FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE WHORL-GYNOECIUM

Stigma Serves as landing platform for pollen grains

Style Long (elongated), narrow tubular structure

Ovary The basal swollen [bulged] part of the carpel.

Ovule
Number variable;
One (In wheat, paddy, mango) or
many ovules (In papaya, water melon, orchids).
Locule
 Female reproductive whorl-Gynoecium
Stigma Carpels
Stigma
Style

Syncarpous
ovary

e.g. Papaver e.g. Michelia, Rose,

Ovary Lotus
Thalamus
e.g. Hibiscus Syncarpous Apocarpous
Structure of Ovule: Megasporengium
 Obturators : Some filaments are attached with funicle
[some times with placenta].

Perisperm: residual, persistent nucellus (2n)

(i) ARIL :
 It is the type of third integument
 Develops from funicle at the base of
the ovule
e.g. Litchi.
(ii) CARUNCLE OR STROPHIOLE : It is formed due to the
proliferation (out growth) of outer integument over the
micropyle.
e.g.Ricinus communis (castor).
It helps in germination of seeds and
dispersal of seeds occurs by ants
which is called myrmecochory.

CARUNCLE
 TYPES OF OVULES
ON THE BASIS OF INTEGUMENTS
(i) UNITEGMIC :
e.g. Members of gamopetalae and mostly gymnosperms.
(ii) BITEGMIC :
e.g. In most of angiosperms [polypetalae- Capsella and
monocots]
(iii) ATEGMIC :
e.g. Santalum, Olax
 TYPES OF OVULES
ON THE BASIS OF POSITION OF DIFFERENT PARTS
On the basis of relative position of the micropyle, chalaza, hilum and
funiculus.
ATROPOUS OR ORTHOTROPOUS
The body of ovule is upright in position.
This type of ovule is called straight or upright ovule.
e.g. Betel, Piper, Polygonum and in gymnosperms.
It is the most primitive and most simplest type of ovule.
Raphe is absent.
HEMITROPOUS /HEMIANATROPOUS/ HORIZONTAL
OVULE :
Body of the ovule bent on funicle at 90°.
e.g. Ranunculus, Primula.
ANATROPOUS / INVERTED / RESUPINATE OVULE
• The ovule completely turned at 180° angle.
• This is the most common type of ovule
• of angiosperms (80%) (But not found in Capsella)
• it is considered as a "typical ovule" of Angiosperms.
e.g. Members of malvaceae, cucurbitaceae,
solanaceae, compositae family and pea.
AMPHITROPOUS OVULE
•Embryo sac: Horse shoe shaped.
e.g. Mirabilis, Lemna , poppy (Papaver).

CAMPYLOTROPOUS / CURVED OVULE

e.g. Leguminosae, cruciferae
family [Capsella]
CIRCINOTROPOUS / COILED OVULE
Body of ovule is present on funicle
at 360°.
e.g. Cactaceae family - Opuntia.
Development of Ovule
Megasporogenesis
 Development of embryosac or female gametophyte

Micropylar End
Mitotic Division
Nucellus

Functional
Megaspore Chalazal End
Development of embryo-sac or female gametophyte
Chalazal end
Antipodals

Polar nuclei
Central cell
Egg
Synergids
Filiform apparatus
Micropylar end
 Plants
MONOECIOUS PLANTS
• Prevent autogamy but not geitonogamy.
e.g. Castor, cucurbits, coconut and maize.

DIOECIOUS PLANTS
• Prevent both autogamy and geitonogamy.
e.g. Papaya, date palm.
 Pollination
1. AUTOGAMY OR SELF POLLINATION
Pollen grains are transferred from an anther
to the stigma of the same flower.
It requires synchrony in pollen release and
stigma receptivity.
Also the anther and the stigma should lie
close to each other so that self pollination can
occur.
Continued self pollination result is
inbreeding depression.
2. GEITONOGAMY
Pollination takes place in between the two
flowers of the same plant then it is called
geitonogamy.
From the genetical point of view
geitonogamy is similar to self pollination
(Autogamy).
Pollen grains come from the same plant and
all flowers of the same plant are genetically
similar, but functionally or ecologically, it is
considered as cross pollination involving a
pollinating agent.
3. XENOGAMY OR CROSS POLLINATION
OR ALLOGAMY:
When the pollination takes place in between the
two different flowers of two different plants of
the same species then it is called xenogamy.
This is real or true cross pollination,
(Genetically, as well as functionally / ecologically)
This is the only type of pollination in
which genetically different types of
pollen reaches to the stigma.
 Adaptations for self pollination
1. Monocliny : (Bisexuality) - It means flowers are bisexual e.g. Pea
2. Homogamy : Both the sex organs of a flower mature at the same
time (synchrony in pollen release and stigma receptivity) e.g. Pea
3. Cleistogamy: ln some plants bisexual flowers are formed which
never open throughout their life.
In cleistogamous flowers the anthers and stigma lie close to each other
and they are invariably autogamous. e.g.Commelina, Viola (Common
pansy) , Oxalis
4. Bud Pollination: e.g. Wheat, rice
 Adaptations for cross pollination
Dicliny (Unisexuality): A device to prevent self pollination is the
production of unisexual flowers. e.g. Date palm, papaya and
maize
Dichogamy: In many bisexual flowers of the plants, stamens and
carpels of a flower do not mature at the same time.
In these plants pollen release and stigma receptivity are not
synchronised.
Dichogamy is of two types: Protandry and Protogyny