English-Grade 8

Basic Education Curriculum

Quarter 1 – Module 3: Understanding Modals, Knowing Africa

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Published by the Departm

ent of Education
Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Author:
Joanne T. Tanael

EditorGina B. Pantino, Sonia V. Prensader, Josalie T. Tonio, Loraine T. Chiong

:
Reviewers:

Illustrator:
JohnMichael Sarte,
Catherine Torregoza
, Lenette Marie Tomagan

Layout Artist:
John Michael Sarte

Management Team
:
 English
UNDERSTANDING MODALS,
KNOWING AFRICA
Quarter 1 – Module 3

This instructional material was developed in response to the new normal

scheme in learning delivery of the Department of Education. It was
made based from the Most Essential Learning Co mpetencies (MELC)
in
English-8. It was collaboratively reviewed by educators and program
specialists in the Regional Office – V. We encourage teachers and other
educational stakeholders to email their feedback, comments and
recommendations to
________________________________________________________.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

I. Introduction to the Lesson

How are you? I hope you are fine and managed to work and carry the

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activities in the first and second modules. The previous modules have
provided you with inputs and practice activities that further developed your
skills in English.

This module aims to hone your grammatical awareness on Modals and

will let you explore Africa. Learning how a modal verb can function within a
sentence can greatly help you in forming grammatically correct sentences.
Eventually, this will allow you to explore the culture, tradition,

There are many ways to learn. A lot of avenues is now provided to you
as a learner, but it is always your determination and time management
which ascertains your success in completing the modules.

Learn and grow in your journey to learning for there are

things/lessons to be discovered and explored. There are innumerable
opportunities awaiting for you to cross and take.

Now, let us start your journey.

II. Objective
Use MODALS appropriately.

III. Vocabulary List

Find the words in the puzzle. Draw a line across the letters
1. MODALS are vertically, horizontally, or diagonally.
special types of helping verbs and are joined with the
simple form of
NOTE:verb.
the Familiarize the words, for youmeet willthese words
and
2. information
PERMISSION is about Africa.
the ability as you that
to do something go through
is given bythis lesson/module.
someone
who has the power to decide if it will be allowed or permitted.

3. POSSIBILITY is a that something may or be

4. Lack of NECESSITY is the absence of obligation.

5. PROHIBITION is to prevent or to forbid from doing something.

6. ABILITY is the quality or state of being able; competence in doing

something.
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7. ADVICE is the recommendation regarding a decision or course of
conduct or action.

8.
 evidence that is strong enough to establish presumption but not proof.
A S B H M O D A L S A L
9. OBLIGATION is something by which a person is bound or obliged to
D
do certain things,Uand which
N arises
O I of T
out A of duty
a sense G or results
I Lf romB O
custom, law, etc.
V N X X G W C V T G X N
10. AFRICA is
I A F I Y T I L I B A O
the second
C F F J L T L T Z V S I largest
continent
(after E P E R M I S S I O N T Asia),
X C V H I S A B L R R I covering
about one-fifth of
the I P F M D C V R T W G D total land
surface of
E S Z E Q X A F I A H A
Earth.
N W B F R N Z T F E C R

A N E C E S S I T Y S T

P O S S I B I L I T Y C

IV. Pre – Test

Complete the following sentences using appropriate modal auxiliary
verbs.

Simple Act to Avoid the Risk of COVID - 19

1. We (A. must B. would C. need) frequently wash our hands at least 20

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 seconds with soap and water .

2. If soap and running water are unavailable, you (A. should B. can C.
would) use an alcohol -based hand rub with at least 60% alcohol.

3. If you think you (A. might B. can C.may) have been exposed to or
infected with COVID -19 , discuss those concerns with your healthcare
provider.

4. You (A. should B. shall C. will

) avoid close contact with anyone who has
cold or flu -like symptoms.

5. You (A. should B. may C. must) practice social distancing when going
outside your home.

Score: ________

You need to remember the simple act to avoid COVID-19 in order at the same
time avoid other disease causing germs.

Did you answer correctly the items above? Excellent! If you didn’t perfectly
answer the pre-test, you still have a lot of chances to make up for the low
score.

V. Learning Concepts
Below are pictures of Africa. Can you make a guess about
what the images might be? (There is a guide question for
each picture and information about the picture.) Please
answer in a complete sentence.

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 1. Can you swim in the
waterfalls?

Victoria Falls
. Thelargestwaterfall
in Africa
is the and it is located on
the and border. It has a
height of 355 feet and the width of the water
fall runs into almost a mile.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. What could he be doing?

