Complex line integrals

Continuous arc C: Consider the arc defined by a set of points

(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, here 𝑡 is the parameter. It
is called a continuous arc if both 𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑦 𝑡 continuous functions in
the interval [a,b].
If both 𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑦 𝑡 are differentiable functions, then it is called a
smooth arc.
It is called a simple curve if it does not intersect with itself.
i.e., distinct values of the parameter 𝑡 corresponds to distinct points
in the curve. ( except possibly the end points ). If end points coincide it
is a simple closed curve. Closed contour.
Examples?
Positive direction: Positive direction is such that if we move along this
direction, the interior of the curve lies on the left. ( Anti-clockwise
direction!)
Complex line integrals
Let 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦). Here 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) are real
functions. 𝑓(𝑧) is a complex function.
Let C be a curve in the complex plane. It is the path of integration.
‫ 𝑢( 𝐶׬ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬+ 𝑖𝑣)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦).
= ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑢 𝐶׬‬− 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑖 ‫ 𝑦𝑑𝑢( 𝐶׬‬+ 𝑣𝑑𝑥).
When C is defined by, 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏,
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
‫= 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬ ‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑢
𝑑𝑡
−𝑣
𝑑𝑡
+𝑖 𝑢
𝑑𝑡
+𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡.
1. Linearity: ‫ 𝑧 𝑓𝑎 𝐶׬‬+ 𝑏𝑔 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬+ 𝑏 ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑔 𝐶׬‬.
2. Reversing the direction: Let C be the curve from A to B.
𝐵 𝐴
Then ‫𝑓 𝐴׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = − ‫𝑓 𝐵׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧.
3. If C is the disjoint union of two curves 𝐶1 and 𝐶2.
i.e., 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2,
Then ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬+ ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬.
1 2
Evaluation of complex line integral
Let 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 and C be the curve 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏,
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Then, ‫= 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬ ‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑢 −𝑣 +𝑖 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑑𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ex 1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑃𝑅 𝐶׬‬where C is the curve (i) straight line from
𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖. (ii) along parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖.
Ans: ‫ 𝑥𝑑(𝑥 𝐶׬ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑃𝑅 𝐶׬‬+ 𝑖𝑑𝑦).
(i) C is 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
1 1 1 1 1
‫= 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑃𝑅 𝐶׬‬ ‫׬‬0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖 ‫׬‬0 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = +𝑖 .
2 2
(ii) C is 𝑥 = 𝑡 2, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
1 2 1 1 2
‫= 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑃𝑅 𝐶׬‬ ‫׬‬0 𝑡 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑡 3𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖 ‫׬‬0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =? ?.
Evaluate ‫𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶׬‬
ҧ where C is the semi circle joining 𝑧 = −𝑖 to 𝑧 = 𝑖.
𝜋 𝜋
Here C is 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝜃 = − to 𝜃 = .
2 2
𝜋
ҧ = ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
‫𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶׬‬ 2
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 𝑖 ‫𝜋𝑖 = 𝜃𝑑 ׬‬.
𝜋
−
2
Evaluate ‫𝑧 𝑧 𝐶׬‬ҧ 𝑑𝑧 where C is the closed curve consisting of the upper
semi-circle 𝑧 = 1 and the line segment −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
Here 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2.
(i) 𝐶1 : 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
(ii) 𝐶2: 𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 1.

Find Answer!
Path independence

To evaluate ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬.
Suppose 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a region containing the path of integration C
joining the points (say) 𝑧 = 𝐴 to 𝑧 = 𝐵.
Then
𝑧=𝐵
‫ 𝐵 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐴=𝑧׬‬− 𝐹 𝐴 , where 𝐹 𝑧 is the integral of 𝑓 𝑧 .
Ex: Evaluate ‫ 𝐶׬‬sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 , where C is arc of any circle joining 𝑧 =
𝜋
0 to 𝑧 = .
2
Evaluate ‫ 𝑧( 𝐶׬‬− 𝑎)𝑛 𝑑𝑧 , where 𝐶: 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝑟.
C: 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
2𝜋 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝜃
‫ 𝑧( 𝐶׬‬− 𝑎)𝑛 𝑑𝑧= ‫׬‬0 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
𝑛+1 2𝜋 𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃
= 𝑖𝑟 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝜃.
If 𝑛 ≠ −1, ‫ 𝑧( 𝐶׬‬− 𝑎)𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 0 .
If 𝑛 = −1, ‫ 𝑧( 𝐶׬‬− 𝑎)−1𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖2𝜋 .