte;jd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
 jd; nra;tpid - %d;whk; cUGk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif (jd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;l gaDk; cld;njhf;f
tpid) njhif
 md;gpd; Fotp - %d;whk;  Nghh;f;Ffs; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif (md;gpdhy; <dg;gl;l cld;njhf;f
Fotp) njhiffs;
 jw;gpwh; (jdf;Fg; gpwh;) – ehd;fhk;  jpiuf;fq;if - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif cld;njhf;f
 epd;Nfs; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif njhiffs;
 mjdpd; $hpaJ – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik  Nfhijtpy; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
cUG cld;njhf;f
xg;Gg; nghUspy; njhiffs;
te;jJ.  ePh;j;jlk; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
 nfsypd;(„,d;‟) – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cld;njhf;f
cUG njhiffs;
cwo;Tg; nghUspy;  rPjg;ge;jh; - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
te;jJ. cld;njhf;f
njhiffs;
 thp cOit - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f
njhiffs;
 kjfhp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffSf;fhd cld;njhf;f
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; njhiffs;
 Fzeyk; jd;kzk; nrUeh;  fitab - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk;
nrUf;F cld;njhf;f
ejpg;gug;G fq;ifj;Jiw vd;Daph; njhiffs;
Ek;Ngh; vd; fhy; vd; ngah;
 ngUthp Ntq;if - ,uz;ld; cUGk; 9. Kl;Gjh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

gaDk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
cld;njhf;f 10. ePjpE}y; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
njhiffs; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
 ts;Sfph;g; Gyp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; 11. kyh;r;Nrhiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
gaDk; cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
cld;njhf;f 12. ftpGide;Njhk;> ,iuNjh; - ,uz;lhk;
njhiffs; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
 nfhiyg;Gyp - ,uz;ld; cUGk; gaDk; 13. jiyFdpe;J - ,uz;lhk;
cld;njhf;f Ntw;Wikj;njhif
njhiffs; 14. jw;#o - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
15. nghyk;Gid - %d;whk;
 Njhy; nrUg;G - %d;wd; cUGk; gaDk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
cld;njhf;f
16. ifjhq;fp - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
njhiffs;
17. nghw;rpyk;G - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
 njWnghUs; (njWjyhy; ngWk; nghUs;) gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
- %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; 18. jw;gpwh; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
cld;njhf;f njhif 19. fd;dpghyd; - ehd;fhk;
 fly;epyk; - %d;wd; cUGk; gaDk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
cld;njhf;f 20. vd; kfd; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
njhiffs; 21. tpidj;jpl;gk; (tpidf;F Ntz;ba
 Nte;jd; nghUs; (Nte;jDf;FhpanghUs;) kdTWjp – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
- ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
cld;njhf;f njhif (tpidnra;jypd;fz; jpz;ik) – Vohk;
 Cu – mz;ik tpsp Ntw;Wikj;njhif
 Ia> nry;t – mz;ik tpspfs; 22. khiykjp – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif 23. gjj;Jiz (gjj;jpd; Jiz) – Ie;jhk;
1. mb tho;j;Jtk; (mbia tho;j;Jtk;) - Ntw;Wikj;njhif
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 24. khy; foy;> jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk;
2. rpiwg;gwit - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 25. fs;spg;Gjh; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
3. Gy;yhh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 26. ePUw;W – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
4. Ks;spiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; 27. fd;WFuy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 28. Gy;Edp – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
5. Ntw;fhis - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; 29. fad;Ks; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
30. ,wTg;Gwk;> fwTf;NfhL> fspw;W kUg;G –
6. ths;Nte;jd;> tisf;if> tisj;Njhsp -
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
31. jpidj;Jiz> gidj;Jiz> kdj;jpl;gk;>
cld;njhf;f njhif
mwpthh; njhopy; - Mwhk;
7. gilg;guRuhkd;> kjpf;FQ;rp> fha;f;Fiy -
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
32. njd;dtd; nfhw;wk;> kd;dtd; $ly; -
cld;njhf;f njhif
Mwhk; Ntw;wikj;njhiffs;
8. Rtbr;rhiy - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
33. iftak;> nka;tak; - Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs;  Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
34. nrhw;gjk; (nrhy;ypdJtop) – Mwhk; cld;njhf;fj; njhifAk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhif 1. Foha;j; jz;zPh; (FohapypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
35. gfYiw – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; jz;zPH;)
36. ifNae;jp> ChpUe;J – Vohk; 2. njhl;b jz;zhP ; (njhl;bapy; fpilf;Fk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhiffs; jz;zPh;)
37. Nghh; Kurk;> Ntq;flkhatd; - Vohk;
Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f tpidj; njhif
njhiffs;
38. fhw;rpyk;G – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk;
gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk;
 cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f nganur;rk; „tpidj;njhif‟ vdg;gLk; fhyk;
njhifAk;: fue;j nganur;rNk tpidj;njhif MFk;.
xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; tpidg;gFjpAk; mLj;j
nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; Nrh;e;J ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; mike;j
tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f nrhw;nwhlh;fspNyNa tpidj;njhif
njhif vdg;gLk;. mikAk;.
v.fh: Njh;g;ghfd; v.fh: cz;fyk;
,j;njhlh; Njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd; vd ,tw;wpy; „cz;‟ vd;git
tphpe;J nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. tpidg;gFjpfs;. mit KiwNa fyk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njh;> ghfd; vd;Dk; vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;J
nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; „I‟ vd;Dk; nganur;rq;fshapd.
Ntw;Wik cUGk; “Xl;Lk;” vd;Dk; nghUis NkYk; ,it cz;lfyk;> cz;fpd;w
tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J te;Js;sd. fyk;> cz;Zk; fyk; vd Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;
vdNt ,J cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f nghUe;Jk; gb tphpe;J nghUs; jUfpd;w
njhif vdg;gLk;. fhyk;.
v.fh: fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs;
1. Njh;ghfd; (Njiu ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik ,g;nganur;rq;fspy; njhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Xl;Lk; ghfd;) cUGk; gaDk; NkYk; rpy v.fh:
2. ePh;f;Flk; (ePiu cld;njhf;f 1) MLnfhb 2) gha;Gyp 3) miyfly;
cila Flk;) njhifAk; 4) CWfha; 5) tphpfly; 6) FbePh;
1. nghd; tisay; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik 7) Fsph;kio 8) xLq;Fsph; 9) RLNrhW
(nghd;dhyhd cUGk; gaDk; 10) gapy;NjhWk;
tisay;) cld;njhf;f njhif
2. kl;ghid tpidj;njhif
(kz;zhy; Md  Gidkyh; thq;Ftpy;
ghid) cah;Jiy
 nra;jtk; tPo;fjph;
 ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; Mo;euF
cld;njhf;f njhifAk; tpidj;njhif
1. jiytyp kUe;J (jiytypf;Fj; jUk;  cFePh; #o;foy;
kUe;J) nra;nfhy;yd;
2. $yp Ntiy ($ypf;Fj; jUk; Ntiy)

 nra;tpid nghq;Ffly;  xOFePh; cUs;Njh;

<d;Fotp  <h;tis gLfhiy
 nghopjUkzp gizjUgUkzp  cz;fz; JQ;Rkhh;gk;>
 tUGdy; epjpjUftpif  epiwkjp> jpUe;jb>
 Mapio mfy;Kfpy;
tpidj;njhif  glh;Kfpy;> tpionrak;
 nghUefh; vOFUjp
 nghopfhp> nghopkiw
 thh;fz; cFePH;
 fpsh;jpwk; nra;Fd;W
 #o;foy; nra;nfhy;yd;
 Mluq;F> cauz;lk;
 Khpjpiu nra;tpid
 jPh;rtk; nghq;Ffly;  jho;gpwg;G> Njh;Fapy;
 tPo;kfd; epiwjpUePW  Ntq;flk; tsh;$ly;
 Nrhh;tbT jpfo;gh (Ntk;  flk;)
 <d; Fotp cWnghUs;  JQ;RKfpy;> ciwNtq;flk;
 nfha;k;kyh; vwpejp  fopnts;sk; glh;Kfpy;
tpidj;njhif  Rlnuhsp cah; vz;zk;
 ciufhyk;> kUTnra;>  cah;kuk;> Kjph;kuk; njhLthdk;
mfy;thay;>  nghq;Fjhkiu
 mWFsk;> Xq;Fkiy> ePspil>  cz;fz; nja;tk; cw;whs; -
 MfhW> NghfhW> tpidj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j
 MhpUs;> (Mh;  ,Us;) md;nkhopj;njhif
 fldwpfhl;rpath;> nga;rhfhL>
nghUefh;> gz;Gj;njhif
 toq;Fnewp> tpLfiz>
tphpkyh;> gz;Gg;ngaUf;Fk; mJ jOtpepw;Fk;
 nfhs;ghly;> tbEid> ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa „ik‟ vd;Dk;
tpsq;nfhsp> gz;G tpFjpAk; „Mfpa‟ „Md‟ vd;Dk; gz;G
 mLjpiu> cFnfhb> cUGfSk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif
jpUe;Jjhh;> vdg;gLk;.
 gLtplk;> jpfo;rpuk;> v.fh:
#o;efk;> ntz;zpyT - ntz;ikahd epyT
 kpd;Dnrq;fjph;> GfOlk;G> tl;lf;fy; - tl;lkhd fy;
,fo;clk;G ,d;nrhy; - ,dpikahd nrhy;
,j;njhlh;fspy; ntz;ik> tl;lk;> ,dpik
 ghAehs;> gUFehs;>
vd;gd gz;Gg;ngah; ngah;fs; epyT> fy;>
GJf;Fehs;
nrhy; vd;gd ngaiuj; jOtp epw;Fk;
 goFghl;L> kbfsk;> ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ,t;tpuz;bw; fpilapy;
nghopjpUKfk; Mfpa> Md vd;Dk; gz;G> ik vd;Dk;
 Nrh;kjp> nfha;k;kyh;> Xq;FePh; gz;G tpFjpAk; kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy;
gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.
tpidj;njhif
 jpUe;Jnkhop> nghUe;Jnkhop  gz;Gj;njhfiapd; tiffs;:
 jpiufTs; cah;rpid 1. tz;zg; gz;Gj;njhif

epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif ,d;ik jpz;ik ePyKb

tz;zg; gz;Gj; njhifahFk;. ed;nra; Gd;nra; njhy;YyF
v.fh: ntz;Fil fUq;Nfhy; ngUe;Njd;
nrq;fy; - nrk;ikahfpa fy; nre;jP ntk;ik neLkjpy;
fUq;Ftis – fUikahd Ftis nre;eha; fUKfpy; ntz;kjp
mUe;jth; ey;tpid ngUk;NgW
2. tbTg; gz;Gj;njhif gy;Yaph; ey;tpid jPtpid
tbtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif Nghpd;gk; fLQ;nrhy; ey;ywk;
tbTg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;. nrk;nghd; goe;jkpo; rpw;wpdk;
v.fh: ngUq;Fzk; nrq;if Nrtb
tl;lg;ghiw – tl;lkhd ghiw ntt;tpUg;G td;kwNthh;
tl;lj;jl;L – tl;lkhd jl;L
3. msTg; gz;Gj;njhif gz;Gj;njhif
msitf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif  ePyKb rpw;wpdk;
msTg;gz;Gj; njhifahFk;. jPnahOf;fk;
 ey;ywk;> ed;nkhop ey;yb
v.fh:  ,Uepyk; ,d;jkpo;
Kj;jkpo; - %d;W  jkpo; ₌ Kk;ikahfpa  mtpAzT - ,Unganuhl;Lg;
jkpo; gz;Gj;njhif
4. Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif: gz;ghF ngah;

Ritiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif  tpUe;J - gz;ghFngah;
v.fh: cth;ePh; - cth;g;ghd ePH;
gz;Gj;njhif
5. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif  td;ik ey;nyhOf;fk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk;> nghJg;ngah; jPnahOf;fk;
gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk;  mUtpid Gd;fz;
gz;G cUG kiwe;J tUtJ ngUk;ngah;
,Unganul;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;.  mUk;ngwy; ngUq;Fb
v.fh: ky;ypifg; G+ fLq;Nfhy;
,j;njhlh; ky;ypifahfpa G+ vd  nrq;Nfhyd; ed;nkhop
tphpfpwJ. G+ vd;gJ midj;J G+f;fSk; nre;jkpo;
Rl;Lk; ngauhfTk;> ky;ypif vd;gJ gy
 ngUQ;rpuk; jz;lsp
G+f;fSs; xd;whfpa G+it Fwpg;ghfr;
jpz;bwy;
Rl;ltjhy; rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. ,t;tpU
 neLehtha; neLehtha; neLePH;
nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa “Mfpa” vd;Dk;  ed;Djy; Gd;fz;
gz;G cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J nkd;fz;
,Ug;nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;.
 mUtpiy ed;fyk;
NkYk; rpy v.fh:
ew;fwpfs;
1. gidkuk; 2. Gspr;irf;fPiu 3.
 ,d;dKjk; xz;nghUs;
ngz;ikeyk;
vz;nghUs;
4. nrUf;fsk; 5. mitf;fsk; 6. ciufy;
 ew;rq;F ntz;Fio neLePh;
 nts;nsapW ngUq;fphp
gz;Gj;njhiffs;:
nrq;fjph;
ngUthp  ew;gad;> ,Uepyk;>

gz;Gj;njhif: FWeif
 Fbik ew;rq;F  ige;epwk;> ed;kid
ntz;Fio njhy;ftpd;
 Nrtb ey;Nyh;  ntz;kUg;G gRk;nghd;
,sq;fdp fUq;nfhb
 gRe;Jzp Gd;fz;  xz;nghd; ,Uq;fly;
mUk;ngwy; neLq;fz;
 ngUq;Fb fLq;Nfhy;  nrt;tha; ,d;euk;G
nrq;Nfhyd; jpz;Nlh;
 ed;nkhop nre;jkpo; jz;zPh;  ,d;aho; ige;jhh; ey;aho;
 ,Uepyk; ,UtpRk;G
 Gd;fz; nkd;fz; neLePh;
mUeyk;
 nts;nsapW ngUq;fphp
 igk;nghd; ,skapy;
nrq;fjph;
jPe;njhil
 ngUthp ngUQ;rpuk;  ,d;dpir FWtis
jpz;bwy; neLk;Gil
 jz;jsph; neLtehtha;  mUkiw nrOe;Japy;
neLtha; nfhLq;fz;
 neLePh; ed;Djy;  ntt;tha; rpWnghwp
 mUtpid(mUik  tpid) – nkd;kyh;
gz;Gj;njhif  ty;Yly; nrk;kyh;
 xz;nghUs; (xz;ik  nghUs;) – nrOk;Gfo;
gz;Gj;njhif  ntt;tplk; nrq;fjph;
nfhLtplk;
,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif  nte;joy; nre;joy;
vOfypq;fk;
 kiwjy; fy;kpjg;G  ntQ;rpiy td;J}W
jkpo;E}y; ngUq;fly;
 ,yf;fzE}y; thiof;;fdp  nky;ypjo; xz;gjk;
cy;FnghUs; nkd;Fuy;
 fhpj;jpus; mtpAzT  Ez;Jsp rpWnjhl;by;
 ngUe;jz;zPh; - gz;Gj;njhif mLf;F nrq;fPiu
 mUe;jtk; MuKJ
 xs;spio (xz;ik  ,io) –
td;fhdfk;
gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j
 td;fhak; mUe;jkpo;
md;nkhopj;njhiffs;
ngUe;jkpo;
 klnkhop (kliknkhop) -
 jz;fly; nrq;fjph;
gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j
Gy;ybik
md;nkhopj;njhiffs;
 ntz;Ky;iy jPr;nrhy;
Nguwpthsd;
gz;Gj;njhiffs;
 ,y;gUtk; mUtpid
 Mukph;J> njhd;kf;fs;> ntz;Fio
goe;jkpo;