TheAfrican masks that are used in dances have

religious,
ceremonial and functional origins. The artist who carves the mask
will ceremonially purify himself and offer prayers to his ancestors
for guidance before he begins the actual carving of the mask.

The African mask represents a spirit andlieved it is be

that the
spirit possesses the dancer as they wear the mask. The chosen
dancer goes into a trance
-like state in order to receive guidance
and wisdom from the ancestors. The dancer will utter and moan
the messages received and a wise man, who accompan ies the
dancer, willinterpretthe message.

_______________________________________________________________________________
________
_____________
_________________________________________________________

3. What might be the taste of

this dish ?
A simple, spicy one
-pot dish comprising, at its
most basic, rice, tomatoes, onions and pepper, it's
often served at parties and other festive gatherings,
along with other Nigerian favorites such as egusi
soup (made with ground melon seeds and bitter leaf),
fried plantains and pounded yam (iyan or fufu).

Jollof rice and egusi soup, Nigeria

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The following may be possible answers that you have answered in your
notes or you might have in your mind:

1. I can’t swim on the waterfalls.

2. He could be dancing.
3. The dish might taste delicious.

The underlined words in the sentences above are examples of modals.

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 Welcome to our lesson about modals. As you go through, you will

find information on what the different modals are and how to use it.
After finishing the learning concepts, you will have to answer the different
practice activities.
You might be wondering what modals are. What are modals?

➢ MODALS are special types of helping verbs and are joined

with the simple form of the verb. They give additional
information about the function of the main verb that follows
it.
Modal verbs are used to express functions such as ability,
probability, permission, obligation, advice, possibility,
prohibition, and lack of necessity.

The following rules are applied in modals:

1. Modals never change their form. You can’t add –s, -ed, or –ing.

2. Modals are always followed with a bare infinitive – an infinitive

without “to”.
Example: I can play piano.

If you will notice in the above example, you have a subject I then followed by
a modal – can then the simple form of the verb play which an infinitive
without “to”.

3. In forming questions, you will use the inversion of the modals and the
subject.
Examples: Must I go to bed?
Can you play the piano?

Note in the examples, the modals must and can come first then
followed by the subjects I and you and lastly the verbs go and play which
are in its simple form.

4. By adding NOT, you form the negatives of the modals.

Examples: You must not smoke in this area. Or, You mustn’t smoke
in this area.
I cannot play the piano. Or, I can’t play the piano.

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 5. There are perfect forms (modal + have+ past participle) and
continuous form (modal + be + V-ing) of modals.
Examples: Anne could have played the piano well but she didn’t
practice seriously.
Anne might be playing the piano as we speak.

The first example shows the perfect tense of a verb with a modal – could,
together with have and a past participle of verb which is played (regular verb,
use the past tense) while the next example is a continuous form.

6. Lastly, you cannot use one modal after another.

Examples: She must can do it! (INCORRECT)
She must do it! (CORRECT)
or She can do it! (CORRECT)

Looking at the second and third examples, must and can function
differently; must expresses an obligation while can expresses ability.

You already have a dozed of what modals are and rules in using
modals, now you will have to learn how the different modals are used
according to their function.

o CAN and COULD.

Can and could express ability, probability, possibility, permission or

request and prohibition.

Use can and cannot or can’t in expressing ability for both general
ability (something that once you have learned you can do any time you
want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example) and
specific ability (something that you can or can't do in one particular
situation like being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere you are
looking for).

Examples: She can speak three languages.

Lily can drive a motorcycle.
He can’t drive – he’s already exhausted.

Use could and could not/couldn’t for general ability in the past.

Examples: Jan could speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he's
forgotten most of it now.
We couldn’t get to the school on time yesterday, because the
train was delayed by one hour.

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 Can you try this.… Can you think of ability that you have? Please
complete the statement below.

Hmmm… Ability…. I can ___________________________

Modals of
Use CAN to express probability. Can is used PROBABILITY (also
for something that is generally possible, something called modals of
we know sometimes happens: deduction, speculation or
certainty) are used when
Examples: Prices can be high in other
you want to make a
countries. guess about something.
Can is not used to talk about specific You choose the verb
possibilities: depending on how sure
Example: He could be on the bus. (not: 'can be'). you are.

You use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the

past (compare with the use of 'can' above):
Example: He could finish his project tonight. (Possibility not ability, please refer
to the discussion above on could expressing ability.)

