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2marks and QB
2marks and QB
2marks and QB
SOLID
MECHANICS
[FOR THIRD SEMESTER B.E AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING STUDENTS]
COMPILED BY
BIBIN.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
OBJECTIVE
To give brief descriptions on the behaviour of materials due to axial, bending and
torsional and combined loads.
Stress and Strain – Hooke’s Law – Elastic constants and their relationship– Statically
determinate cases - statically indeterminate cases –composite bar. Thermal Stresses –
stresses due to freely falling weight.
Shear force and bending moment diagrams for simply supported and cantilever
beams- Bending stresses in straight beams-Shear stresses in bending of beams with
rectangular, I & T etc cross sections-beams of uniform strength
Torsion of circular shafts - shear stresses and twist in solid and hollow circular shafts
– closely coiled helical springs.
Stresses in thin circular cylinder and spherical shell under internal pressure –
volumetric Strain. Combined loading – Principal Stresses and maximum Shear Stresses -
Analytical and Graphical methods.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
REFERENCES
1. Strength of material
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the
same time the body resists deformation. This resistance by which material of the
body opposes the deformation is known as strength of material.
3. Ductility
Ductility is the property of the material by virtue of which it undergoes a
great amount of deformation before rupture.
4. Ductile material
A material which undergoes a great amount of deformation before
rupture is called ductile material.
E.g. Mild Steel
5. Brittleness
Brittleness is the property of the material by virtue of which it can
undergoes a little amount of plastic deformation before rupture.
6. Brittle material
A material which undergoes a very little amount of plastic deformation
before rupture is called brittle material.
E.g. Cast Iron
7. Elastic material
The material which is capable of recovering original size and shape on
removal of load
8. Elastic action.
When the material is loaded, it will result in deformation. When the load is
removed, the deformation will be disappeared. This behaviour of the material is
known as elastic action.
9. Plastic material
The material which is not capable of recovering original size and shape
on removal of load.
10. Toughness
The strain energy required per unit volume to rupture is called toughness of
the material.
Higher Toughness - Ductile material
Lower Toughness - Brittle material
Impact test is a measure of toughness.
12. Malleability
It is a property of the metals and alloys by virtue of which it deforms
plastically under compression without rupture.
13. Stress:-
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the
same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force in
numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is
called stress.
Mathematically stress may be defined as the force per unit area.
Force
Stress
Area
F
A
Where Stress N / m 2
P LoadorForce N
A Area m 2
It uses original cross section area of the specimen and also known as
engineering stress or conventional stress.
14. Strain:-
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of
dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length
to the original length of the body
Changeinle ngth
Strain =
OriginalLength
l
e
L
Where e=Strain
l =change in length
L=Original length
Tensileloa d
Tensile stress =
Area
l
e=
L
v
(ev) =
v
25. True stress
The true stress is defined as the ratio of the load to the cross section area at
any instant.
1 et
Position’s ratio of material cannot be more than 0.5
m el
E=
el
dv
K= = ( ev )
ev dv v
v
Where stress
ev = Volumetric strain
33. Stiffness:-
The stiffness may be defined as an ability of a material to withstand high load
without major deformation.
W N
S=
m
34. Strength:-
When an external force acts on a body it undergoes deformation. At the same
time the body resists deformation. This resistant by which material of the body
opposes the deformation is known as strength of material.
L
e=
L
We know from Hooke’s law
Stress
E= =
Strain e
P
= A
e
P
E=
Ae
P
e=
AE
Substitute e value in equation
P L
=
AE L
PL
Change in length ( L ) =
AE
G =
Where - Shearing stress
- Shearing strain
P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 ....
c
AE
The resultant deformation of the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the
deformation of the individual section. Such principle is called as principle of super
position.
Elasticity:- The property of certain materials returning back to their original shape
and dimension after removing the applied external force is known as elasticity.
57. Resilience:-
Resilience is defined as the strain energy stored in the material within the
elastic limit.
1. Define: Beam
BEAM is a structural member which is supported along the length and
subjected to external loads acting transversely (i.e) perpendicular to the center line
of the beam.
2. Simple Support:
It restrains movement of the beam in only one direction, i.e. movement
perpendicular to the base of the support. It is also known as Roller support.
3. Hinged support:
It restrains movement of the beam in two directions i.e. movement
perpendicular to the base of the support and movement parallel to the base of the
support.
4. Fixed support:
It restrains all the three possible movements of the beam. i.e. movement
perpendicular to the base of the support and movement parallel to the base of the
support and the rotation at the support.
8. Types of loading
These beams are usually subjected to the following types of loading;
a) Point Load,
b) Uniformly Distributed Load,
c) Uniformly Varying Load,
d) Concentrated Moment.
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the
forces which are placed either side from that point.
30. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span ‘L’
subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span?
