Database Environment

Database Concepts
Definitions

▪ Data: facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video

segments

▪ Information: Data processed to be useful in

decision making

▪ Metadata: Data that describes data

Data in Context
Summarized data
Student Population
90000
count 80000 80000
75000
70000 70000
60000 60000
11% 50000 50000
14% 40000 40000
41% BIE
30000
BSCOE
20000 20000
BSCS 15000
34% 10000 10000
BSIT
0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
No. Of Students100001500020000400005000060000700007500080000

Year No. Of Students

c/o @EdsonCGuido
DATA HIERARCHY

bit - (the smallest unit of data) has only 1

two values 0

byte - 8 bits make up one byte, which A

represents one character 1
?
field - represents a combination of
bytes that make up one aspect of a StudentID
business object (i.e. student number, StudentName
student name); also called Address
column/attribute
DATA HIERARCHY
(Continuation)

record - a collection of related StudentID StudentName Address Course

data fields; also referred to as 2020-1234 Lily Cruz 11 CDC St. BSCS
row/tuple

file - a collection of related 2020-1234 Lily Cruz 11 CDC St. BSCS

2020-1111 Pedro Diaz 9 Samp St. BSIT
records; also referred to as 2020-1112 Juan Dela Cruz 10 Boni Ave. BSIT
table/relation

database - an organized
collection of logically related
data
DATA HIERARCHY
(Continuation)
StudentFile
StudentID StudentName Address Course
database - an organized 2020-1234 Lily Cruz 11 CDC St. BSCS
2020-1111 Pedro Diaz 9 Samp St. BSIT
collection of logically related 2020-1112 Juan Dela Cruz 10 Boni Ave. BSIT
data

EmployeeFile
EmployeeID EmployeeNme Department SalaryGrade

12345 John Dy Accounting 14

12346 Leni Lee Purchasing 13
12347 Tricia Reyes Legal 15
DATABASE

Central repository of shared data

Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Metadata
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and
documentation
COMPONENTS OF THE
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
▪ CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
▪ Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
▪ Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database
▪ Database – storehouse of the data
▪ Application Programs – software using the data
▪ User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
▪ Data Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the database
▪ System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and
software
▪ End Users – people who use the applications and databases
Components
of the
database
environment
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A DBMS
▪ is a collection of programs that enables users
to create and maintain a database;
▪ a general purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing
databases among various users and
applications
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Application
#1

Application
#2

DBMS Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3
DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources
 TRADITIONAL FILE PROCESSING

File processing system stores data in

separate computer files. File processing
system is a system used to store and manage
data that involves each department or area
within an organization having its own set of
files, often creating data redundancy and
data isolation.
Three file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture

Duplicate
Data
 DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL
FILE PROCESSING
▪ Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
▪ Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
▪ Data integrity may suffer
▪ Inefficient use of storage space

▪ Limited Data Sharing

▪ No centralized control of data

▪ Program-Data Dependence
▪ All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
▪ Excessive Program Maintenance
▪ Lengthy Development Times
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE APPROACH

▪ Program-Data Independence
▪ Metadata stored in a repository, so applications don’t need
to worry about data formats
▪ Results in: increased application development and
maintenance productivity

▪ Minimal Data Redundancy

▪ Leads to increased data integrity/consistency
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE APPROACH

▪ Improved Data Sharing

▪ Different users get different views of the data
▪ Enforcement of Standards
▪ All data access is done in the same way
▪ Improved Data Quality
▪ Constraints, data validation rules
▪ Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
▪ Use of standard data query language (SQL)
▪ Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
▪ Disaster recovery is easier
COSTS AND RISKS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH

▪ Up-front costs:
▪ Installation Management Cost and Complexity
▪ Conversion Costs
▪ Ongoing Costs
▪ Requires New, Specialized Personnel
▪ Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
▪ Organizational Conflict
▪ Old habits die hard
 THE RANGE OF
DATABASE APPLICATIONS

▪ Personal Database – standalone desktop database

▪ Workgroup Database – local area network (<25
users)
▪ Department Database – local area network (25-100
users)
▪ Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds
or thousands of users)
Typical data from a
personal computer
database
Workgroup database with local area network
An enterprise data
warehouse
EVOLUTION OF DB SYSTEMS

▪ Flat files - 1960s - 1980s

▪ Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
▪ Network – 1970s - 1990s
▪ Relational – 1980s - present
▪ Object-oriented – 1990s - present
▪ Object-relational – 1990s - present
 EVOLUTION OF DB SYSTEMS

▪ Flat files - a database designed around a single table

or file
▪ Hierarchical -data model in which the data is organized
into a tree-like structure; confined to up to ‘one to
many relationship’
▪ Network – much like the hierarchical model except
that it permitted many to many relationship
 EVOLUTION OF DB SYSTEMS

▪ Relational (RDB) – establish the relationships between

entities by means of common fields included in a file,
called a relation
▪ Object-oriented (OODB)– subscribes to a model with
information represented by objects ; encapsulates both
data and behavior
▪ Object-relational (ORD) - provide a middle ground
between relational databases and object oriented
databases
 OTHER CONCEPTS

▪ Data Warehouse - a subject oriented,

integrated, time variant, non-volatile collection
of data used in support of management decision
making and business intelligence

▪ Web-enabled -data – a database with web-

based interface; standard database facilities but
accessed remotely
Subject-Oriented: A data warehouse can be used to
analyze a particular subject area. For example, "sales"
can be a particular subject.

Integrated: A data warehouse integrates data from

multiple data sources. For example, source A and
source B may have different ways of identifying a
product, but in a data warehouse, there will be only a
single way of identifying a product.

Time-Variant: Historical data is kept in a data

warehouse. For example, one can retrieve data from 3
months, 6 months, 12 months, or even older data from
a data warehouse.
Non-volatile: Once data is in the data warehouse, it
will not change. So, historical data in a data warehouse
should never be altered.
Sources :

Modern Database Management

6th Edition,
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R. McFadden

11th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, V. Ramesh, Heikki Topi

Definitions of DB Systems taken from various sources from the net