Use could + have + past participle to talk about specific possibilities

in the past
• Example: She could have taken the wrong bus. (not: 'could be'.
As this is a specific possibility, 'could be' is present tense)

Can is used to indicate someone has permission to do something

while cannot or can't indicates that someone does not have permission (is
not allowed) to do something. Can is less formal, more direct and is used
when asking in simple direct way.

Examples: Students can register for this school year beginning next week.
(Students are permitted to enroll for next week)
You can borrow my book if you want, Diane. (Use can when you
are giving permission to others.) Can
I ask a question?

Children under ten cannot use the pool without adult

supervision. (Children under 10 years old are not allowed/prohibit to
use the pool without any adult supervision)
Visitors of patients can’t come after the visiting hours.

You use could to say that someone was allowed to do something in

the past. Use could not or, couldn't to say that someone was NOT allowed

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to do it. Could not also shows that something is impossible.

Examples: You could go to any shop in the mall if you wanted to.
We couldn't study in the library after 6
Modals of PROHIBITION pm.
are the opposite of
This could not be the only book
obligation and permission. available.
Here, you are going to make
use of the word not in order She could not know who my friend is. to emphasize
that such They have never met.
actions are not allowed or
forbids you to do something. The last two examples are showing that the action is
impossible.

Could is a better choice than can when being polite or wanting to show
respect.
Examples: Could I ask you a question, please?
Could I try this coat on?

o WILL.
Use will to express a strong possibility that something is true, especially
when we don’t have actual evidence at the moment.
Example: Ailah will meet me in person at the train station. (There is a
possibility that they will meet in person at the train station.)

You can use will + be able to, to express a general ability in the
future.
Example: At the end of this module, you will be able to use modals
properly.

Lastly, use will and won't when you are very sure, as shown in the
example sentences.
Examples: She will be at work now.
They won’t be late in going to school.

o MAY and MIGHT.

May is used for more formal situations and 'may not' is used to say that
someone is not allowed to do something.
Examples: "Ma’am, may I go to the restroom?" (Asking permission)
"You may go as soon as you have finished your exam." (There is
permission.)
Retailers may not sell items below the manufacturer's price.
(Someone is not allowed to do something.)

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 When refusing permission to someone, we use negative forms of the
modals of permission will not = won't.
Example: “I will go out on Saturday.” - “You won’t!”

May and Might shows possibility in the present or the future.

Examples: Present: Where are my keys? They may be in the car.
Where are my keys? They might be in the car.
Future: I may go to the party tonight.
I might go to the party tonight.

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 May is formal and is often found in writing.
Example: Side effects of this medication may include upset stomach and
fever.

While might is less formal than may, and is more common in

conversation. Might is rarely used in asking permission as it is considered
old fashioned usage.

May/Might + have + Past Participle = showing possibility in the past.

Examples: He might have brought the cake.
She may have gone home early.

Might not shows that something probably is not true and something
probably will not happen in the future.
Example: These books might not be the teachers.
I might not go to the party tonight.

o SHOULD, SHALL and OUGHT TO.

Should and should not or shouldn't are used to make an assumption
about what is probably true, if everything is as we expect:
Examples: They should be there by now.
It shouldn't take long to drive here.

Should + have + past participle can be used to make an assumption

about something that has probably happened, if everything is as we expect
(compare with present use of 'should' above):
Example: The train should have left by now.

Please look at how should is used in the first example, it is indicating an

assumption in the present time while the second one is making an
assumption that has probably happened in the past. What difference can you
say between the two examples?
They should be
Use should and ought to for there by now.
general advice. The train should For example: have left by now.
What’s the difference?
You should assess yourself before you
look for a job.
She ought to look for a new job.

Note: Should not is much more common than

ought not to. You can use should not in both
speaking and writing.

The modal should is also used to express a recommendation,

an obligation or a possibility.
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 Examples: Belle should see the Beast in his castle.
(Recommendation)

Africans should take good care of the elephants. (Obligation)

Should you have dreams you want to achieve, you can also work for it like
the young boy in the story. (Possibility)

Shall is a modal used to indicate future action and suggestions and is

frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. It is most commonly used
in sentences with "I" or "we".
Examples: Douglas MacArthur said, “I shall return.” (future action)
Shall I help you? (suggestion)
I shall never forget where I came from. (promise)