Max BM =wL2/8
31. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum bending
moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Writing SF equation at
that point and equating to zero we can find out the distances ‘x’ from one end .then
find maximum bending moment at that point by taking moment on right or left hand
side of beam.
Where,
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
f - Maximum stress induced
y- Distance from the neutral axis
E - Young’s modulus
R – Radius of neutral layer.
Section modulus,
Where, I – M.O.I about N.A
ymax - Distance of the outermost layer from the N.A
46. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span ‘L’
subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span
Max BM =wL2/8
47. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum bending
moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Write SF equation at that point
and equating to zero we can find out the distances ‘x’ from one end .then find
maximum bending moment at that point by taking all moment on right or left hand
side of beam.
M/ I = F/Y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
F - Maximum stress induced
Y - Distance from the neutral axis
E - Young’s modulus
R - Radius of curvature
53. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear
stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
The shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending
stress.
54. What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force ?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress
56. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qave.
57. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case of
solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qave.
58. What is the maximum value of shear stress for triangular section?
Qmax=Fh2/12I
h- Height
F-load
59. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y)
D-depth
y- Distance from neutral axis
60. What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a rectangular cross
section?
Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)
62. What is the formula to find a shear stress at a fiber in a section of a beam?
The shear stress at a fiber in a section of a beam is given by
64. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
The shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending stress.
65. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qavg.
66. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the
case of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qavg.
67. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
Where, D- depth
y- Distance from neutral axis
72. What are the advantages of continuous beam over simply supported beam?
1. The maximum bending moment in case of continuous beam is much less than
in case of simply supported beam of same span carrying same loads.
2. In case of continuous beam, the average bending moment is lesser and hence
lighter materials of construction can be used to resist the bending moment.
1. What are the methods for finding out the slope and deflection at a section?
The important methods used for finding out the slope and deflection at a
section in a loaded beam are
1. Double integration method
2. Moment area method
3. Macaulay’s method
4. Conjugate beam method
2. Why moment area method is more useful, when compared with double
integration?
Moment area method is more useful, as compared with double integration
method because many problems which do not have a simple mathematical solution
can be simplified by the moment area method.
Theorem II: “The deflection at any given section of a loaded beam, relative to the
original position is equal to the Bending moment at the corresponding section of the
conjugate beam”
Slope,
Slope,
UNIT IV - TORSION
3. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section
in diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’ in a solid shaft.
T=π/16 * Fs*D3
where, T-torque
q - Shear stress
D – diameter
6. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of
load and regains its original shape after the load is removed.
15. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
Closed coil spring
The spring wires are coiled very closely, each turn is nearly at right angles to
the axis of helix . Helix angle is less (70 to 10o)
Open coil spring
The wires are coiled such that there is a gap between the two consecutive
turns.
Helix angle is large (>10o)
18. Write the equation for the polar modulus for solid circular section
22. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
£ = polar moment of inertia = J
Radius R
J = π D4
32
23. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular
shafts?
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft
will be less compared to solid shaft.
26. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by hollow shaft
T= (π/16)*Fs*((D4-d4)/d4
T-torque
q- Shear stress
D-outer diameter
D- inner diameter
27. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft
It is ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of shaft
28. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section
in diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’ in a solid shaft shaft.
T=π/16 * Fs*D3
T-torque
q Shear stress
D diameter
The spring wires are coiled very The wires are coiled such that
closely, each turn is nearly at right there is a gap between the two
angles to the axis of helix consecutive turns.
Helix angle is less than 10o Helix angle is large (>10o)
42. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial
load?
1. Direct shear stress
2. Torsional shear stress
3. Effect of curvature
48. What are the different kinds of end connections for compression helical
springs?
The different kinds of end connection for compression helical springs are
Plain ends
Ground ends
Squared ends
Ground & square ends
4. What are the formula for finding circumferential stress and longitudinal
stress?
Circumferential stress, f1 = pd / 2t
longitudinal stress, f2 = pd / 4t
6. What are the formula for finding circumferential strain and longitudinal
strain?
The circumferential strain (e1) and longitudinal strain (e2) are given by
7. What are the formula for finding change in diameter, change in length and
change volume of a cylindrical shell subjected to internal fluid pressure p?
Principle plane: The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal
planes.
The planes which carry only Direct Stresses and no Tangential Stresses are
called “ Principal Planes ”
20. In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall?
No, in thin cylinders radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be
constant since the wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of
cylinder.
21. What are the types of stresses setup in the thin cylinders?
1. Circumferential stresses (or) hoop stresses
2. Longitudinal stresses
24. In thin spherical shell, volumetric strain is -------- times the circumferential
strain.
Three.
25. What do you understand by the term wire winding of thin cylinder?
In order to increase the tensile strength of a thin cylinder to withstand high
internal pressure without excessive increase in wall thickness, they are sometimes
pre stressed by winding with a steel wire under tension.