 Nrtb KJRUjp  ngUe;Njh;

ngUq;Fzk;
 xUkdk; Kg;gif 1. ed;ndLk;gil (ed;ik  neLik 
mhptbT gil) - ,UKiw mLf;fpte;j
 thl;gil (thshfpa gil) - gz;Gj;njhif
,Unganul;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif 2. ,sikg;gUtk;> jkpod;id -
 rPh;ik – gz;Gg;ngah; ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhiffs;
3. fzpr;rpf; $h;k;gil - ,Unganuhl;Lg;
gz;Gj;njhiffs;
4. nka;g;nghUs;> Rth;f;fgjp -
gz;Gj;njhif ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhiffs;
 ey;Yiu> neLe;jif> 5. md;Gnewp - ,Unganuhl;Lg;
jz;Fil gz;Gj;njhif
 nrq;Nfhy; nrq;fjpNuhd; 6. cjtpead; (cjtpahfpa ead;) -
KJkuk; ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
 jz;gjk; ey;yfk; 7. mQ;rpNyhjpia tu – gz;Gj;njhifg;
mUe;Jah; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif
 neLe;Njh; NghpQ;rp
KJKurk; ctikj;njhif
 rpw;wd;id Nrtb
Kr;rq;fk; ctikf;Fk;> ctNkaj;jpw;Fk;
(nghUSf;Fk;) ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w> epfu
 ew;wha; ngUe;nja;tk;
md;d vd;Dk; ctk cUGfSs; xd;W
ntz;japh;
kiwe;J tUtJ ctikj; njhifahFk;.
 nre;ney; nrOk;nghd; v.fh:
ngUk;G+jk;
Njd; Nghd;w nkhop vdg;nghUs; jUfpwJ.
 fUQ;rpfuk; nre;jkpo; NguwpT Njd; - ctik nkhop – ctNkak;
 ntWq;if fUq;fy; go (nghUs;)
Mtzk; ,ilapy; „Nghd;w‟ vd;Dk; ctk cUG
 jPnewp fLk;gif kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J
Kf;Fil ctikj;njhifahFk;.
 fUKfpy; ntQ;Rlh; Nghpb NkYk; rpy v.fh:
 NguwpT Nfz;ik 1. Kj;Jgy; 2. kjpKfk; 3. mKJnkhop
J}a;ik 4. gtstha;
 rhy;G ngUq;fspW ed;khd;
 neLe;Njh; gRq;fhy ctikj;njhif
fUq;fhf;if  ,iyNty; - ctikj;njhif
 gr;#d; ige;epzk;  jsph;f;if - ctikj;njhif
ntQ;rpdk;  fdptha; - ctikj;njhif
ctikj;njhif
 fLe;jpwy; ey;yhW
$h;k;gil  fy;jpus;Njhs; - ctikj;njhif
 jhkiu eadk; - ctikj;njhif
 vOgpwg;G vz;nghUs;
 kyh;r;Nrtb - ctikj;njhif
Ez;nghUs;
 G+jug;Gak; - ctikj;njhif
 kyub - ctikj;njhif  fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - „ck;‟ ik ,opT

rpwg;Gk;ik
ctikj;njhif  tapw;Wf;Fk; - ck;ik ,opT
1. gidf;if - ctikj;njhif rpwg;Gk;ik
2. G+jug;Gak; - ctikj;njhif  ahitAk; - ck;ik Kw;Wk;ik
3. kyub - ctikj;njhif
 ehLefh; - ck;ikj;njhif
4. kyh;r;Nrtb - ctikj;njhif
 mltpkiy MW - ck;ikj;njhiffs;
5. fy;jpus; - ctikj;njhif
6. jhkiu eadk; - ctikj;njhif  muTePh; - ck;ikj;njhif
7. Njnkhop ciuj;jJ - ctikj;njhifg;  khLk; MLk; - vz;Zk;ik
Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif  NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik
 mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik
ctikj;njhiffs;  fw;wpydhapDk; gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; -
1. Ntw;fz;> fandLq;fz;> kzp vapW> vjph;kiw ck;ikfs;
gtsr;nrt;tha;> vhpkyh; -  ahitAk; - Kw;Wk;ik
ctikj;njhiffs;
 nra;apDk; - „ck;‟ ik ,opT
2. ghit Nghy (ghit Nghd;wtshfpa
rpwg;Gk;ik
jj;ij) fhis (fhis Nghd;wtdhfpa
rPtfd;)> cF nfhbNa (nfhb Nghd;w
ck;ikj;njhif
tPzhfpgjp) – ctikahF ngah;fs;. 1. gps;isg;ghz;bad; tpy;yp
3. kyh;f;fhy; - ctikj;njhif xl;lf;$j;jd; -
4. nghd;dpik – (nghd; Nghd;w ,ik) – ck;ikj;njhif
ctikj;njhif 2. rpuKfk; -
5. kjpKfk;> kyh;j;jhs; - ck;ikj;njhif
ctikj;njhiffs; 3. jha;je;ij -
ck;ikj;njhif
ctikj;njhif
1. kjpf;Fil – ctikj;njhif ck;ikj;njhif
2. jhkiuf;fz; - ctikj;njhif 1. fhyKk; NjrKk; -
ck;ikj;njhif
ck;ikj;njhif 2. kiyapDk; -
ck;ikj;njhif
,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; 3. vy;yhh;f;Fk;> vOikAk; - „ck;‟ik
,WjpapYk; „ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; Kw;Wikfs;
kiwe;J tUtJ „ck;ikj;njhif‟ vdg;gLk;. 4. rhfhLk; - ck;ik cah;T
v.fh: rpwg;Gk;il
Mz;  ngz; - MZk; ngz;Zk; 5. jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj;njhif
,uT  gfy; - ,uTk; gfYk; 6. vy;NyhUk; - „ck;‟ik Kw;Wik
ML  khL – MLk; khLk; 7. FbfSk; nkhopfSk; ,dq;fSk; -
vz;Zk;ik
ck;ik 8. cyfidj;Jk;> ahtUk; - Kw;Wk;ikfs;
9. nky;tpuYk; elth – ck;ik ,we;jJ
 ahkj;Jk; gfYk; - „ck;‟ ik
jOtpa vr;r ck;ik
vz;Zk;ik

ck;ikj;njhif  jhsKk; NksKk; - vz;Zk;ik
1. ehopif thuk;> me;jpfhiy – vz;Zk;ik

ck;ikj;njhiffs; 1. NjDk; kPDk; -
2. rl;ljpl;lk; - ck;ikj;njhif vz;Zk;ikfs;
3. nta;Nahd;> jpq;fs; - ck;ikj;njhif 2. neba nkhopjYk; - „ck;‟ik
4. ehd; mtd; (ehDk; mtDk;) – fba Ch;jYk; vz;Zk;ikfs;
ck;ikj;njhif 3. jhahUk; je;ijahUk; -
vd tphpe;J nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd vz;Zk;ikfs;
,ilapYk; „ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cWnghUSk; cy;FnghUSk; -
kiwe;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jtjhy; vz;Zk;ikfs;
,J ck;ikj;njhifahFk;. njWnghUSk;
ck;ikj;njhif vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> 5. mUnshLk; md;nghLk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;
Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; vd;Dk; ehd;F msTg; 6. Vid ,uz;Lk; - Kw;Wk;ik
ngah;fisj; njhlh;e;J tUk;.
 vz;zy; ck;ikj;njhif vz;Zk;ik
ntw;wpiyghf;F – ntw;wpiyAk; 1. itafKk; thdfKk;> kyh;jYk;
ghf;Fk; $k;gDk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;
 vLj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif 2. mwptpyhh; (,y;yhh;)> gidj;Jizah –
,uz;LfpNyh - ,uz;L fpNyhTk; (gidj;Jizahf) vz;zpaq;F
E}W fpuhk; - E}W fpuhk; 3. je;ijf;Fk; jha;f;Fk; - vz;Zk;ik
4. thapYk; khspifAk;> khlKk; Mluq;Fk;>
 Kfj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif
<rDk; NghjDk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;
xd;Nw fhy; ypl;lh; - xU ypl;lUk;
5. NgNuhLk; GfNohLk; - vz;Zk;ik
fhy; ypl;lUk;
6. fq;ifAk; rpe;JTk;> tpz;zpYk;
 ePl;ly; ck;ikj;njhif kz;zpYk; - vz;Zk;ikfs;.
Ie;jb MW mq;Fyk; - Ie;J
mbAk;> MW mq;FyKk;.
Kw;Wk;ik
Fwpg;G:
VNjDk; xU nrhy; kl;Lk; „ck;‟
„ck;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; ntspg;gl;Nl
vd;w tpFjp nfhz;L KbANkahdhy; mJ
tUkhdhy; mJ „vz;Zk;ik‟ vd;W Kw;Wk;ikahFk;.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh:
v.fh: 1. ,uTk; gfYk; 2. MZk; 1. ,uz;Lk; 2. ,uTk; 3. ngz;Zk;
ngz;Zk; 4. ntw;wpiyAk; 5. vy;NyhUk; 6.
3. ePAk; ehDk; Kj;jkpOk;
vz;Zk;ik
 khLk; MLk; - vz;Zk;ik Kw;Wk;ik
 md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; - 1. ahiuAk; ek;gp - Kw;Wk;ik
vz;Zk;ik 2. ahUk; - Kw;Wk;ik
 NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik 3. vO gpwg;Gk;> ahh;f;Fk; vspa –
 fUKfpYk; ntz;kjpAk; - vz;Zk;ik Kw;Wk;ikfs;
 mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik 4. vk;kUq;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik
 ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk; -
vz;Zk;ik
5. tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; Njhs;fs; ,uz;Lk; -  nra;apDk; - ,opTr;rpwg;Gk;ik

Kw;Wk;ikfs;
rpwg;Gk;ik: ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

rpwg;Gk;ik ,U tifg;gLk;.
1. rpwpJ vdpDk;> ,d;dh nrapDk;> gpwh;
mit: nrapDk;
1. cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ik Jd;g KwthpDk; - ,opT rpwg;G
2. ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik ck;ikfs;
2. FUFk; - ,opT rpwg;G ck;ik
1. cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ik 3. tOf;fpAk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik
xU nghUis cah;j;jpr; nrhy;tJ
v.fh: jkpopd; Rit mopo;jpDk; ,dpJ ck;ikj;njhiffs;
 ahitAk; mltpkiyahW ehLefh;
cah;Tr;rpwg;Gk;ikfs;
 epyj;jpDk; thdpDk; ePhpDk; ck;ikj;njhif
 jha;je;ij - ck;ikj;njhif
rpwg;Gk;ikfs;  rpuKfk; - ck;ikj;njhif
1. caphpDk; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T (rpuKk; KfKk;)
rpwg;Gk;ikfs;
2. ghpe;Jk; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T md;nkhopj;njhif
rpwg;Gk;ikfs;
3. vk;kNdhh;f;Fk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik>
ck;ik Mfpa njhif epiyj;
cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik njhlh;fSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy
 ghiwAk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik nkhopfs; njhf;fp (kiwe;J) epd;W nghUs;
 vd;DilaNuDk; ahh;ahh;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; jUtJ md;nkhopj;njhif MFk;.
va;jpaf;fz;Zk; - cah;T rpwg;G v.fh:
ck;ikfs; 1. fay;tpop te;jhs; - fay; Nghd;w tpop
 ngz;bUk; - cz;Lnfhy; rhd;NwhUk; cila ngz; te;jhs;.
cah;jpizg; ngaiuf; Fwpj;jhy; ,J
cz;Lnfhy; - „ck;‟ikfs; cah;T
ck;ikj; njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j
rpwg;Gk;ikfs;
md;nkhopj;njhif.
 nrWthh;f;Fk; - ,we;jJ jOtpa vr;r 2. G+q;Foyp te;jhs; - G+it mzpe;j
ck;ik $e;jy; cila ngz; te;jhs;> ,uz;lhk;
cah;T rpwg;Gkhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f
njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;
njhifahFk;.
(gpw Ntw;Wikj; njhiffSk; ,t;thNw
2. ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik mikAk;.)
,ope;j nghUspd; cah;itr; 3. RLfjph; vOe;jhd; - RLfjph; -
nrhy;tJ tpidj;njhif RLfpd;w fjpiu cila
v.fh: ehapDk; ,ope;jtd; #hpad; vOe;jhd; - tpidj;njhifg;
,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopnj;njhif
 tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr;rpwg;Gk;ik
md;nkhopj;njhif 1. vOtha; njhlh;