Ought to is to advise or make recommendations and to express assumption

or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that
something is deserved.
Examples: You ought to stop smoking. (Recommendation)
Jim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he
deserves it. (Expectation)
This stock ought to increase in value. (Probability)
Mark ought not drink too much. (Advice against something,
remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of
"ought not to," you say "ought not.")
o HAD BETTER
and WOULD.
Had better is most commonly used to make recommendations or give
strong advice. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn
people. Had better (not) is much stronger than should or ought to. It
suggests that something negative will happen if you don’t take the advice.
We usually only use it in speaking.
Examples: You had better take your umbrella with you today.
(Recommendation)
You had better finish this project, or you might lose your job!
(Give advice and warning)
That bus had better get here soon! (Desperate hope) You
had better watch the way you talk to me in the future!
(Warning)

Use would if the speaker is giving hypothetical advice as if he/she

was the listener. The modal is also used to express conditional form of a
verb. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally,
"would" can indicate repetition in the past.
Examples: If I were you, I would return the book. (Hypothetical advice)
If I were you, I would not wear that jacket. (Hypothetical advice)
If she were an actress, she would be in a drama series.
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 (Conditional)
I knew that Joanne would be very successful in her
profession. (Past of "will")
Every day, the orphan would do every kind of work to make a
living. (Repeated past action)
Would you please tell your teacher I’ve been wanting to meet
her? (Polite request)
o MUST, HAVE TO and NEED TO.
Use must to talk about strong personal obligations at the moment of the
speaking. Often, when using must, the authority for the obligation comes
from the person who is speaking. Must is a modal verb most commonly used
to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong
recommendation.
Example: Tomorrow is the final exam. I must review! (Strong personal
obligation)
She must finish the household chores before noon. (Necessity)
This must be the place he’s talking about! (Certainty)

Must not, the negative 'mustn't' is used to speak about actions that are not
allowed.
Examples: They mustn’t use the computers.
She must not be seen by the bullies.

We use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these
examples:
I must go now. (Present)
I must call my mother tomorrow. (Future)

Have to expresses impersonal obligation, certainty, and necessity.

Examples:
This answer has to be correct. certainty
The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning.
necessity
They have to leave early. obligation

Use need to, to talk about what is necessary.

Examples:
You need to go to the hairdresser’s. Your hair is very long.
She needs to go to the doctor. She gets headaches every day.

Need to is like “have to”: use do/does to make questions:

Examples: Do you need to go to the restroom?
Does she need to get a new dress? In making a request or asking
permission
Needn't = absence of obligation/lack of necessity politely, what We
needn't have waited, they didn't expression can you come.
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 use aside from using
(It was useless to wait. They didn't come) the modals for
request or
"Do not have to" vs. "Must not" permission?
"Do not have to/don’t have to" suggests that someone Use the magic word is
not required to do something. "Must not" suggests PLEASE. that you are
prohibited from doing something.
Example: He doesn't have to get up early.
I don’t have to bring my umbrella. It isn’t raining.
I must not eat too many sweets.

That ends our discussion about modals, don’t worry if you

haven’t memorized the different modals, what is important is you
familiarized yourself with the different modals and their function.
Next time that you are tasked to write an essay on certain issues,
the modals will be of great help in communicating your ideas.

To sum up the discussions made, please fill in the blanks with

the modals, specific function or example sentences.

Modals are _____________ (helping) verbs that are used with another _____________
to express ideas such as ability, obligation, lack of necessity, permission or
request, prohibition, possibility and certainty.
FUNCTION MODALS EXAMPLE
Ability
❖ Specific ability Present: can/can’t Elsa can climb that icy mountain.
Fred can’t come to school today.
She is able to play different ball
games.
Be able to

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 ❖ She could be the one but she
❖ changed.
He couldn't dance at all until he
took lessons.
She was able to pass the exam,
even though she hadn't studied
much.

Past: could/couldn’t

was able
to/couldn’t

❖ Future: will/won’t
be able to
❖ Specific ability can/can’t
Advice
❖ should, should She ought to look for a new job.
not/shouldn’t,
ought to You should assess yourself before
❖ Talking about should you look for a job.
someone else.
❖ very strong advice
❖ giving hypothetical
If I were you, I would not wear
advice; talking
would that jacket.
about oneself or
yourself
Obligation and Lack of Necessity
❖ strong personal must Two days from now is our dance
obligations (present/future) contest. We must practice more!
❖ impersonal As citizens of Philippines, we have
obligations have to to follow the different laws being
imposed.
❖ future obligation
❖ You need to go home for you are
need to
sick.