32. Derive an expression for the longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder subjected to
a uniform internal fluid pressure.
Force due to fluid pressure = p x П/4 xd2
Force due to longitudinal stress = f2 x Пd x t
p x П/4 xd2 = f2 x Пd x t
f2 = pd/4t
33. A bar of cross sectional area 600 mm^2 is subjected to a tensile load of 50 KN
applied at each end. Determine the normal stress on a plane inclined at 30° to
the direction of loading.
A = 600 mm2
Load, P = 50KN
θ = 30°
Stress, σ = Load/Area
= 50*102/600
= 83.33 N/mm2
Normal stress, σn = σ cos2θ
= 83.33*cos230°
= 62.5 N/mm2
34. In case of equal like principle stresses, what is the diameter of the Mohr’s
circle?
Answer: Zero
PART A
PART B
1. A bar of length 300mm is 50 mm square for 120mm of it’s length, 25 mm diameter
for 80 mm length and 40 mm diameter for remaining length. If a tensile force of 100
kN is applied to the bar, calculate the maximum and minimum stresses produced
and the total elongation.
2. The Modulus of Elasticity of a round bar is 110 GPa and shear Modulus is 45 GPa.
Find the Bulk modulus and lateral contraction of the bar 40 mm diameter and 3 m
long when stretched by 3mm.
3. A reinforced concrete column 300 x 300mm has four reinforcing steel bars of 25mm
diameter in each corner. Find the safe axial load on the column when the concrete is
subjected to a stress of 5 N/mm2 . What is the corresponding stress in steel ? Take Es
/ Ec = 18.
4. A metallic bar 250mm x 100mm x 50mm is subjected to loads along X,Y and Z
directions. The load along X direction is 400 kN (Tension) and act over the face
100mm x 50mm of the bar. The load acting along Y direction is 4000 kN
(Compression) and act over the face 250mm x 100mm of the bar and a load of 2000
kN (Tension) act along Z direction over the face 250mm x 50mm. Modulus of
Elasticity is 200 GPa and γ = 0.25 . Find the change in volume. Also find the change
that should be considered for the load in Y direction so that change in volume is
zero.
5. A rectangular bar made up of steel is 3m long and 15mm thick. The rod is subjected
to axial load of 40 kN. The width of the rod varies from 75mm at one end to 30mm
at other end. Find the extension of the bar if E = 200GPa.
6. Steel plate of 20mm thickness tapers uniformly from 100mm to 50mm in a length of
400mm. What is elongation of the plate, if an axial force of 80 kN acts on it? Take E =
200GPa.
7. A short hollow cast iron cylinder of wall thickness 10mm is to carry a compressive
load of 600kN. Determine the outside diameter of the cylinder if the ultimate
crushing stress for the material is 540 MN/m2. Take Factor Of Safety as 6.
8. A reinforced concrete column 40cm x 40 cm is reinforced with six steel rods of
diameter 20mm. Calculate the safe load that the column can carry if the allowable
stress in concrete is 4 MPa and Young’s Modulus for steel is 15 times that of
concrete. If the column supports an axial load of 600 KN, what is the compressive
stress in:
a. Concrete.
b. Steel.
9. A rectangular bar of cross section 30mm x 60mm and length 200mm is restrained
from expansion along it’s 30mm x 200mm sides by surrounding material. Find the
change in dimension and volume when a compressive force of 180 KN acts in axial
direction. Take E = 200GPa and
10. A steel flat plate tapers uniformly 200mm to 100mm width in a length of 500mm
and uniform thickness of 20mm. Determine the elongation of the plate, if it is
subjected to an axial pull of 40 KN. Take Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
11. The Modulus of Rigidity of a material is 4 x 104 N/mm2. A 10 mm diameter rod of
thin material is subjected to an axial pull of 5 KN and the change in diameter is
observed to be 0.002 mm. Calculate the Modulus of Elasticity and the Poission’s
ratio of this material.
12. A circular rod of 100mm diameter and 500mm long is subjected to a tensile force of
1000KN. Determine the Modulus of Rigidity, bulk modulus and change in volume if
Poission ratio = 0.3 and Young’s Modulus = 200GPa.
13. Two vertical rods one of steel and the other of copper are rigidly fixed at the top and
50 cm apart. Diameters and lengths of each rod are 2 cm and 4 cm respectively. A
cross bar fixed to the rods at the lower end carries a load of 5000 N such that the
cross bar remains horizontal even after loading. Find the stress in each rod and the
position of the load on the bar. Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and E for copper 1 x
105 N/mm2.
14. A bar of cross-section 8mm x 8mm is subjected to an axial pull of 6KN. The lateral
dimension of the bar is changed to 7.9975mm x 7.9975mm. If the Modulus of
Rigidity of the material is 9 x 105 N/mm2. Determine the Poission’s ratio and
Modulus of Elasticity.