fgpyd; te;jhd; - ,jpy; fgpyd;
1. Xjp Njhw;whs; ($e;jiy cila vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlh;e;J “te;jhd;”
ngz;zhfpa jj;ij)> tisf;if tpuYk; vd;Dk; gadpiy te;Js;sjhy; ,J
(tisia cila ifiaf; nfhz;l vOtha;j;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
ngz;zhfpa jj;ij tpuYk;) ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j 2. tpspj;njhlh;
md;nkhopj;njhif. fjputh! th - ,J tpspj;njhlh;
2. ghayhd; - (ghaiyr; Rke;jtdhfpa (miof;fpwJ)
jpUkhy;) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
njhifg;Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif 3. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;:
3. gtsr;nrt;tha; euk;G csu (gtsk; fz;Nld; rPijia – tpidKw;W
Nghy; rpte;j tapid cila Kjypy; te;J ngaiuj; njhlh;fpwJ.
ngz;zhfpa jj;ij euk;igj; jlt) – tpidKw;W
ctikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;gpwe;j 1. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
md;nkhopj;njhif 2. <ag;gLk;> Nfl;f – tpaq;Nfhs;
tpidKw;W
njhfh epiyj; njhlh; 3. fhz;f – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
4. ,wg;gpid vd;W nghWj;jy; (nghWj;Jf;
xU njhlh; nkhopapy; ,U nrhw;fs; nfhs;f) – „jy;‟ tpFjp ngw;w
,Ue;J> mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh> cld;ghl;L tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czh;j;JtJ 5. mjdpDk; ed;W – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
njhfh epiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;. 6. thapduhjy; mhpJ – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
v.fh: kio nga;jJ
7. xOfg;gLk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L
Kjy; njhlhpy; kio vd;Dk; vOthAk;
tpidKw;W
nga;jJ vd;Dk; gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J
8. itahh; - vjph;kiw gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
epd;W NtW nrhy; Ntz;lhJ nghUis
9. tply; - my;yPwW ; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt ,J njhfh epiyj;
10. Ja;g;Nghk; - jd;ikg;gd;ik tpidKw;W
njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
11. nghjpe;J itg;gh; - cld;ghl;Lg; gyh;ghy;
tpidKw;W
njhfh epiyj; njhlh; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;.
12. nra;tha; - Kd;dpiy xUik
1. vOtha;j; njhlh;
tpidKw;W
2. tpspj; njhlh;
13. vd;g – gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
3. tpidKw;W njhlh;
tpidKw;W
4. nganur;rj;njhlh;
 tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
5. tpidnar;rj;njhlh;
thopah; fhf;f
6. Ntw;Wikj;njhfhepiyj; njhlh;
<f
7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;
Rkf;f> xf;f(xj;jpUf;f)
8. chpr;nrhy; njhlh;
Nghf>
9. mLf;Fj; njhlh;
elf;f> xopf>
“Kw;W <nur;rk; vOtha; tpspg;nghUs;
MFf
MWUG ,ilAhp mLf;fpit njhfhepiy”
tho;f fhf;f> <f>
- ed;D}y; - Rkf;f
374 xf;f(xj;jpUf;f) gzpFthk;
 ,iwQ;Rthk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpsp

tpidKw;Wfs; 1. rhd;whP ; - tpsp
 fue;Njhk;> mfg;gl;Nlhk; - jd;ikg; 2. Nrh;g;g - mz;ik tpsp
gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;
 guTtJk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W 4. nganur;rj; njhlh;:
 te;Njhk;> ntd;Nwhk; - jd;ikg;gd;ik tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk;
,we;jfhy tpidKw;Wfs; vr;rtpid “kuk;” vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;NyhL
 gUFfpd;Nwhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik Kbe;Js;sJ.
epfo;fhy tpidKw;W nganur;rk;
 fhg;Nghk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik epfo;fhy 1. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;
tpidKw;W ,d;dhr;nrhy; fy;yh
 guTtJk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W xUtw;Fk;
 epiwe;jid> jPh;e;jid> rhh;e;jid> nfhy;yh nrhy;yh
tha;e;jid> xsph;e;jid> G+z;lid – Njuh vQ;rh
Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;Wfs; vjphpyh
 ca;f;Fk;> ghh;f;Fk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk;
tha;ghl;L tpid Kw;Wfs; 2. nganur;rq;fs;
 ,y;iy> nghUl;L> mhpJ> jifj;J> nghd;Wk; gbj;j jPh;j;j
<z;ba Ezq;fpa Md;w
cilj;J – Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wfs;
 Nrhfhg;gh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
3. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;
 MWk; - cld;ghl;L xd;wd;ghy;
ghlhj vwpahj
tpidKw;W
nfhy;yhj
 MwhJ - vjph;kiw xd;wd;ghy;
gwthj gz;zhj
tpidKw;W
njhlhj
 ,J Ntz;lh – vjph;kiw Fwpg;G #lhj G+thj
tpidKw;W Kbahj
 milj;jdk; - csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik nrhy;yhj ,y;yhj
gd;ik tpidKw;W
 jPz;ld;kpd; - vjph;kiw Vty; nganur;rk;
tpidKw;Wfs;
 <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;
 epidAkpd; - cld;ghl;L Vty; tiuah kuG mtpohf;
tpidKw;W Nfhl;Lfph;
 ghtpNad; - jd;ik cUik tpidKw;W cz;zh caf;fk; epuk;gh ePspil
 cly;fs; mWj;jhh; - ,we;jfhyj; ePqf
; hg; G+uzkha; ,izapyhg;
njhpepiy tpidKw;W gRik
 gbg;ghh;> gpbg;ghh;> njhOthh;> jUthh;> Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL jg;gh kuk;
nfhLg;ghh;> jLg;ghh;> Jbg;ghh; - glh;f;if mikfyh MW ePqf
; h ,d;gk;
gyh;ghy; tpidKw;Wfs; Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL jg;gh kuk;
 mthtpw;W – xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W mikfyh MW
 nga;jplha; - Vty; tpidKw;W  kyh;e;j Ntq;if> ,Ue;j Njhif -
 fuNty; - vjph;kiw Vty; tpidKw;W ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs;
 gwit tPo;e;j (tPo;e;jd) – gytpd;ghy;  Mh;e;j Jfpy; - ,we;jfhyg;
,we;jfhy tpidKw;W nganur;rk;
 euk;G nfhz;lhd; - Mz;ghy;tpidKw;W
 Nghh;j;j gplit - nganur;rk; te;J Nghdhd; - “te;J” vd;Dk;

 Japyhepd;w - epfo;fhyg; vr;rtpid “Nghdhd;” vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf;
nganur;rk; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ.
 nehe;j Gz; - nganur;rj; njhlh;
 ePqf
; hj - vjph;kiwg; tpidnar;rk;
nganur;rk; 1. nghjpe;J> Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rq;fs;
 je;j ghy;> ,Lk; Nrid> file;j 2. Gue;J> vOjp> Jjpf;f – tpidnar;rk;
ghayhd; - ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rq;fs; 3. Gf;F - tpidnar;rk;
4. vOjhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
 gwpj;j kaph; - nganur;rk;
5. NruhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
 Cwpa ,jo; - nganur;rk; 6. cz;zhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
 mikj;j kiy> nfhLj;j kiy> epd;w
kiy> nfLj;j kiy> rgpj;j kiy –
nganur;rq;fs;
 G+f;fpd;w> <h;f;fpd;w> fhf;fpd;w –
epfo;fhyg; nganur;rq;fs; 6. Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj;njhlh;:
 J}f;fhj xg;GuT – vjph;kiwg; nra;Ais vOjpdhd; ,j;njhlhpy;
nganur;rk; “I” vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG
 %thj QhapW - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; ntspg;gilahf epd;W nghUis
 gOj;j ney;> rpf;fpa Nfhio – „nra;j‟ czh;j;JfpwJ.
vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L ,we;jfhyg;
nganur;rq;fs;
 cijj;j rukio – nganur;rk; 7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;:
 %thj rukio – nganur;rk; kw;nwhd;W – kw;W  xd;W. ,jpy;
kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J xd;W
 %thj Kjy;td;> Xthj ngUq;Fzk; -
vd;Dk; nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ.
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;
 itj;j Nfhyk; - nganur;rk; ,ilr;nrhy;
 Rl;l Gz;> Rl;l tL - ,we;jfhyg;
nganur;rq;fs; 1. nghs;nsd - tpiuTf; Fwpg;G nkhop:
 je;j nghUs;> $k;Gk; gUtj;J> rPh;j;j ,ilr;nrhy;
,lj;j – nganur;rq;fs; 2. fhuzk; vd;nfhy; - Iag;nghUs;
 fopj;j Nty;> fple;j Qhdk; - czh;j;Jk;
nganur;rq;fs; ,ilr;nrhy;
 jUk; nghUs; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; 3. xy;iy – tpiuitf; Fwpf;Fk;
tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk; ,ilr;nrhy;
 fl;Lk; Njthjp Njtd; - „nra;Ak;‟
vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk; 8. chpr;nrhy; njhlh;:
 thrpf;Fk; gy;fUtp - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; khKdpth; - “kh” vd;gJ chpr;nrhy;
tha;g;ghl;L nganur;rk; ,ijj;njhlh;e;J. Kdpth; vd;Dk; nrhy;
njhlh;e;J te;J nghUs; je;Js;sJ.
5. tpidnar;rj; njhlh; chpr;nrhy;njhlh;
1. fbkfs; - chpr;nrhy; njhlh;

 cWFiw> itths;> ths;Kfk;> khWgltpy;iyahapd; mjidg; „Nghyp‟

khkJiu> khkiy> khQhyk; - vd;gh;.
chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;fs; v.fh:
 I> mhp> khjh; jifa klthh;> ky;yy; mfd; - mfk;> epyd; - epyk;
kJiu – chpr;nrhw;fs;
 ehkNty;> itNty; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;fs; Nghyp %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1) Kjw;Nghyp
 khkjp – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
2) ,ilg;Nghyp
 khtyp - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 3) filg;Nghyp
9. mLf;Fj; njhlh;: 1) Kjw;Nghyp
ed;W ed;W nrhw;fspd; Kjypy; cs;s vOj;J
xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fpte;Js;sJ. xU khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ Kjw;Nghyp
nrhy; tpiuT> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> vdg;gLk;.
mtyk;> ctif> njspT Kjypait
v.fh: kQ;R – ikQ;R kay; - ikay;
fhuzkhf ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F Kiw
2) ,ilg;Nghyp:
mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; cs;s vOj;J
khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ ,ilg;Nghyp
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vdg;gLk;.
1. GjpJGjpJ - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
v.fh: KuR – KiuR murpay; - miurpay;
2. nrhy;ypr;nrhy;yp - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
,iyQ;rp - ,yQ;rp
3. ed;W ed;W - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
3) filg;Nghyp:
nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;J
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
khw;wk; ngw;W miktJ filg;Nghyp
1. rPwpr;rPwp - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vdg;gLk;.
2. MFf MFf> jpdk; jpdk;> fzk;fzk; -
mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs;
4. tpLjiy tpLjiy – mLf;Fj;njhlh;
 v.fh: mwd; - mwk; ge;jh; - ge;jy;
5.
mwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs;
jpwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs;
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
1. thopathopa> jpde;jpdk; -
4) Kw;Wg;Nghyp:
mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs;
nrhy;ypd; %d;W vOj;JfSk; Kjy;>
2. ahh;ahh; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
,il> fil Mfpait khwp epd;w NghjpYk;
3. tpf;fptpf;fp – mLf;Fj;njhlh;
nghUs; khWgltpy;iy.
4. GilGil – mLf;Fj;njhlh;
v.fh: Ie;J – mQ;R
5. ,dpjpdpJ> RikRikaha;> JiwJiwaha;
vdNt ,J Kw;Wg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;.
-
mLf;Fj;njhlh;fs;
Nghyp
6. miwe;J miwe;J – gd;ikgw;wpa miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
Nghyp
%tifg; Nghypfs; 1. ge;jh; (ge;jy;) - <w;Wg;Nghyp
2. mwd; (mwk;) - ,Wjpg;Nghyp
xU vOj;J epw;fNtz;ba ,lj;jpy;
kw;Nwhh; vOj;J te;jhYk; nghUs;
Nghyp gFgjk; ,Utifg;gLk;

1. ead; (eak;)> ,ld; (,lk;)> nfhk;G 1. ngah;g;gFgjk;
(nfhk;gh;) – 2. tpidg;gFgjk;
<w;Wg;Nghypfs;
2. nfhk;gh; - <w;Wg;Nghyp 1. ngah;g;gFgjk;:
gFgjk; ngah;r; nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gpd;
mJ ngah; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.
gjk;
ngah;g;gFgjk; MW tifg;gLk;.
i. nghUl;ngah;g;gFgjk; - (v.fh) nghd;dd;
gjk; vd;gjw;F nrhy; vd;W nghUs;. nry;td;
gjk; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1) gfhg;gjk; 2) gFgjk; ii. ,lg;ngah;g;gFgjk; - Cud; kJiuahd;
iii. fhyg;ngah;gFgjk; - fhh;j;jpif ahd;
1. gfhg;gjk;: iv. rpidg;ngah;gFgjk; - fz;zd; jiyad;
gFj;jy; vd;why; gphpj;jy; vd;gJ v. gz;Gg;ngah;gFgjk; - fhpad; ,dpad;
nghUs;. gfh vd;why; gphpf;f ,ayhjJ vi. njhopw;ngah;gFgjk; - ,af;Feh; Xl;Leh;
vd;gJ nghUs;. gphpf;ftpayhj nrhy;
gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;. 2. tpidg;gFgjk;
gFgjk; tpidr;nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gpd;
gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mJ tpidg;gFgjk;.
i. ngah;g; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) jkpo;> md;id> tpidg;gFgjk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
kz;> fy;> nghd; 1. njhpepiy tpidg;gFgjk; - gbj;jhd;
ii. tpid gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) tho;> el> Ngh> Xbdhd;
th> nra;> epy; 2. Fwpg;G tpidg;gFgjk; - ey;yd;.
iii. ,ilg; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) Nghy> kw;W>
My;
iv. chpg; gfhg;gjk; (v.fh) edp> jt> rhy vr;rk;
Fwpg;G: KbT ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; vr;rk;