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❖ No obligation or Present: Students don’t have to wear

lack of necessity don’t have to uniforms on Saturdays.

don’t need to Students don’t need to bring their
IDs during the event.
Past:
Future:

Prohibition
Present & Future: You must not smoke cigarette
❖ Prohibition can be must not/mustn’t here, this is a no smoking area.
the speaker’s I mustn’t open the refrigerator.
opinion/a real law Past: She was not allowed to enter the
or rules. not allowed premises.
couldn’t I couldn't park outside the shop.
❖ Idea or action is
against the rules
Permission/Request
❖ With permission to Present: can Students can enroll for the next
do something Past: could semester beginning next week.
Both staff and students could use
the ice rink.
❖ Less formal; more can Can I ask a question?
direct Could I ask you a question,
please?
❖ More polite could

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 Children under ten cannot use the
pool without adult supervision.
Children couldn't play in the park
after 6 pm.

cannot/can’t, could
not/couldn’t

❖ may not Retailers may not sell items below

the manufacturer's price.
Past: could
not/couldn’t
❖ used in formal "Ma’am, may I go to the
situation when may, might restroom?"
asking permission
Probability, Possibility & Certainty
❖ When we want to Present: She’s not picking up her phone;
make a guess. must, might, could, she might be on her way here.
may, can’t +
infinitive
❖ very sure; strong will She will be on her office after an
possibility that hour.
something is true;
positive events
❖ very sure won’t Alex won’t mind if you borrow the
tuxedo.
❖ an assumption on It shouldn't take long to drive here.
what is probably You should be exhausted of all the
should, should
true if everything is running you’ve done.
not/shouldn’t
as expected;
negative events
❖ general possibility can The price of this phone can be
17 | P a g e
 For example: Susan couldn’t hear the speaker because the crowd was
cheering so loudly.

can could can’t couldn’t

taste find feel speak
1. The students __________ ___________ that their teacher was very happy.

18 | P a g e
2. Chesca __________ ___________ Mandarin fluently. She sounds like a native
speaker.
3. Are you sure you put a tablespoon of brown sugar in my coffee? I
___________ ___________ it!
4. The police searched the whole area for the burglars but they __________
___________ them.

B. Dialogue alert!
Read the dialogue between a student and a teacher, and then fill
in the blanks with the correct modals of obligation, lack of necessity,
ability and advice.
Students are asking the teacher about his homework:

C. Complete me!
Complete the blanks with must, should, shouldn’t or couldn’t.
1. I’m so thankful for your help with this project. I ____________ have done it
without you!
2. The repairs I made _____________ have fixed the problem, but they didn’t –
so I’ll have to take another look.
3. I _______________have watched that horror movie; it gave me nightmares.

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4. It _______________ have rained a lot last night – there are puddles
everywhere.
D. Guess what.
Use the picture in order to complete the sentences with the correct
modals. The function of the modal in parenthesis serves as the clue.

1. That Ferrari _____________ last a lifetime. (certainty )

2. The owner ____________ take us for a ride soon.

(certainty )

3. Mr. Richie ____________ buy a big house and an

expensive car. (General possibility in the past )

4. He ______________ have won in the lottery. (Past

possibility)

5. You ___________ leave your door unlocked when you go

out. (general advice – negative)
6. ___________ youlock the door? (request, more direct)

How many correct answers did you get from Practice Task (A and
1 B) and 2
(C and D)?
Perfect score? That’s great!If not, don’t worry, there are two more
practice tasks for you and there is always room for improvement.

Practice Task
3

Look at the pictures below write a sentence about the

picture using the different modals.

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 1.

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 2.

3.

4.

Tattoos in Africa are used by many younger teens. The tattoos are used to
tell either a story from your
past or a story of your village. Theses tattoos
can be removed or wiped, others are permanent.

5.

In Africa music is passed down by generations without being written down. Music in
to welcome
Africa hero's, communicate, and.pass down
is used
stories

6.

7.

22 | P a g e
 8.

9.

10.

______
10

Take time to breath

e after answering the three practice tasks.
Inhale…
Exhale….That’s right! You are now at the end of the module wherein you need
to answer the post test. Remember the lessons that you have read and
practice. The test is easy, relax…

VI Post Test
.
A. Choose the correct modals. Write your answer
in yournotebook.

1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You mustn’t/needn’t/may

not/should not buy it.
2. It's a hospital. You don’t have to/may not/ need not/mustn’t smoke
here!
3. May/Need/Must/Can you stand on your head for more than a minute?
No, I may not/need not/can’t.
4. Drivers could/must/may stop when the traffic lights are red.
5. May/Must/Should/Will I ask a question? Yes, of course.