15. A wooden tie 3m long 75mm wide and 100mm thick is subjected to an axial pull of
4500 kg and the stretch is 4mm.Find the value of E for timber.
16. The rod of a hydraulic lifts 12m long and 4cm in diameter. It is attached to a plunger
11cm in diameter working under a pressure of 500kg/cm2.If E equals 2*106kg/cm2
find the change in length of the rod.
17. A tie bar 25mm diameter carries a load which causes a stress of 1200 kg/cm2.If it is
attached to a cast iron bracket by means of 4 holes which can be stressed upto 900
kg/cm2, find the diameter of the bolts.
18. A steel punch can be worked to a compressive stress of 8 tons/cm2.Find the least
diameter of the hole which can be punched through a steel plate of 12mm thickness
if its ultimate shear strength is 3.2 tons/cm2.
19. A mild steel flat 12cm wide by 2cm thick and 6m long carries an axial pull of 30
tons.E =2000tons/cm2, 1/m = 0.26.Calculate the change in dimensions and volume.
20. A straight bar of steel 3m long has rectangular section which varies uniformly from
10cm x 12mm at one end to 25mm x 12mm at the other end . What is the change in
length and a pull of 2300kg. E= 2*106 kg/cm2.
21. A weight of 25 kg is dropped into a collar at the end of a vertical bar 1.8m long and
25mm dia from a height of 10 cm. Calculate the maximum instantaneous extension
and stress produced in the section. E=2x106 kg/cm2.
22. A wrought iron bar 5cm dia has to transmit a shock energy of 8Kg-m. Calculate the
maximum instantaneous stress and the elongation produced. Assume E=2x106
kg/cm2.
23. Find the stresses in steel for the following data: Reinforced concrete column size
30mmX300mm, steel bars 4 numbers of 28mm diameter. Es/Ec=18, σc=stress in
concrete 5 N/mm2. Find also the safe axial load.
24. A straight rectangular bar 3 m long 12 mm thick tapers uniformly from 100 mm at
one end to 25 mm at the other. Find the extension of the bar under a load of 25 kN.
E=200 kN/mm2.
25. A girder 9m long is loaded with a UDL of 1.8 kN/m over a length of 4m from left end.
Draw B.M and S.F diagrams for the girder and calculate the magnitude and position
of the maximum B.M.
26. A straight rectangular bar 3 m long 12mm thick tapers uniformly from 100mm at
one end to 25mm at the other. Find the extension of the bar under a load of 25kN. E
= 200 kN/mm2.
27. A T-shaped cross-section of a beam is to a vertical shear force of 100 kN. Calculate
the shear stress at the neutral axis and at the junction of the web and the flange.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal neutral axis is 11340 cm4.
28. Obtain a relation for the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam AB
of span ‘l’ and flexural rigidity EI when it is carrying a point load ‘W’ at free end.
29. Obtain a relation for the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever beam AB
of span ‘l’ and flexural rigidity EI when it is carrying a uniformly distributed load ‘w’
over the entire length.
30. Derive the torsion relation making necessary assumptions.
31. Derive an expression for the stress on an oblique section of a rectangular body when
it is subjected to direct stresses in two mutually perpendicular directions.
32. Show that in the case of a thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal fluid
pressure the tendency to burst length wise is twice as great as a transverse section.
33. A hollow shaft (D = 440 mm, d= 200mm) is of length 12m. Find the maximum torque
it can transmit if the angle of twist is not to exceed 1.50 for the full length.
34. (i) Derive a relation for elongation of a circular bar of uniformly tapering section
subjected to an axial tensile load.
35. ii) The modulus of rigidity of a material is 4X104 MPa. A 10mm diameter rod of this
material is subjected to an axial pull of 5 kN and the change in diameter is observed
to be 0.002 mm. Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio of this
material.
36. (i) Derive a relation for change in length of a bar hanging freely under its own
weight. (ii) A tapered bar, 100 mm diameter at one end and 200 mm diameter at the
other, and 1000 mm long, is initially free of stress. If the temperature of the bar
drops by 200C, determine the maximum stress in the bar, take E = 2X105 Mpa and α
= 12.5X10-6/C.
37. An I section has top flange of 360mmX30mm thick, a bottom flange of 90mmX30mm
thick, and a web of 30mm thickness and 360mm depth. The overall depth is 420mm.
It has a vertical axis of symmetry. Calculate the maximum shear stress for a shear
force of 100 kN.
38. Derive relations for slope at the supports and maximum deflection for a simply
beam AB with a bending couple M of clockwise nature at A. Use moment area
method.
39. A simply supported beam of span L is subjected to equal loads W/2 at each 1/3rd
span points. Find the expressions for deflection under the load and at mid span. Use
McCaulay’s Method.