,ilr; nrhy;Yk; chpr;nrhy;Yk; vdg;gLk;. mt;ntr;rk; nganur;rk; vd
vg;nghOJk; gfhg;gjq;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,Utifg;gLk;.
gFg;ghw; gadw;W ,LFwpahfp
Kd;Nd xd;wha; Kbe;jpay; fpd;w  nganur;rk;
ngah;tpid ,ilAhp ehd;Fk; vr;rtpid ngah;r; nrhy;iyj; jOtp
gfhg;gjk; epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUkhdhy; mJ
nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.
ed;D}y; - 131 v.fh: Ngrpa> NgRfpd;w> NgRk;
2. gFgjk;
gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg; gFgjk;  nganur;rk;
vdg;gLk;. mt;thW gFf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L Ma;e;j nghw;fpop Nja;e;j
Kjy; MW cWg;Gfshf mr;nrhy;iy gha;e;j Ma;e;j
gphpf;fyhk;. mt;TWg;Gfspd; ngah;fshtd fha;e;j Md;w ngUik
gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh gbj;j tpufd;
tpfhuk; MFk;. jPh;j;j nropad;
v.fh: jiyth; - jiy  t;  mh;
 nganur;rk; 7. ePf;fp> ca;j;J> Rue;J> Kjph;e;J> nehe;J>

,ope;j gpwg;G kyh;e;j kwe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;
fz;zd; 8. NgJwh - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L
mize;j thfPrh; cw;wNeha; tpidnar;rk;.
jho;e;j 9. J}zpw;gpwe;J - „nraJ‟ vd;Dk;
jsh;e;j ,Ue;jts;sy; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
10. Nghe;J> vwpe;J> ehl;b> Fk;gpl;L> nfhz;L
 nganur;rk; – tpidnar;rq;fs;
te;j nghUs; fho;g;g 11. md;wp – Fwpg;G tpidnar;rq;fs;
,aw;wpahh; 12. tpk;kp> tpOe;J> mywp> gbe;J> cijj;J>
Kjph;e;jNkjp nghjpe;jnka; ce;jp> vOe;J> gjpj;J> epkph;e;J –
epd;w Ntq;if mike;j tpidnar;rq;fs;
fhjy; 13. GyuhNk> fk;khNk> rptthNk> cz;zhNk>
ghh;j;jfz;iz nrd;w tl;b
NehthNk – vjph;kiw tpidnar;rq;fs;
glh;e;j njz;biu thOk;Fb
14. ,ak;gf; Nfl;bly; - „nra‟ ntd;
tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
 nganur;rk;
15. thog; nga;jplha; - „nra‟ vd;Dk;
,ope;j nrd;w tl;b
tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
,Uz;l nrd;w
J}q;Fk; kUTk; 16. Nktp tFj;J – tpidnar;rk;
thOk; Fb glh;e;j 17. nghq;fp> nrte;J> rPwp> nespj;J> gue;J>
epd;w mile;j jhf;fp> ntUtp> cise;J> fpopj;J> Rw;wp>
gjpe;j nghjpe;j milj;J> ePl;b – tpidnar;rq;fs;
$k;Gk; gUtj;J rPh;j;j ,lj;J 18. gpwe;J> $l;b> mUe;jp> gifj;J> mzpe;J>
jho;e;j jsh;e;j mUsp> grpj;J> ngw;W> epd;W> jto;e;J>
te;j nghUs; vz;zpa Njak; ,Ue;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;
19. jpwe;J itj;j> Vw;wp itj;j –
vr;rk; tpidnar;rq;fs;
1. Njhd;whf; nfLk; - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk; 20. mikj;J> ,iwj;J> thq;fp –
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rq;fs;
2. ngwpd; - „nrapd;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L 21. Fbj;Jr; Ritf;f – tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk; 22. mwpahh;> xOfhd;> mwpahd; - (vr;rg;
3. fhthf;fhy;> nra;ahJ mikfyh> jPuhik nghUspy; te;jikahy;) Kw;nwr;rq;fs;
Mh;f;Fk;> fyq;fhJ> mfyhf;fil –
vjph;kiw tpidnar;rq;fs;  nganur;rk;
4. fhj;J mlq;fy;> Mw;wpw; je;j> gbd;> mirj;j nkhop ,irj;j nkhop
nrapd; csNth> J}f;fpr; nray;> Cf;fp nghd;Wk; JizAk; nrhy;ypa
Khpe;jhh;> ngapd; ,Wk;> Nghw;wp toq;Fk; nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray; jPuhj tWik
- tpidnar;rq;fs; glhj Jauk; jg;gpa
5. thq;FG – „nra;G‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L kd;dtd;
tpidnar;rk; <d;w je;ij Koq;fpa Nrjp
6. euk;G csu – „nra‟ntd; tha;ghl;L nfhOj;j Gfo; ,oe;j ghpR
tpidnar;rk; ,hpe;j ghyd; Nfl;l thrfk;
Mdhj nry;tk; czh;e;j
Kjy;td;
Rw;wpa ghq;fh; tpl;l ths; jUkhdhy; mJ <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg;

nrw;w rpiy ,hpe;j ghyd;> nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.
Nfl;l  v.fh
thrfk;  ghlhg; igq;fpsp
 ,j;njhlhpy; ghlhj vd;Dk;
1. nfhd;W md;d – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; nganur;rj;jpd; <w;nwOj;J „j‟ nfl;L
2. fjj;j kpd;> mhpa Mz;ik – Fwpg;Gg; ghlh vd vjph;kiwg;nghUspy;
nganur;rq;fs; te;Js;sJ.
3. fisahj Jd;gk;> tisahj nrq;Nfhy; -
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;  <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
4. tpyfhj $l;il - vjph;kiwg; 1. myfpyhtpisahl;L
nganur;rq;fs; 2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk;
5. ez;Zk; gUtk; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; 3. Nfshj; jifaNt
tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 4. nfhy;yheyj;jJ
6. J}w;Wk; Fb - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; 5. Jt;th tplk;
tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 6. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp
7. jhTk; fz; - „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; 7. ,d;dhr;nrhy;
tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 8. Njuhf; fPud;
8. J}q;Fk; gjp> nghUTq;Fil> tUk; 9. vjphpyhf; ftp
ngUkhs;> ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - 10. nrhy;yheyj;jJ
„nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; 11. Fiwah td;fz;
9. <d;w Fotp - ,we;j fhyg; nganur;rk;>  ghlhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
,d;dhr;nrhy;> mopf;fyhfh muz;> vw;wh  gwthj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
tpOkk; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg;  #lhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
nganur;rq;fs;
fJtplhj; jpUefh;> ,yh neQ;rk;>  <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
vjphpyhf; flTs; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rq;fs; 1. va;jhg; gop gopapy;yh
mtpah tpsf;F - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; kd;dd;
nganur;rq;fs; 2. gluhg; gQ;rt mlq;fhg;
jkpopyh E}y; (,yhj) - <W nfl;l gRe;Jzp
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 3. Njuh kd;dh Vrhr; rpwg;gpd;
4. Nrynthopah top ngha;ah
tpsf;fk;
5. thuhg; nghUshf;fk; jPuhf; fhjyd;
6. kPsh Ms; $th
7. <h;fpyhf; fs;td; nryT xopah
top
8. Nehf;fp tho;thd; gopapy;yh
kd;dd;
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 9. Vkuh kPsh Msha;
10. thuh ngha;ah
 tpidr;nrhy;ypd; <w;nwOj;J nfl;L 11. mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzp gluhg; gQ;rt
(kiwe;J) vjph;kiwg; nghUisj; 12. Njuh kd;dh Vrhr; rpwg;gpd;

v.fh: te;J> tu> fz;L> gbj;J>

Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fSld; mwpQh; vd;w xU nra;J
ngah;r;nrhy;iyr; Nrh;j;Jg; ghUq;fs;.
Ngrpa mwpQh;> NgRfpd;w mwpQh;> tpidnar;rk;
NgRk; mwpQh; nganur;rk; ,U tifg;gLk;. Nghw;wp nghjpe;J nehe;J
1) njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; cz;zhJ fle;J gha;e;J
2) Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; nrwpe;J ciuj;J ,ue;J
nrhy;yp ,iwQ;rp
tpidnar;rk;
1) njhpepiy nganur;rk; tpsf;fp rpwe;J Nehf;fp
nganur;rk; fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk;
czh;j;Jkhapd; mJ njhpepiy nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;
MFk;. tpOe;J nte;J
v.fh: gbj;j khztd; tpidnar;rk;
gbf;fpd;w khztd; cyh;e;J vdh $u
gbf;Fk; khztd; flf;f Xb
,g;nganur;rj; njhlh;fs; nraiyAk; ,isj;J
fhyj;ijAk; njspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. Nehf;fp toq;fp
vdNt njhpepiy nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.
 tpidnar;rk;
2) Fwpg;G nganur;rk; nghUe;jp te;J
fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; tpidnar;rk;
fhl;lhky;> czh;j;jhky; gz;ig kl;Lk; tzq;fp jJk;gp
czh;j;jp tUk; nganur;rk; MFk;. ntJk;gp
1. ey;y jha; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; nrapd; csNth GFe;J fho;g;g
2. neba jhid - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; Gus mwpe;J Xk;gp
3. ,dpa ez;gh; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; njhpe;J mwpa Ftpa
 tpidnar;r tpFjp „,‟ „c‟ rpy ,opa nghypa te;J
,lq;fspy; „m‟ mk; tUk;. gzpe;J tisj;J
v.fh: mofpa fd;W Gije;J
nghpa tPL fle;J mile;J
Gjpa rl;il njhOJ
 Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; epkph;e;J kbj;J tPo;e;J
fyq;fp ele;J Fdpj;J
 ,dpa ez;gh; - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
ciuj;J
1. vOjhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
 tpidnar;rk;
2. fy;yhJ Nfhl;b nfhSk; - vjph;kiw
 KbT ngwhj vr;r tpidr;nrhy; xU
tpidnar;rk;
tpid Kw;wpid Vw;Wj; njhlh;g;
3. jPuhik Mh;f;Fk; - vjph;kiw
nghUs; KbT ngWkhapd;
tpidnar;rk;
mt;ntr;rtpid tpidnar;rk;
4. fyq;fhJ ,Ug;ghh; - vjph;kiw
vdg;gLk;. mJ njhpepiy
tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk;> Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
5. va;jw;F mhpa - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
6. ,d;wp – Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;

7. Nfsh (Nfl;L) – nra;ah vd;Dk; v.fh:

tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; vOe;J te;jhs; ghh;f;fr; nrd;whd;
8. ca;a – „nra‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L fhzpd; kfpo;ths; te;jhy; kfpo;ths;
tpidnar;rk; Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspYs;s vOe;J>
9. jiog;g - „nra‟ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L ghh;f;f> fhzpd;> te;jhy; vDk; nrhw;fs;
tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fshFk;.
10. ciu Nfsh - „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk; ,it fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
tpidnar;rk; vOe;J te;jhd; - ,we;j tpidnar;rk;
ghh;f;fr; nrd;whd; - epfo;fhy
1. neUq;fp> fz;Lsp> ntUtp – tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rq;fs; fhzpd; kfpo;ths; - vjph;fhy
2. KayhNk - tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rk;
,t;thW fhyj;ijAk; nraiyAk;
3. kaq;fp> gpzq;fp> tzq;fp> caq;fp –
ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rq;fs;
njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
4. fhaf;fz;lJ> fyq;ff; fz;lJ> khaf;
fz;lJ> kWff; fz;lJ> rhaf; fz;lJ>
2) Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
Njaf; fz;lJ> jdpg;gf; fz;lJ –
fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhky;
tpidnar;rq;fs;
gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nghUs; czh;j;Jk;
5. nehe;J> Nghw;wp> nryr;nrhy;yp> nghjpe;J>
tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
mjpu tUtJ> va;jp> fz;L> fyq;fhJ>
v.fh:
Jsq;fhJ> fbe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;
1. Jd;gk; ,d;wp tho;e;jhd; - „,d;wp‟
6. nra;ahky; nra;j – vjph;kiwj;
2. nky;y ele;jhd; - “nky;y”
njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;
3. cz;ik my;yhky; $whd; - “my;yhky;”
7. ead; J}f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidnar;rk;
4. ey;y khztd; - “ey;y”
8. nrytplh – vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
9. Mw;whJ mOthis - vjph;kiw mofpa kyh; - “mofpa”
tpidnar;rk; ,t;thW fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff;
fhl;lhky; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;
10. vd;dh Mh;j;j – „nra;ah‟ vd;Dk;
czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
11. xspg;g> nghUe;jj; joP,> - „nra‟ vd;Dk;
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
12. ,ul;l> epow;w> ftpg;g> njUs - „nra‟ Kw;nwr;rk;
vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; Xbdhd; tpo;e;jhd;
13. khz> ,ilnfhl;fpd; (nfhl;f) – gbj;jdd; Njwpdhd;
nrantd; vr;rq;fs; ,j;njhlhpfSs; xbdd; vd;gJ xb
vd;Dk; tpidnar;r nghUspYk;> gbj;jdd;
vd;gJ gbj;J vd;Dk; tpidnar;rg;
nghUspYk; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf;
nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. ,t;thW cU tpid
1) njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; Kw;Wr;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUspy; te;J
fhyj;ijAk; nraiyAk; kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ
ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk; tpidnar;rk;> Kw;nwr;rkhFk; Kw;whf ,Uf;Fk; mr;nrhy;
njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. vr;rg; nghUspy; toq;FtJ Kw;nwr;rkhFk;.
v.fh: fz;ldd; tPo;e;jhd; %tplg; ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ

gbj;jdd; Njwpdhd; jphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
jd;ikg; ngah;fs;:
1) ahd;  I – vd;id
2) ahd;  My; - vd;dhy;
Kw;nwr;rk; 3) ahd;  F – vdf;F
 JQ;rhd; - Kw;nwr;rk;
4) ahd;  ,d; - vd;dpy;
 gilAk; - ck; - ,we;jJ joP,a
vr;rk; 5) ahd;  mJ – vdJ
6) ahd;  fz; - vd;fz;
Kw;nwr;rk;  ,t;thW ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngah;
1. jpUj;jpdd;(jpUj;jp) - Kw;nwr;rk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ „vd;‟ vdj;
2. nfhzh;e;Njd; - Kw;nwr;rk; jphpe;jJ.
3. Gf;fhd; (GFe;J) - Kw;nwr;rk;  ,Nj Nghd;W „ahk;‟ vd;Dk; jd;ikg;
4. nrd;wdd; (nrd;W) - Kw;nwr;rk; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ „vk;‟
5. ciuahh; ($whky;) - Kw;nwr;rk; vdj; jphpAk;.
6. FWfpds; (mZfp) - Kw;nwr;rk;  ,Nj Nghd;W ehk; vDk; jd;ikg; ngah;
7. Fioe;jds; (Fioe;J) - Kw;nwr;rk; „ek;‟ vdf; Fwpf;Fk; ek;ik> ek;ky;>
8. jho;e;j Filad; - Fwpg;G ekf;F> ek;kpd;> ekJ> eq;fz;.
Kw;nwr;rk;
 ahq;fs;> ehq;fs; vDk; jd;ikg;
9. jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd; - Fwpg;G
ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ
Kw;nwr;rk;
vq;fs; vdj; jphpAk;.
10. jho;e;j Filad; - Fwpg;G
vq;fis> vq;fshy;> vq;fSf;F>
Kw;nwr;rk;
vq;fspd;> vq;fsJ> vq;fsplk;
11. jsh;e;j nrq;Nfhyd; - Fwpg;G
Kw;nwr;rk;
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs;:
12. KWtyd; tpsk;gYw;whd; - Fwpg;G
eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Ntw;Wik
Kw;nwr;rk;
cUig Vw;Fk; nghOJ epd; vdTk; „cd;‟
13. Gy;yhh; - Gustply;
vdTk; jphpAk;.
Kw;nwr;rk;
1) eP  I – epd;id cd;id
Kw;nwr;rk; eP  My; – epd;dhy; cd;dhy;
1. gad; J}f;fhh; - vjph;kiw Kw;nwr;rk; eP  F – epdf;F cdf;F
2. epd;wpys; epd;w rpyk;G – Kw;nwr;rk; eP  ,d; – epd;dpd; cd;dpd;
3. Vq;Fthd; (Vq;fpatdha;)> Nfl;ldh; eP  mJ – epdJ cdJ
kUz;lhh;>
njhlh;e;jdd; eifg;ghd; - Kw;nwr;rq;fs; 2) ,Nj Nghd;W ePh; vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ Ek;> ck;> vdj;
 Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk; jphpAk;.
ngah;fs; Ek;ik> ck;ik> Ek;khy;> ck;khy;>
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F> ,d;> Ekf;F> ckf;F> Ek;kpd;> ck;kpd;> EkJ>
mJ> fz; vd;gd. ,tw;iwf; Fwpj;J ckJ> Eq;fz;> cq;fz;.
Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfj; njhpAk;. mit
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy. glh;f;if Mfpa

ePqf
; s; vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; xU KOg; nghUspd; ngah; jd;idr;
Ntw;Wik cUgw;Fk; NghJ Eq;fs;‟ „cq;fs;‟ Rl;lhJ mjd; cWg;Gf;F Mfp tUtJ
vd khWgLk;. KjyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,jidg;
Eq;fs;> cq;fis> Eq;fshy;> nghUshF ngah; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
cq;fshy;> Eq;fSf;F> cq;fSf;F> (v.fh) jkpourp ky;ypif #bdhs;.
Eq;fspd;> cq;fspd;> Eq;fsJ> cq;fsJ> ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ky;ypif vd;Dk;
Eq;fspd;fz;> cq;fspf; fz;. nrhy; Nth;> nfhb> ,iy> G+> Mfpa
cWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; Nrh;e;j KOg;
glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; mLj;Js;s
1. jhd; vDk; glh;f;ifg; ngah;Ntw;Wik #bdhs; vd;Dk; gadpiyahy; ky;ypif
cUNgw;Fk;NghJ jd; vdj; jphpAk;. vd;Dk; ngah;> KOg; nghUis czh;j;jhJ
jhd;  I – jd;id mjd; Xh; cWg;ghfpa kyiu kl;Lk;
jhd;  My; – jd;dhy; czh;j;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J nghUshF ngah;.
(v.fh) G+rzpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ.
2. ,ij Nghd;wJ “jhk;” vDk; glh;f;ifg;
ngah; „jk;‟ vdj; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik
2. ,lthF ngah;:
cUig Vw;Fk;.
Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;NjhL
jhd;  F – jdf;F njhlh;Gila NtW nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
jhd;  ,d; – jd;dpd; „,lthF ngah;‟ vdg;gLk;.
jhd;  ,J – jdJ v.fh:
jhd;  fz; – jd;fz; 1. fphpf;nfl;by; ,e;jpah ntd;wJ
3. jhq;fs; vDk; glh;f;ifg; ngah; „jq;fs;‟ 2. fhQ;rpGuk; vd;d tiy?
vdj; jphpAk;. jq;fis jq;fshy;
jq;fSf;F jq;fspd; jq;fsJ jq;fz; 3. fhythF ngah;:
“jhd;jhk; ehk; Kjy; FWFk; fhyg;ngah; fhyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila
ahd;ahk; NtW nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ fhythF
ePePh; vd; epd;Wk; Mk;gpw ngah; vdg;gLk;.
Ft;tpd; mt; ehd;F MW ,ul;ly;” (v.fh) 1. khh;fop #bdhs;
2. brk;gh; G+ #bdhs;
ed;D}y; - 247 3. Nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ.
4. rpdhahF ngah;:
xU rpidapd; (cWg;G) ngah;
mjNdhL njhlh;Gila KOg; nghUf;F Mfp
tUtJ rpidahF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
 MFngah; (v.fh) ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ntw;wpiy vd;gJ
xU nghUspd; ,aw;ngah;> mjid rpidahfpa ,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky; mjd;
czh;j;jhky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila Kjy; nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfp te;jJ.
kw;nwhU nghUSf;Fj; njhd;W njhl;L mjdhy; mJ rpidahF ngah; MFk;.
ngauhfp tUtJ MFngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) 1. Mrphpah; jiyf;F xU tpdhj;jhs;
MFngah; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;. je;jhh;
2. jiyf;F xU gok; nfhL
1. nghUshF ngah;:

v.fh: fhis te;jhd;

5. gz;ghF ngah;:
xU gz;Gg; ngah;> mg;gz;igf; 9. fUtpahF ngah;:
nfhz;l nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ gz;ghF xU fUtpapd; ngah; mjdhy;
ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J FzthF ngah; vd;W cz;lhfpa fhhpag; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
toq;fg;ngWfpwJ. fUtpahF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: nts;is mbg;Nghk;. v.fh: aho; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhs;
nts;is vd;gJ epwg;gz;G> Mdhy; aho; vd;Dk; ,irf; fUtpapd; ngah;>
mJ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky;> Rz;zhk;igf; mjdhy; cz;lhd ,irf;F Mfp te;J aho;
Fwpj;J te;jJ. mjdhy; ,J gz;ghF ngah; Xir Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhd; vd;whdjhy; ,J
,jidf; FzthFngah; vdTk; fUtpahF ngah; MFk;.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: Foy; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhd;
v.fh: 1. ,sq;Nfh ,dpg;G toq;fpdhd;
2. nrtiyia tz;bapy; G+l;L 10. fhhpathF ngah;:
 tpUe;J - gz;ghF ngah; xU fhhpaj;jpd; ngah;> mJ
6. njhopyhF ngah;: cz;lhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd fUtpg;
xU njhopw;ngah; mj;njhopypUe;J nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ fhhpathF ngah;
ngwg;gLk; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ MFk;.
njhopyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;
v.fh: nghq;fy; cz;Nlhk; ,q;F rikay; vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd;
,q;Fg; nghq;fy; vd;gJ ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F (fUtpf;F ngauhfp
nghq;Fjyhfpa njhopw;ngah;. tUtJ fhhpathF ngah;.
,j;njhopw;ngah; njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky;> v.fh: 1. fstpay; gbj;jhd;
mj;njhopyhy; MFk; czitf; Fwpj;jJ> 2. ed;D}y; fw;Nwd;.
mjdhy; ,J njhopyhF ngah;.
7. jhdpahF ngah;: 11. fUj;jh MFngah;:
Xh; ,lg;ngah;> mt;tplj;jpYs;s xU fUj;jhtpd; ngah;> mtuhy;
nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ,lthF ngauhFk; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}ypw;F Mfp tUtJ fUj;jh
Xuplj;jpYs;s nghUs; mt;tplj;jpw;F Mfp MFngah; vdg;gLk;.
tUtJ jhdpahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: jpUts;Stiug; gbj;Jg;ghh;.
v.fh: ghiy tz;bapy; Vw;W ,j;njhlhpy; jpUts;Sth; vd;gJ
ghy; vd;Dk; ePh;kg; nghUs; Vw;Wk; vd;Dk; mtuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w E}Yf;F Mfp
Fwpg;ghy; ghy; itf;fgl;bUf;Fk; jhdkhfpa te;jjhy;> fUj;jhthF ngah; ngw;wJ.
(,lkhfpa) Flj;jpw;F Mfp te;J jhdpahF v.fh: mofdpf;Fj; jpUts;Sth; kdg;ghlk;.
ngah; Mapw;W. (jhdk; - Flk;> jhdp – ghy;)
8. ctikahF ngah;: 12. nrhy;yhF ngah;:
xU ctkhdg; ngah;> njhlh;Gila xU nrhy;ypd; ngah; njhlh;Gila
ctNkag; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ nrhy;yhF ngah;
ctikahF ngah;. vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ehujh; tUfpwhh; v.fh: ts;Sth; nrhy; tho;f;iff;F ,dpJ
xUtiug; ghh;j;J ehujh; tUfpwhh; ,j;njhlhpy; ts;Sth; nrhy; vd;gJ>
Fwpf;Fk; ngauhfpa ehujh; vd;Dk; ngah; nrhy;iyf; Fwpf;fhJ nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp
mtiuf; Fwpf;fhky;> mtiug; Nghd;w te;jhy; ,J nrhy;yhF ngah;.
(fyf%l;Lgth;) NtnwhUth;f;F Mfp te;jJ. 13. vz;zy; msit MFngah;:
mjdhy; ,/J ctikahF ngah; MFk;.
vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;> ed;D}y; - 29

njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ MFngah;
vz;zy; msit MFngah; vdg;gLk;.  ehop - MFngah;
v.fh: xd;W ngw;why; xsp kak;  foy; - jhdpahF ngah;
,j;njhlhpy; xd;W vd;Dk;  Njrk; - ,lthFngah;
vz;Zg;ngah;. mt;ntz;Zf;Fj;
njhlh;Gila Foe;ijf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jJ. MFngah;
,/J vz;zy; msit MFngah;.  Cf;fk; cilahd; - MFngauha;
v.fh: 1. ehYk; ,uz;L nrhy;Yf;FWjp typikiaf;
2. jiyf;F xd;W nfhL Fwpj;jJ.
 jhkiu eadj;jhd; - Kjy;
14. vLj;jy; msit MFngah;: MFngah;
vLj;jy; msitg; ngah;>  jpUePW fhg;G - njhopyhF
njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ngah;
vLj;jy; msit MFngah;.  xd;W nra;thd; - vz;zhF
v.fh: Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy? ngah;
“fpNyh” vd;Dk; vLj;jysitg;  v/F - fUtpahF
(epWj;jysit) ngah;> njhlh;Gila ngah;
nghUSf;F (mhprp> gUg;G> rh;f;fiu) Mfp (v/fpdhy; Mfpa MAjk;)
te;jjhy; ,J vLj;jysitahF ngah;  cyfj;NjhL - ,lthFngah;
vdg;gLk;. (cyfk;)
 thapy; - ,lthFngah;
15. Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;: (thapw;fhtyd;) te;J
Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;> ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ  Nfhapy; - ,lthFngah;
Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; vdg;gLk;. (muz;kidAs; muridf;)
v.fh: %d;W ypl;lh; nfhL fhl;l
ypl;lh; vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
ngah;> njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F (ghy;  CuwpAk; - ,lthFngah;
kz;nzz;nza;) Mfp te;jJ. vdNt ,J  fhh;Fyhk; epwj;jd; - gz;ghFngah;
Kfj;jsitahF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
16. ePl;ly; msit MFngah;:

ePl;ly; msitg; ngah; njhlh;Gila
nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ePl;ly; msit MFngah;
MFngah; vdg;gLk;.
1. cs;sk; (cs;sj;jpy; vOk; fUj;J –
v.fh: %d;W kPll ; h; nfhL
MFngah;
kPl;lh; vd;Dk; ePl;ly; msitg; ngah;
2. vOik> Ie;J> Cf;fk; - MFngah;fs;
njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F (Jzp) Mfp
te;jJ. vdNt ,J ePl;ly; msitahF
MFngah;
ngah; vdg;gLk;.
1. cyF - ,lthFngah;
nghUs;Kjy; MNwhL msit nrhy;jhdp
2. Gtp> itak; - ,lthFngah;fs;
fUtp fhhpak; fUj;jd; MjpAw;
3. Ke;E}y; - fhuz ,LFwpg; ngah;
xd;wd; ngauhd; mjw;fpia gpwpijj;
4. ,Ue;j Njhif – rpidahF ngah;
njhd;Kiw ciug;gd MFngaNu.
Mjypd; ,g;ghly; Mw;W ePh; nghUs;Nfhs;

MFngah; MFk;.
1. cyfk; - ,lthF ngah;
2. cyF Ntz;lhJ - ,lthF ngah; 2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
3. jiu (ehL) nfhz;l – MFngah; xU nra;Aspy; mike;Js;s
4. fhis – ctkthF ngah; nrhw;fis Xh; mbf;Fs;Ns nkhop khw;wpg;
5. tpUe;J – gz;ghF ngah; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;
6. khy; foy; - jhdpahF ngah; MFk;.
v.fh:
 nghUs;Nfhs; “mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik Nfhwy;
xU nra;Aspy; nrhw;fis my;yJ nghUsy;yJ mt;T+d; jpdy;”
mbfis nghUs; czh;Tf;F Vw;w tifapy; mUs;ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik mUs; my;yJ
NeuhfTk; khw;wpAk; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; ahnjdpy; caph;f;nfhiy vdg;nghUs;
Kiwikia nghUs;Nfhs; vd;W toq;Fth; nfhs;tjhy; nkhop khw;wpg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd
toq;fg;gLk;.
nghUs;Nfhs; vl;L tifg;gLk;.
1. Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; 3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; xU nra;Aspy; nrhw;fs; Kiw
3.epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; gpwohky; epuy; epiwahf (thpirahf)
4. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs; mike;J tUtJ
5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; v.fh:
6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; “md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if
7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; gz;Gk; gaDk; mw”
8. mb khwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; fztDk; kidtpAk; ,ize;J
md;G nra;tNj ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;ghFk;.
1. Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;: ,UtUk; nra;Ak; mwNk ,y;tho;f;ifapd;
xU nra;Aspy;> nghUshdJ XLfpd;w gadhFk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;J
Mw;W ePNuhl;lk; Nghy> nrhw;fs; Kd; ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDkhtJ. md;Gk;
gpd;dhf khwhky; Nehuhfg; nghUs; mwDk; cilajha; ,Ug;gNj MFk;. vd
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; miktJ Mw;WePh;g; ,U mbfspYk; nrhw;fs; epuy; epiwahf
nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. te;Js;sjhy; ,J epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;
v.fh: nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; ngha;jPh; vdg;gLk;.
xOf;f newp epd;whh; ePL tho;thh;
nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; - nka;> 4. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;:
tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk; tpy;ypd; ,UKidfisAk; ehzhy;
Ik;nghwpfspd; topahff; nfhz;l Itif ,izj;jy; Nghy xU nra;Aspy; ,Wjpr;
MirfisAk; tpl;l ,iwtdJ. ngha;jPh; nrhy;iy Kjw; nrhy;NyhL Nrh;j;Jg;
xOf;fnewp epd;whh; - nka;ahd xOf;f nghUs; nfhs;Sjy;. G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;
newpapy; epd;wth; ePL tho;thh; - tPl;Lyfpy; MFk;. ,jid tpw;G+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;
vd;Wk; ,d;Gw;W thopth;. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.
nghwp thapy; vdj; njhlq;fp> ePL tho;thh; (v.fh)
vd;gJ tiuapYs;s nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd;dhf “neUjy; csd; xUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
khw;wk; ngwhky; njhlh;r;rpahf mike;J ngUik cilj;jpt; TyF”
nghUs; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mike;jd.