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B. Based on the article/information below, write five sentences using
modals. No repetition of modals.

Example answer: Africa’s pastural land must be protected.

• Pigs walk around on top of 20m deep refuse piles at the water’s edge
in Freetown (Sierra Leone). Most people do not use money and prefer
to barter for sachets of clean water, the most valuable commodity in
Freetown. (Steve Boyes)
• Water scarcity impacts the lives of over 300 million Africans, of whom
approximately 75% of Africans rely on groundwater as their primary
source of drinking water. Global warming is aggravating the situation.
• Limited groundwater represents only 15% of the continent’s total
renewable water resources. New discoveries of groundwater reserves in
large sedimentary basins in Libya, Algeria and Chad may slack Africa’s
growing thirst for the next few decades…
• Productivity of about 65% of the continent’s agricultural lands has
declined significantly with vast tracts of land have been degraded by
erosion, poor land management practices, mining and pollution over
the last 50 years.
• Some landscapes are estimated to lose over 50 metric tons of soil per
hectare per year due to neglect and desertification.
• Over 30% of Africa’s pastural land and almost 20% of all forests and
woodlands are classified as moderately- or heavily-degraded.
https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/10/31/getting-to-know-africa-interestingfacts/

_________
15

To develop further your knowledge on modals, please answer and work

on your assignment.

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 VIII. Assignment

Write a five-line dialogue in any TWO of the following situations using

modals and then act it out. For the presentation, please use a mobile device
to video your
presentation. You may act with your parents, brother/sister or any one in
your house that can help you with the presentation.

o You need to borrow the motorcycle of your brother in going to your

classmate’s house.
o Your classmate mobile phone is not on silent mode during class period
and it is always ringing.
o You would like to take a selfie with your favorite crush artist because
you bump with her unexpectedly.

Your output on this assignment will be rated based on the

following criteria: Dialogue& Presentation
–
Use of different modals 40%,
Creativity 20 %,
Enthusiasm 15%,
Elocution 15%
Body Language 10%.
100%

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Congratulations! You have finished module
the on time, keep up the good
work, and good luck!

I hope you will continue to develop and share further

learning
yourto your
peers or to someone who needs your help.

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Answer Keys:
Word Search

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Pre – Test
1. A – must 2 . B – can 3 . C – may
4 . A – should 5 . C – must

Learning Concepts pages

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Practice Task I A
1. could – feel 2 . can – speak
3. can’t – taste 4. couldn’t – find

Practice Task I B

Practice Task 2

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C. 1. couldn’t 2. should 3. shouldn’t 4. Must

D. 1. will 2. should 3. could

4. might 5. should 6. can

Practice Task 3, answers vary

Post Test, page 27

1. needn’t 2. mustn’t 3. Can; can’t 4. must 5. May

Sample answers for test II.

1. Africans don’t need to use money, instead , barter is preferred.
2. Global warming can affect many Africans.
3. Years from now, Africans may lose their natural resources.
4. Africans should start taking good care of their natural resources.
5. Lack of water supply will be lessen due to discoveries of groundwater
reserves.

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References:
Modals of Ability and Probability https://www.perfect-english-
grammar.com/modal-verbs.html
Had better to, Must, Ought to, Shall, Would
https://www.englishpage.com/modals.html (pending request)

IMAGES
Victoria Falls https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/image
files/xvicfallspic23.jpg.pagespeed.ic.rQAk9x9pMZ.jpg (pending
request)
Dancer wearing traditional mask https://www.victoriafalls-
guide.net/images/xchipaladancer.jpg.pagespeed.ic.Kwj7Obw3vX.jpg
(Pending request)
Jollof rice and egusi soup, Nigeria
https://dynaimage.cdn.cnn.com/cnn/e_blur:500,q_auto:low,w_50,c_f
ill,g_auto,h_28,ar_16:9/http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.cnn.com%2Fcnnnext%2
Fdam%2Fassets%2F170410115312-african-food---jollof-rice.jpg
(Pending request)
African men playing drums https://www.google.com/search?
q=african+culture&source=lnms&tb
m=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1dzXtb3pAhUWVN4KHSzoCc8Q_AUo
AXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=JSil5GUTCwbv2M
(Pending request)
Walking in the dessert https://www.africantrails.co.uk/tour-info/africa-
culture-andhistory/(Pending request)
Elephants/Siduli Hide https://www.victoriafalls-
guide.net/images/sidulihide1.jpg(Pending request)
African girls with face tattoo
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
(Pending request)
Young men marching with drums
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
(Pending request)

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