cyF vd;Dk; ,Wjpr; nrhy; Kjy; xd;nwhnlhd;W Rl;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ

nrhy;yhd neUjy; vd;gNjhL Nrh;j;Jg; nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;NfhshFk;.
nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; ,J G+l;Ltpy; v.fh
nghUs;Nfhs;. “fl;bf; fUk;G frf;Fk; kpff;fdpe;j vl;bf;
fdpapdpf;Fk; vd;D}hpy; - gl;bAs;s fhis
5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;: gbghy; fwf;FNkey;gR Ntis jtpuh JOk;”
xU nra;Aspy; eLtpy; epd;w xU ,g;ghliy mg;gbNa gbj;jhy;
nrhy; CQ;ry; fapW Nghd;W Kd;Dk; nghUs; tpsq;fhJ. ,jpy; cs;s
gpd;Dk; nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; nrhw;fisf; fl;bf; fUk;G ,dpf;Fk;. kpff;
miktJ jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. fdpe;j vl;bf;fdp frf;Fk; gl;bapypUf;Fk;
jhk;G ,ir  jhg;gpir – CQ;ry; fapW fhis khL Neue;jtwhJ cOk;. ey;y gR
mirjy; Nghy (jhk;G  CQ;ry; fapW) kb ghy; fwf;Fk; vd ,t;thW nghUs;
v.fh: nfhs;tjw;F Vw;g mbNjhWk; khwpf;
“,we;jhh; ,we;jhh; midah; rpdj;ijj; fplf;fpd;w nrhw;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
Jwe;jhh; Jwe;jhh; Jiz” Ntz;Lk;.
,g;ghlypy;> rpdj;ij vd;Dk; Fwpg;G: nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ
eLfpd;w nrhy;iyr; rpdj;ij cilath; mbNjhWk; cs;s nrhw;fis Kd;gpd;dhf
(,we;jhh;) ,we;jhh; mizah; vdTk; khw;wpf; nfhs;tJ. nfhz;L $l;Lg;
rpdj;ijj; Jwe;jhh; (Jwe;jhh;) Qhdpah; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbfs; KOtJk;
Jiz vdTk; mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s cs;s nrhw;fis khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ
Ntz;Lk;. MFk;.
6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;: 8. mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:

ghk;G Gw;wpy; EioAk; NghJ> jhNd “nra;Aspy; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;
klq;fp jiy NkyhfTk;> thy; fPohfTk; gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk;
epiy khWtJ Nghy nra;Aspy; ,Wjpr; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ
nrhy; my;yJ ,Wjpab fPo; Nkytha; mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;W nghUs; v.fh:
nfhs;SkhW miktJ “miskwpghg;Gg; “khwhf; fhjyh; kiykwe; jdNu
nghUs;Nfhs;” vdg;gLk;. Mwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
mis – Gw;W> kwp – klq;Fjy;> ghg;G - Ntwh nkd; Njhs; tis nefp Ok;Nk
ghk;G $wha; Njhop ahd; thO khNw”
“fhz;ghh; fz;zhuf; flTis vg;NghJk; ,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis
Kd;gpd;dhf vg;gb khw;wpg; nghUs;
G+z;ghh; Gdpjj; jtk;”
nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahJ.
,g;ghlypy; ,WjpapYs;s Gdpjj;
jtk; vd;w nrhy; fPo;Nkyhf Gdpjj; jtk;  tohepiy
G+z;ghh; vg;NghJk; flTisf; fz;zhuf;  tohepiy
fhz;ghh; vd ,iae;J nghUs; nfhs;s ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJ
tUk;. ,jw;F miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; NgRtJk; vOtJk; tohepiy vdg;gLk;.
vd;W ngah;. nry;td; gbj;jhd;
,j;njhlhpy; nry;td; vd;Dk;
7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;: Mz;ghy; xUikg; ngah; gbj;jhd; vd;Dk;
xU nra;Aspy; gy mbfspy; rpjwpf; Mz;ghy; xUik tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;Nl
fplf;Fk; nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;wthW KbfpwJ. vdNt ,J tohepiy vdg;gLk;.

khkh vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; ngah; te;jJ

tohepiy MW tifg;gLk; vd;Dk; m/wpid tpid nfhz;L Kbe;jJ.
mjdhy;> ,J jpiz tO vdg;gLk;.
1. jpiz tohepiy : nry;tp ghbdhs;>
khL 2. ghy; tO
fz;zfp te;jhd;
te;jJ. fz;zfp vd;Dk; ngz;ghw; ngah;> te;jhd;
2. ghy; tohepiy : fz;zd; te;jhd;> vd;Dk; Mz;ghy; - tpid nfhz;L
eha; Kbe;Js;sJ mjdhy; ,J ghy; tO
vdg;gLk;
XbaJ
3. ,l tohepiy : ehd; te;Njd;> eP 3. ,l tO
tUtha; ehq;fs; te;jhh;fs;
4. fhy tohepiy : ehis tUNtd;> ehq;fs; vd;gJ jd;ikaplj;Jg; gd;ik ngah;
New;Wg; mg;ngah; te;jhh;fs; vd;Dk;
glh;f;ifaplj;Jg; gyh; ghNyhL Kbe;Js;sJ.
gbj;Njd; vdNt ,j;njhlh; ,l tO vdg;gLk;.
5. tpdh tohepiy : jkpo; ,yf;fzk;>
vj;jid 4. fhy tO
fhpfhyd; ehis te;jhd;
tifg;gLk;. ,j;njhlhpy; ehis vd;Dk; vjph;fhyg;
6. tpil tohepiy : jkpo;ehl;bd; ngaNuhL te;jhd; vd ,we;j fhy tpid
jiyefuk; vJ? vd;w tpdhf;Fk; kaq;fp te;Js;sJ. mjdhy; ,J fhy tO
nrd;id vd tpilaspj;jy;. vdg;gLk;.
 tO epiyfs; 5. tpdh tO
,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk; Kl;ilapl;lJ Nrtyh ngl;ilah?
vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;. Nrty; vdg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj tpdhitf;
Nfl;ljhy; tpdh tO
tOepiy VO tifg;gLk;.
1. jpiz tO
2. ghy; tO 6. tpil tO
3. ,l tO ehis gs;sp jpwf;fg;gLkh?
4. fhy tO vd;w tpdhTf;F vd; mj;ijf;F cly;
5. tpdh tO eykpy;iy vdf; $WtJ tpil tO MFk;.
6. tpil tO
7. kuG tO 7. kuG tO
eha; fj;Jk;. ,j;njhlh; kuG tO Vnddpy;
eha; Fiuf;Fk; vd;gNj Kiwahd xyp kuG
MFk;.
1. jpiz tO  tOtikjp
vd; khkh te;jJ ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp mike;jpUg;gpDk; xU
fhuzk; fUjp ,yf;fzKilaijg; Nghy
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tOtikjpahFk;.
(tO – Fw;wk;: mikjp – Vw;Wf; ehSk;> ngha; $w khl;lhd; vd jd;ikiag;

nfhs;Sjy;) glh;f;ifaha;f; $WtJ ,ltOtikjpahFk;.
v.fh: jha; jd; Foe;ijia vd; fz;Nz!
fz;kzpNa vd;W ghuhl;LtJ md;G 4. fhy tOtikjp
fhuzkhf te;j tOtikjp MFk;. tpiuT> njspT> kpFjp Mfpait
fhuzkhf xU fhyj;jpw;Fhpa nrhy;iy
NtnwhU fhyj;jpw;Fhpa nrhy;yhff;
nfhs;tJ fhytOtikjp MFk;.
tOtikjp gy tifg;gLk; Njh;Tf; fhyj;jpy; vspikahd
1. jpiz tOtikjp tpdhj;jisf; fz;l khztd;
2. ghy; tOtikjp “ahd; Njh;r;rp mile;J tpl;Nld;”
3. ,l tOtikjp vd;W $WtJ njspT fhuzkhf vjph;fhyk;
4. fhy tOtikjp ,we;j fhykhapw;W. vdNt ,J fhy
5. kuG tOtikjp tOtikjpahFk;.
1. jpiz tOtikjp 5. kuG tOtikjp

ctg;G> cah;T> ,opT> rpwg;G> ,dk; ek; Kd;Ndh; vg;nghUis
Mfpait fhuzkhf xU jpizr;nrhy; vr;nrhy;yhy; toq;fpdNuh mg;nghUis
kw;nwhU jpizr; nrhy;yhf tUtJ jpiz mr;nrhy;yhy; mk;Kiwg;gbNa toq;FtJ
tOtikjp vdg;gLk;. kuG MFk;. Mdhy; VNjDk; xU fhuzk;
jpq;fSk; rhd;NwhUk; xg;gh; - (cah;T) gw;wp kuG khwp toq;Fjy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;
murNd ePNa vq;fSf;Fj; jha; (rpwg;G) gLkhapd; mJ kuG tOtikjp vdg;gLk;.
%h;f;fZk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh – v.fh: „fj;Jk; FapNyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpo
(,opT) Ntz;Lk;” -
gRit vd; jhNa vd mioj;jy; (ctg;G) ghujp
Fwpg;gwpa khl;lhjtd; ed; kuk; (rpdk;) Fapy; $Tk; vd;gJ kuG. mjw;F khwhf
fj;Jk; vd;W $wpaJ kuG tOthapDk;
2. ghy; tOtikjp ngUk; ftpQh; ghbdhh; vd;Dk; fhuzk;
ctg;G> cah;T> rpwg;G> ,opT> rpdk; Nehf;fp kuG tOtikjp Mapw;W.
Mfpait fhuzkhf xU ghy; nrhy;
kw;wnwhU ghy; nrhy;yhf tUtJ ghy; ctk cUGfs;
tOtikjp vdg;gLk;. xU nghUis my;yJ xU nraiyr;
je;ij jd; kfid thlh ! vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $w mijtplr; rpwe;j kw;nwhU
miog;gJ ctg;G Nehf;fpf;nfhz;l ghy; nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ Ngr;R
tOtikjp. tof;fpYk;> nra;As; tof;fpYk; cz;L.
„ths; Ve;jpDk; ,td; Ngb‟ vd;gJ nra;As; tof;fpy; xg;ghf tUk;
,opT Nehf;fpf;nfhz;l ghy; tOtikjp nghUs; ctik. ,J ctkk; ctkhdk;
MFk;. vd;Dk; nrhw;fshy; $wg;ngWk;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; ctNkak; vd;Dk;
3. ,l tOtikjp nrhy;yhy; $wg;ngWk;.
rpwg;G> cah;T Mfpait fhuzkhfj; xg;Gikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if ,lr; nrhw;fs; ctikf;Fk;> ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
khwp tUtJ ,ltOtikjp vdg;gLk;. tUk; nrhy; „ctk cUG‟ vd;W
fz;zd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpwhplk; $Wk;NghJ ,e;jf; fz;zd; xU
ctk cUG njhlh; Njd; nkhop

1. Nghy - fpspNghy Ngrpdhs; ,jpy; ctik> ctNkak; Mfpa
2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs; ,uz;lDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ctk cUG
3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. vdNt ,jidj;
4. cwo - KbT cwo; jlf;if njhifAtik vd;gh;. ,jid
5. md;d - kud;d Nrtb ctikj;njhif vdTk; $Wth;.
6. khd - fak; %o;F kfsph; fz;
khDk; ctik cUtfk;
jhkiu ctik
7. fLg;g - VWngWk; ghk;gpd; ite;Jzp xU nghUis mijtplr; rpwe;j
fLg;g nghUNshL xg;gpl;Lf; $wy; „ctik‟
8. ,iaa - kpd;dpw;F ,iaa kpspUk; vdg;gLk;. ctikj; njhlhpy; ctikg;;
9. Va;g;g - mk;G Edp Va;g;g mUk;gp nghUs; (ctkhdk;) Kd;Dk;> ctkpf;fg;gLk;
,Ug;ig nghUs; (ctNkak;) gpd;Dkhf
10. Neu - nghd; Neh; GJkyh; mike;jpUf;Fk;. (v.fh)
11. epfu - fz;nzhL epfh;f;Fk; Ropg; kyub  kyh; Nghd;w mb
Jq;Ftis kyh;  ctik
12. md;d - nra;thd; md;d Nkdp
mb  ctNkak;;
13. ,d;d - ahopd; ,d;d ,d;nrhy;
“Nghyg; Giua xg;g cwo
cUtfk;
khdf; fLg;g ,iaa Va;g;g
ctkhdj;ijAk; ctNkaj;ijAk;
Neu epfu md;d ,d;d
NtWgLj;jhJ ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd
vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNt” vz;ZkhW xw;Wik glf; $WtJ cUtfk;
- ed;D}y; MFk;. cUtfj;jpy; ctNkak; Kd;Dk;
367 ctkhdk; gpd;Dkhff; $wg;gLk;. (v.fh)
ctk cUG mb kyh;  mbahfpa kyh;
1. J}z;lyhnkd (vd) - ctk cUG
mb  ctNkak;
2. fad;Ks; md;d - ctk cUG
3. thspy; jg;gpa - ,y; - cUG kaf;fk; kyh;  ctik
4. nrd;w ,lj;jhy; (,lj;jpd;fz;) – cUG
kaf;fk; cUtfk;
1. gjkyh; - cUtfk;
2. kdf;Fuq;F - cUtfk;
3. nry;tr;nrtpyp - cUtfk;
 tphpAtik
4. mUs; Fotp - cUtfk;
ctik ctNkak; (ctkpf;fg;gLk;
5. fufkyk; - cUtfk;
nghUs;) Mfpa ,uz;lidAk; nghUj;Jfpd;w
6. ruzfkyk; - cUtfk;
ctk cUG ntspg;gilahf tUtJ
7. rhjidg;G+f;fs; - cUtfk;
tphpTtik. ,/J ctikj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
,j;njhlhpy; Njd; - ctik. Nkhop –
cUtfk;
ctNkak; Nghd;w – ctk cUG.
1. GUtf;nfhb> kdg;gwit – cUtq;fs;
,j;njhlhpy; ntspg;gl te;Js;sjdhy; ,J
2. rpYitkpir – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG
tphpTtik vdg;gLk;. ,/J ctikj;
njhluhFk;. 3. rpdj;jP – cUtfk;
njhifAtik 4. fz;kyh; - cUtfk;

5. ekid mQ;Nrhk; (ekDf;F mQ;Nrhk;) – Xh; vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh jdpj;J

cUG kaf;fk; epd;W nghUis czh;j;JtJ jdp
6. Kuy;tJ xg;g> Mh;j;jJ vd> klq;fy; nkhopahFk;.
md;d – ctk cUGfs; (v.fh) th> fz;> nra;jhd;> M> fh> kdpjd;>
7. mUspNdhLk; (mUspdhy;) – cUG epyk;
kaf;fk;
8. tpRk;ngd;Dk; ifj;jha;>
kpd;Dg;nghd;Qhz;> Kfpy; mUs;>
khhpj;jPk;ghy;> fhkj;;jP – cUtfq;fs; 2. njhlh; nkhop
jdp nkhopfs; my;yJ xd;Wf;F
ctik cUtfk; Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W
1. mKj nkhop nkhopaKJ nghUs; jUtJ njhlh; nkhop vdg;gLk;.
2. faw;fz; fz; fay; (v.fh) 1. itfiwapy; Japy; vO
3. Njd; jkpo; jkpo;j;Njd; 2. rhyr; rpwe;jJ
4. G+tpuy; tpuy;G+ 3. mwk; nra tpUk;G
5. kjpKfk; Kfkjp 4. glk; ghh;j;jhd;
6. kyub mbkyh; 5. gRTk; fd;Wk; Njhl;lj;jpy;
7. Kj;Jg;gy; gy;Kj;J Nka;e;J
8. kyh;g;ghjk; ghjkyh; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
cUtfk; 3. nghJ nkhop

 gjkyh; - cUtfk; xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU
 kUg;G+rp - cUtfk; nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;Ny njhlh;e;J epd;W
 khh;Nghiy - cUtfk; gy nghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk; nghJ
nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; iktJ nghJ
 fhkj;jP - cUtfk;
nkhopahFk;.
 ,d;g nrh&gk; - cUtfk;
(v.fh) me;jkhd;
 kdf;Fuq;F - cUtfk;
„me;j  khd;‟ vd;gJ xU jPitAk;>
cUtfk; mr;nrhy;Ny me;j khd; vdg; gphpe;J epd;W>
me;j khd; (tpyq;F) vd NtWnghUisAk;
1. ifk;kiy> kjptpsf;F – cUtfq;fs;
jUfpd;wJ.
2. jq;fj;jPT> jq;fj;Njhzp> nghw;fiu>
,Nj Nghy; gyif> itif> jhkiu>
jq;fj; jpkpq;fyk; - cUtfq;fs;
Ntq;if Kjypad jdpnkhopahfTk;
3. fz;zPh; nts;sk;> grpf;fapW> gk;guk;>
nghJnkhopahfTk; tUtij mwpf.
nky;ypa fhk;G> rpWtpuy;> jPf;Fr;rpfs; -
cUtfq;fs; “xU nkhop xU nghUsithk; njhlh; nkhop
gy nghU sd nghJ ,UikAk; Vw;gd”
%tif nkhopfs; ed;D}y; 260
nkhopahdJ %d;W tifg;gLk;.
(nkhop nrhy;) ahg;G: nra;As; cWg;Gfs; ahg;G ,yf;fzk;
1. jdp nkhop nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk;
2. njhlh; nkhop ,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vdg;gLk;.
3. nghJ nkhop nra;ASf;F chpa cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L
nra;As; ,aw;Wk; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;fpf;
1. jdp nkhop $Wtjhy; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ahg;G – ahj;jy; fl;Ljy;> nghUs; Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; tuy;  glk;

nghUe;jj; njhlUkhW nrhw;fis Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J tuy;  glh
mikj;jy;. nra;Aisf; fl;Ljy;) Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;Wld; tuy; 
nra;As; ghl;L> J}f;F> ftpij glhk;
vd;gd xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;.
 rPH;
ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfspd; tiffs;: mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; $b
ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; MW tifg;gLk;. mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;.
1) vOj;J rPh; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
2) mir 1) Xuirr;rPH;
3) rPh; 2) <uirr;rPh;
4) jis 3) %tirr;rPh;
5) mb 4) ehyirr;rPH;
6) njhil
 Xuirr;rPh;
vOj;J:
ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuairAs;
jkpo; vOj;Jfis ahg;gpyf;fz
VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha;
Kiwapy; %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
mikAk;. Mtw;iw Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;. mit
1) Fwpy; 2) neby; 3) ehs;(Neh;)> kyh;(epiu)> fhR(Neh;G)>
xw;W (nka;) gpwg;G(epiuG) vd ehy;tif tha;ghLfs;
 ahg;G ah  neby; xd;iwg; ngWk;.
g;  xw;W v.fh:
G  Fwpy; 1) nrtpapw; RitAzuh thAzh;tpd; khf;fs;
mir: mtpapDk; thopDk; vd;
XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njh vd; - Neh;(ehs;)
xypg;gJ mir vdg;gLk;. 2) nrtpf;Fz tpy;yhj Ngho;J rpwpJ
mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit tapw;Wf;Fk; <ag;gLk;.
1) Neh; mir 2) epiu mir gLk; - epiu(kyh;)
3) ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y
 Neh; mir: ehl tse;jU ehL
Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy; xw;nwLj;Jk;> ehL - Neh;G(fhR)
neby; jdpj;Jk; neby; xw;nwLj;Jk; tUtJ 4) mfu Kjy; vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
Neuir vdg;gLk;. gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF
v.fh: Fwpy; jdpj;J tuy;  f cyF – epiuG(gpwg;G)
Fwpy; xw;Wld; tuy;  fy;  <uirr;rPH;
neby; jdpj;J tuy;  fh ,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; MtJ
<uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ ,uz;Lk;> epiuapy;
neby; xw;Wld; tuy;  fhy;
KbJ ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F MFk;.
epiuair:
Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; ,ize;J
rPh; tha;ghL
xw;Wk; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy;
neby; ,ize;J xw;W tUtJ epiuair. Neh;  Neh;  Njkh
v.fh: epiu  Neh;  Gspkh
epiu  epiu  fUtpsk;
Fwpy; ,ize;J tuy;  gl Neh;  epiu  $tpsk;
epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd;

KjyirAk; jis vdg;gLk;. jis xd;wpAk;
tUk; xd;whkYk; tUk;. (jis – fl;Ljy;)
khr;rPh; - 2 (Njkh> Gspkh vd khtpy;  xd;wp tUjyhtJ : Neh; Kd;
Kbtjhy; khr;rPh;) NeUk;. epiu Kd; epiuAk; tUjy;
tpsr;rPh; - 2 (fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd  xd;whky; tUjyhtJ : Neh; Kd;
tpsj;jpy; Kbtjhy; tpsr;rPH;) epiuAk;> epiu Kd; NeUk; tUk;.
(<uirr;rPh; ehd;Fk; Mrphpag;ghtpw;F v.fh:
chpait) fz;/zh kd;/dh
,it ,aw;rPh; vdTk;> Mrphpa chpr;rPh; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh;
vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;. - Neh; mirfs; xd;wp te;jd
cah;/tw cah;/eyk;
%tirr;rPh; epiu epiu epiu epiu
%d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; - epiu mirfs; xd;wp te;jd
MtJ %tirr;rPh;. Neuirapy; KbtJ
ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fkhf mf/u Kj/y
%tirr;rPh; MFk;. epiu Neh; epiu Neh;;
kyh;/kpir V/rpdhd;
 fha;r;rPH; epiu epiu Neh; epiu
(fha;r;rPh;fs; - 4) - ,it xd;whky; te;jd.
Neh; Neh; Neh;  Njkhq;fha;
epiu Neh; Neh;  Gspkhq;fha; jis VO tifg;gLk;.
epiu epiu Neh;  fUtpsq;fha; 1. Nenuhd;whrphpajj; jis
Neh; epiu Neh;  $tpsq;fha; 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj; jis
,it ntz;ghtpw;F chpad Mjypd; 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis
ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;. 4. ntz;rPH; ntz;lis
5. fypj;jis
 fdpr;rPH; 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
(fdpr;rPh; - 4) 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis
Neh; Neh; epiu  Njkhq;fdp
1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jis
epiu Neh; epiu  Gspkhq;fdp (Neh; Neh; Nrh;e;j tUtjhy;
epiu epiu epiu  fUtpsq;fdp Nenuhd;wpahrphpaj;jis)
Neh; epiu epiu  $tpsq;fdp v.fh:
,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F chpajhy; tQ;rpAhpr;rPh; gh/hp gh/hp
vdTk; $Wth;. Neh;Neh; Neh; Neh; kh Kd;Neh;
 ehyirr;rPH; Njkh Njkh
%tirr;rPh; vl;Lld; Neuir>
epiwairfisj; jdpj;jdpahfr; Nrh;j;jhy; 2. epiunahdpwhrphpaj; jis
ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW fpilf;Fk;. ,jidg; tpsk; Kd; epiu tUtJ epiunahd;whrphpaj;
nghJr;rPh; vdf; $Wth;. jis.
v.fh:
 jis: gyh; / gfo; fgp /yh;
epiu epiu epiu Neh;
tpsKd;epiu
fUtpsk; Gspkh Njkhq;fdp fUtpsq;fdp

epiu epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.
7. xd;whj tQ;rpj; jis:
3. ,aw;rPH; ntz;lis fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ xd;whj
kh Kd; epiuAk;> tpsKd; NeUk; tQ;rpj;jis MFk;.
tUtJ ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. v.fh:
v.fh: th/dpy;/tsh; jpq;/fsd;/d
mf/u Kj/y Neh; Neh; epiu Neh; epiu Neh;
epiu Neh; epiu Neh;; khKd; epiu fdpKd;Neh;
epy/tiu ePd;/Gfo; Njkhq;fdp $tpsq;fha;
epiu epiu Neh; epiu tpsKd; Neh; Xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis
fUtpsk; $tpsk; mb
,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. rPh;fs; gy njhlh;e;J te;J Xh;
mbahf mike;J nra;ASf;F cWg;ghtJ
4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis mb vdg;gLk;. mb Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit
fha; Kd; Neh; tUtJ ntz;rPh; 1) Fwsb 2) rpe;jb 3) mstb
ntz;lis 4) nebyb 5) fopnebyb
v.fh:
ah/jh/Dk; eh/lh/ky; 1) Fwsb:
Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; mb NjhWk; ,U rPh;fisg; ngw;W
fha;Kd; Neh; tUtJ Fwsb vdg;gLk;.
Njkhq;fha; Njkhq;fha; v.fh:
ntz;rPh; ntz;lis Kf;jp Ntz;LNky;
ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs; ,aw;rPh; gf;jp Ntz;LNty;
ntz;lisAk; ntz;rPh; ntz;lisANk rf;jp ak;,J
ntz;ghtpy; ,t;tpU jisfs; jtpug; gpw Gj;jp neQ;rNk
jisfs; tuh.
2) rpe;jb:
5. fypj;jis: mb NjhWk; Kr;rPh;fisg; ngw;W
fdpKd; epiu tUtJ fypj;jis. tUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: v.fh
jh/kiug;/G+ Fsj;/jpdp/Ny gOjp yhj gaph;j;njhopy;
Neh; epiu Neh; epiu epiu Neh; gOjp yhJ gapw;wNt
fha;Kd;epiu gOjp yhJ gynjhopy;
$tpsq;fha; fUtpsq;fha; gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;.
fypj;jis
3) mstb:
6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj; jis: mb NjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisf; ngw;W
fdpKd; epiu tUtJ xd;wpa tUtJ mstb my;yJ Neub vdg;gLk;.
tQ;rpj;jis MFk;. v.fh:
v.fh: jha;nkhop jhapDk; jftpw; Nthw;Wtd;
nre;/jh/kiuf; Fsj;/jpdp/Ny Ma;nkhop ahdh;jk; md;Gf;F Vw;Wtd;
Neh; Neh; epiu epiu epiu Neh; fha;nkhop ahtJq; fbe;J khw;Wthd;
fdpKd;epiu tha;nkhop jg;gplh tifapy; Mw;Wtd;
2. ,aw;rPh;> (khr;rPH;> tpsr;rPh;) ntz;rPh;>

4) nebyb: (fha;r;rPh;) tUk;. gpw rPh;fs; thuh.
mb NjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;W 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; (khKd; epiu>
tUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;. tpsKd; Neh;) ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk;
MLk; filkzp ehmir ahky; (fha;Kd; Neh;) tUk;> gpwjisfs;
mfpynkq;Fk; thuh.
ePLk; Filiaj; jhpj;j gpuhdpw;j ePwe
; pyj;jpy; 4. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR>
ghLk; Gyth; Gfo; xl;lf; $j;jd; gjhk; gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghLfSs;
Gaj;ijr; xd;Wnfhz;L KbAk;.
#Lk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhondd;Nw nadir; 5. nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;.
nrhy;YNt 6. ,uz;lb Kjy;> gd;dpuz;L mbtiu
tUk;.
5) fopnebyb:
mb NjhWk; MW my;yJ mjw;F  ntz;ghtpd; tiffs;:
Nkw;gl;l gy rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtijf; ntz;ghtpd; tiffs; MW. mit Fws;
fopnebyb vdf; $Wth;. ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir
“tho;tpy; nrk;ik Ntz;Lk; ntz;gh> g/nwhil ntz;gh> Nehpirr;
tha;ikNa Ngry; Ntz;Lk; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay;
gho;r;nray; tpyf;fy; Ntz;Lk; ntz;gh vd;gd.
gz;gpid fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
jho;tpid mfw;w Ntz;Lk; 1. Fws; ntz;gh:
jUf;fpid tpLjy; Ntz;Lk; ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W>
#o;epiy czh;jy; Ntz;Lk; ,uz;L mbfisf; nfhz;ljha;> xU
Nrhk;giyg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk; tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ
,g;ghly; mbNjhWk; MW rPh;fs; Fws;ntz;gh (Fws; - ,uz;lb)
ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ,jidf; fopnebyb vd;gh;. “mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
ghlypYs;s rPh;fis vz;zp. ,jid mWrPh; gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF”
fopnebyb vd;gh;. ,J Nghy; VOrPh;fs; ,f;Fwl;gh xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Fws;
,Ue;jhy; VOrPh;f; fopnebyb vd;gh;. ntz;gh. (f vd;Dk; vOj;J vJifahf
vl;LrPh;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb ,uz;L mbfspy; xd;wp te;Js;sJ)
vd;W $Wth;. “nghUnsd;Dk; ngha;ah tpsf;fk;
nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk; ,UsWf;Fk;
,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vdg;gLk;. vz;zpa Njaj;Jr; nrd;W”
nra;ASf;F chpa cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ,f;Fwl;gh ,U tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Fws;
nra;As; ,aw;Wk; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;fpf; ntz;gh.
$Wtjhy; ahg;gpyf;fzk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. Nehpir ntz;gh:
ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W>
gh tiffs; ehd;F mbfisf; nfhz;ljhAk;> ,uz;lhk;
ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> mbapd; ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;Wk;> Kjy;
tQ;rpg;gh vdg; „gh‟ ehy;tifg;gLk;. ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> filrp ,uz;lb
xU tpfw;gkhAk;> ehd;fbfSk; xU
 ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;: tpfw;gkhAk; tUtJ Nehpir ntz;gh
1. <w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vida mbfs; vdg;gLk;.
ehw;rPuha; tUk;.
“ney;Yf; fpiwj;jePh; tha;f;fhy; topNahbg; ,g;ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; mbapy;

Gy;Yf;Fk; Mq;Nf nghrpAkhk; - jdpr;nrhy; te;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> ehd;fbapYk;
njhy;Yyfpy; %d;W tpfw;gq;fs; te;Js;sjhy;> ,/J
ey;yhh; xUth; csNuy; mth;nghUl;(L) ,d;dpir ntz;ghthapw;W.
vy;yhh;f;Fk; nga;Ak; kio”.
,g;ghlypd; ehd;fbapYk;.
,uz;lhkbapd; ,Wjpr; rPhpYk; xNu vJif 4. g/nwhil ntz;gh:
ngw;W xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Nehpir ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W
ntz;gh. Ie;jbKjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu ngw;W
cd;Ds; fiyitj;jha; Cf;f tUtJ g/nwhil ntz;gh.
kiyitj;jha; “Kf;fdpNa! Kg;ghNy! %thj Kj;jkpNo!
fd;dy; nkhopAd;Ds; fs;itj;jha; nrhf;fdJ khefiur; #o;e;j ngUk;NgNw!
kpd;itj;jha; ,j;jiur; #hpaNd! vq;fs; capuKNj!
kz;zpy; GJik kyh;f;Fs; Rpj;jpiuj; jz;zpyNt! Njah nkhopntw;Ng!
kzk;itj;jha; nrk;nkhop khf;FLk;gk; rPuhl;Lk;
jz;zPh;j; jkpNoeP jha;. nrk;nkhopNa!
,/J xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j Nehpir vk;nkhopf;Fk; %j;jtNs! vd;Wk;
ntz;gh. ,Ug;gtNs!
gz;Gzh;j;Jk; MrhNd! ghh;Nghw;Wk;
3.,d;dpir ntz;gh: NjD}w;Nw!
ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; fz;Nz! eP Qhyf; fdp!
ngw;Wj; jdpr;nrhy; ,d;wp ehd;fbfs; ,g;ghly; <w;wb %d;W rPuhAk;>
cilajha; tUk;. ,uz;lhk; mbapd; Vida mbfs; ehd;F rPuhAk; te;j
,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> %d;W g/nwhilntz;gh.
tpfw;gj;jhd; tUk; %d;whk; mbapd; 5. Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh:
,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> %d;W ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W
tpfw;gj;jhd; tUk;. %d;whk; mbapd; Nehpir ntz;ghitg; Nghy ,uz;lhkbapd;
,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> ,uz;L ,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> xU
tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJk; ,d;dpir ntz;gh tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,Utpfw;gj;jhDk;
vdg;gLk;. %d;wbfsha; tUtJ Nehpirr; rpe;jpay;
“jha;jkf;Nf xg;gpy;iy jhuzpapy; ntz;gh.
vg;nghUSk; “mwpe;jhid Vj;jp mwpthq; fwpe;J
Nra;ek;ikr; rPuhl;b nre;ePiug; ghyhf;fp rpwe;jhh;f;Fr; nry;t Diug;g – rpwe;jhh;
tha;topaha;j; jh%l;b tho;tpf;Fe; rpwe;jik Muha;e;J nfhz;L”.
nja;tnkhd;W %d;wbfs; cilajha; xU
jha;NghYk; cz;lhNkh jhd;”. tpfw;gkha; ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjpapy;
,g;ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; mbapd; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W te;j Nehpirr; rpe;jpay;
,Wjpapy; jdpr;nrhy; ,y;iy. ehd;fbfSk; ntz;gh.
xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;Js;sd. (,uz;lhk;
vOj;J a; vJifahfp xd;wp te;Js;sJ) 6. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh:
“jhdq; nfhLf;Fe; jifikAk; khdj;jhh; ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W
Fw;wq; fbe;j nthOf;fKk; - njw;nwdg; %d;wb nfhz;ljha;j; jdpr;nrhy;ypd;wp xU
gy;nghU zPq;fpa rpe;ijAk; ,k;%d;Wk; tpfw;gj;jhDk; gy tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ
ey;tpid ahh;f;Fq; fapW”. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vdg;gLk;.

“ghh;nkhopfs; mj;jidf;Fk; ghq;fhd 6. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; Vfhuj;jpy; KbtJ

ew;whahk; rpwg;G.
rPh;nfhz;l nre;jkpNo rpe;jidapy;
Vw;wpLtha; 2. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;:
ghh;KOJQ; rhw;wpLtha; gha;e;J”. Mrphpag;ghTf;F mftw;gh vd;w
,/J ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngaUk; cz;L. mt;thrphpag;gh> Nehpir
,d;wp> xU tpfw;gj;jhd; te;j ,d;dpirr; Mrphpag;gh> ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh>
rpe;jpay; ntz;gh. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh> mbkwp kz;by
myfpl;L tha;ghLk; jisAk; $Wjy; Mrphpag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
xU rPiug; gphpj;J mir ghh;g;gNj myfpLjy;
myfplg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba vspa topfs; 1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh:
nka;naOj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; /,f;FwpapLf Mrpahpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
neby; gf;fj;jpy; /,f;FwpapLf ngw;W. <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs;
,U Fwpy; mLj;J /,f;FwpapLf ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ Nehpir Mrphpag;gh.
xw;W my;yJ Ma;j vOj;ij ePf;fp> Xh; “ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp
vOj;J ,Ug;gpd; Neh; vdf; nfhs;f. xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth;
,uz;L vOj;jha; ,Ug;gpd; epiu vdg; ghhp xUtD ky;yd;
nfhs;f. khhpAk; cz;Bd; LyF Gug;gJNt”.
,t;tpjpiag; gpd;gw;wpf; Fwl;ghf;fisg; ,g;ghly; <w;wayb Kr;rPuhAk; gpw
gphpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;. mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; te;Js;sd.
t.vz;. rPh; mir 2. ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh:

tha;ghL Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;NjhL
1. ,y;/yh/iu Neh; Neh; Neh; KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh; mbfshfTk;>
Njkhq;fha; ,ilapy; cs;s mbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb)
2. vy;/yh/Uk; Neh; Neh; Neh; mbfshAk; Kr;rPh; (rpe;jb) mbfshAk;
Njkhq;fha; tUtJ ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh.
3. vs;/Sth; Neh; epiu $tpsk; “ePhpd; jz;ikAk; jPapd; ntk;ikAk;
4. nry;/tiu Neh; epiu $tpsk; rhur; rhh;e;J
5. vy;/yh/UQ; Neh; Neh; Neh; jPuj; jPUk;
Njkhq;fha; rhuy; ehld; Nfz;ik
6. nra;/th; Neh; Neh; Njkh rhur; rhur; rhh;e;J
7. rpwg;/G epiuNeh;-epiuG gpwg;G jPuj; jPuj; jPh;nghy; yhNj.”
,g;ghlypy; KjybAk; <w;wbAk;
 Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;: mstbahfTk;> ,ilabfs; FwsbahfTk;>
1. mstbisg; (ehd;F rPh;) ngw;W tUk;. rpe;jbahfTk; te;Js;sd.
2. ,aw;rPh; (khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh;) gapd;W tUk;.
gpw rPUk; tUk;. Mdhy; tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;fs; 3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh
thuh. Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
3. Mrphpaj; jisfs; gapd;W tUk;. gpw ngw;W> vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; (mstb)
jisfs; fye;Jk; tUk;. mbfsha; tUtJ> epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh
4. %d;wbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk;> ghLk; Gytdpd; vdg;gLk;.
kdf;fUj;jpw;Nfw;gg; gy mbfisg; “,isNahh; #lhh; tisNahh; nfha;ahh;
ngw;W tUk;. ey;ypaho; kUg;gpd; nky;y thq;fpg;
5. mftNyhir ngw;W tUk;.
ghzd; #lhd; ghbdp mzpahs; khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk;

Mz;ik Njhd;w Mlth;f; fle;j khwhJ tUtJ> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh.
ty;Nyw; rhj;jd; kha;e;j gpd;iw “jha;nkhop tsh;j;jy; jkpoh;jq; flNd
Ky;iyAk; G+j;jpNah xy;iyA+h; ehl;Nl” tha;nkhop Guj;jy; kw;wth; flNd
,g;ghlypy; vy;yh mbfSk; fha;nkhop jtph;j;jy; fw;wth; flNd
ehw;rPH;fs; nfhz;Nl mstbfshf Ma;nkhop Aiu;jy; mwpQh;jq; flNd”
te;Js;sd. ,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis
Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpdhYk; ghlypd; XirAk;
4. mbkwp kz;ly Mrphpag;gh: nghUSk; khwhky; tUfpd;wJ.
Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
ngw;W> vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf
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இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல் 2

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இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல் 2

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இலக்கணக் குறிப்பறிதல்

 rhh;ngOj;J mjd; tiffs; ty;ypd nky;ypd

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 1 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

“msngil” vd;gjw;F “ePz;L nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 2 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

nra;Aspy; xir Fd;whj nghOJk;> 2. mUtpid vd;g csNth – Xfhuk;

jdp nebYlNdh> gy vOj;Jfisj; 1) neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 4 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 6 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

ngaiu czh;j;Jk; nrhy; (v.fh)

 xOf;fk; Jsq;Fjy; gif nghUois czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J Ntw;Wikj;

Ntw;WikAk; mjd; cUGfSk;

Ntw;Wik MWk; jw;fpoik> gifnfhsy;(gifiaf;nfhsy;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 9 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

 jhs;jiy (jhisj; jiyahy;) - mb (mgadJ mb) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

 thy; Fiyj;J E}y; Nehf;fp epd;dfh; vd; gjp

 ngUthp Ntq;if - ,uz;ld; cUGk; 9. Kl;Gjh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;

33. iftak;> nka;tak; - Mwhk;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 13 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

 nra;tpid nghq;Ffly;  xOFePh; cUs;Njh;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 14 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gj;njhif ,d;ik jpz;ik ePyKb

4. Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif: gz;ghF ngah;

ngUthp  ew;gad;> ,Uepyk;>

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 16 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

 Nrtb KJRUjp  ngUe;Njh;

 kyub - ctikj;njhif  fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - „ck;‟ ik ,opT

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 18 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

ck;ikj;njhif  jhsKk; NksKk; - vz;Zk;ik

1. ehopif thuk;> me;jpfhiy – vz;Zk;ik

5. tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; Njhs;fs; ,uz;Lk; -  nra;apDk; - ,opTr;rpwg;Gk;ik

rpwg;Gk;ik: ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

md;nkhopj;njhif 1. vOtha; njhlh;

 ,iwQ;Rthk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpsp

 Nghh;j;j gplit - nganur;rk; te;J Nghdhd; - “te;J” vd;Dk;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 23 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

 cWFiw> itths;> ths;Kfk;> khWgltpy;iyahapd; mjidg; „Nghyp‟

Nghyp gFgjk; ,Utifg;gLk;

Fwpg;G: KbT ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; vr;rk;

 nganur;rk; 7. ePf;fp> ca;j;J> Rue;J> Kjph;e;J> nehe;J>

Rw;wpa ghq;fh; tpl;l ths; jUkhdhy; mJ <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 27 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

v.fh: te;J> tu> fz;L> gbj;J>

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 28 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

7. Nfsh (Nfl;L) – nra;ah vd;Dk; v.fh:

v.fh: fz;ldd; tPo;e;jhd; %tplg; ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 30 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 31 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

v.fh: fhis te;jhd;

vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;> ed;D}y; - 29

16. ePl;ly; msit MFngah;:

Mjypd; ,g;ghly; Mw;W ePh; nghUs;Nfhs;

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 34 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

cyF vd;Dk; ,Wjpr; nrhy; Kjy; xd;nwhnlhd;W Rl;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ

6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;: 8. mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 35 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

khkh vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; ngah; te;jJ

(tO – Fw;wk;: mikjp – Vw;Wf; ehSk;> ngha; $w khl;lhd; vd jd;ikiag;

1. jpiz tOtikjp 5. kuG tOtikjp

ctk cUG njhlh; Njd; nkhop

பாடக்குறிப்புகள்அறிய – tamil.examsdaily.in 38 FB – Examsdaily Tamil

5. ekid mQ;Nrhk; (ekDf;F mQ;Nrhk;) – Xh; vOj;Njh> nrhy;Nyh jdpj;J