St.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

St. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(St. Joseph’s Group of Institutions)
MA8251 - MATHEMATICS II
VECTOR CALCULUS - CLASS NOTES
Definition: Gradient
Let  ( x, y , z ) be a scalar function which is continuously differentiable ,then the gradient of  is
denoted by grad  or   and is defined by


    

   
   i j k     i j k 
 x y z   x y z 
Directional Derivative
The component of   in the direction of the vector a is given by

 . a


Directional derivative =
.
|a|
Formula


    

   
(i)    i j k     i j k 
 x y z   x y z 
 . a


(ii) Directional derivative =
.
|a|

(iii) A unit normal to the surface  ( x, y , z )  c is
|  |
(iv) Angle between two surfaces 1 ( x, y , z )  c1 and 2 ( x, y , z )  c 2 is given by
1.2
cos  
| 1 | | 2 |
(v) Two surfaces are 1 ( x, y , z )  c1 and 2 ( x, y , z )  c 2 orthogonal if 1.2  0.
1. Find  and  if   2 xz 4  x 2 y at (2,-2,1)


   
Solution:    i
 x
  
 j  k  2 xz 4  x 2 y  (2 z 4  2 xy)i  x 2 j  8 xz 3k
y z 


 (2,2,1)  10i  4 j  16k and   (10)2  (4)2  (16)2  100  16  256  372  2 93 .

2. Find the unit normal vector to the surface   x 2  y 2  z at (1,-2,5)



    2
Solution:    i  j  k   x  y 2  z   (2 x) i  (2 y ) j  (1) k
 x y z   

  (1, 2,5)  2i  4 j  k

 2 i - 4j  k 2 i - 4j  k







Unit normal to the surface =   .
 2 2  ( 4) 2  ( 1) 2 21
3. Find the Directional derivative of  = 3x2+2y–3z at (1, 1, 1) in the direction 2i  2 j  k .




Solution: The gradient of  is   i j k
x y z
 
 2i  2 j  k  where n̂ is the unit normal vector.
nˆ 




 
  2    2    1 
 
2 2 2
 Directional derivative of  is



 2i  2 j  k  
  n  (6 xi  2 j  3k )   




  n
=

19
    (1,1,1)
.
3 3

4. In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of  = x2y2z4 a maximum?
Find the magnitude of this maximum.
Solution: Given  = x2y2z4
  (2 x y2z 4 )i  (2yx 2 z 4 ) j  (4 z3 x 2 y2 )k

  3, 1, 2  = 96i  288 j  288k

 The maximum directional derivative occurs in the direction of  = 96(i  3 j  3k )

The magnitude of this maximum directional derivative is   96 19.

5. Find the angle between the surfaces x logz = y2 – 1 and x2y = 2 –z at the point (1, 1, 1)

Solution: Let 1 = y2 –x logz -1

 1 = - log z i  2 yj  k , (  1) (1,1,1) = 2 j  k and |  1| = 5

x



z
Let 2 = x2y – 2+z
 2 = i (2 xy)  j x 2  k (1) , (  2)(1,1,1) = 2i  j  k and |  2| = 6

1.2  2 j  k  . 2i  j  k   1 



   cos 




0  2 1
cos  .
 5  6 
 =
 30 
1

1 2 30

6. Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surfaces ax 3  by 2 z  (a  3)x 2 and 4x 2 y  z 3  11 cut
orthogonally at  2,  1,  3  .
Solution
Let 1  ax3  by 2 z  (a  3) x 2 2  4 x 2 y  z 3  11
1  [3ax 2  (a  3)2 x]i  2byzj  by 2 k 2  8 xyi  4 x 2 j  3z 2 k

 1 (2,1,3)  (8a  12)i  6bj  bk  2 (2,1,3)  16i  16 j  27k

Since the surfaces cut orthogonally  1.2  0

  16(8a  12)  16(6b)  27b  0
 128a  192  69b  0
 128a  69b  192  (1)
Since the points (2, 1, 3) lies on the surface  ( x, y , z )  0, we have
8a  3b  4a  12
 4a  3b  12  (2)
Solving (1) & (2) we get a  2.333 b  7.111
7. If   2xyz 3 i + x 2 z 3 j + 3x 2 y z 2 k find  ( x, y, z ) given that  ( 1, 2,2 )  4

Solution:


   
Given    i j k    
 x y z 
3

2 3

2 2


(2 xyz )i ( x z ) j (3 x yz ) k

Equating the components of i, j , k ,

 
 2 xyz 3    (1)
x

 x2 z3    (2)
y

 3x 2 yz 2    (3)
z
Integrating (1) partially w.r.t. x , we get   x 2 yz 3  f1 ( y , z ) .....(4)
Integrating (2) partially w.r.t. y , we get   x 2 yz 3  f 2 ( x, z ) .....(5)

Integrating (3) partially w.r.t. z , we get   z 4  x 2 yz 3  f3 ( x, y ) ......(6)

3
2
From (4), (5) and (6), collecting non repeating terms alone, we get   x 2 yz 3  c
Given  (1, 2, 2)  4
 (1)2 (2)(2)3  c  4  16  c  4
 c  12.
   x 2 yz 3  12
8. If   ( y 2  2 xyz 3 )i  ( 3  2 xy  x 2 z 3 ) j  ( 6z 3  3x 2 yz 2 )k , find  ( x, y, z )

Solution




  i j k  (1)
x y z
Given   ( y 2  2 xyz 3 )i  (3  2 xy  x 2 z 3 ) j  (6 z 3  3 x 2 yz 2 )k  (2)

 comparing (1) & (2)

: 
 y 2  2 xyz 3  (3)
x

3  2 xy  x 2 z 3  (4)
y

 6 z 3  3 x 2 yz 2  (5)
z
Integrating (3) w.r.t x (keeping y and z constant )
2 x 2 yz 3
  y2 x   f1 ( y, z )  y 2 x  x 2 yz 3  f1 ( y, z )
2
Integrating (3) w.r.t y (keeping x and z constant )
2 xy 2
  3y   x 2 z 3 y  f 2 ( y , z )  3 y  xy 2  x 2 z 3 y  f 2 ( y, z )
2
Integrating (3) w.r.t z (keeping x and y constant )
6 z 4 3 x 2 yz 3 3z 4
   f3 ( y, z )   x 2 yz 3  f3 ( y, z )
4 3 2
3z 4
   3 y  xy 2  x 2 z 3 y   c where c is a constant
2
9. Find the values of constants a, b, c so that the maximum value of the directional derivative
of   axy 2  byz  cz 2 x3 at (1, 2, 1) has a magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to z-axis.
Solution:




  i (axy 2  byz  cz 2 x3 )  j (axy 2  byz  cz 2 x3 )  k (axy 2  byz  cz 2 x3 )
x y z
 (ay 2  3cz 2 x 2 )i  (2axy  bz ) j  (by  2czx3 )k

at the point (1, 2, 1)

  i (4a  3c)  j (4a  b)  k (2b  2c)  (1)

The Directional Derivative is Maximum in the direction of  i.e. in the direction of

i (4a  3c )  j (4 a  b )  k (2b  2c ) . But it is given that directional derivative is maximum in the

direction of z-axis i.e., in the direction of 0i  0 j  k . Therefore,  and z-axis are parallel.

4a  3c 4a  b 2b  2c
   l , (say)
0 0 1
4a  3c  0  (2)
4a  b  0  (3)
substituting in eq.(1),
  (2b  2c )k

Maximum value of directional derivative is   . But it is given as 64.

  =64


(2b  2c)k  64
2b-2c=64 , b-c=32
From eq (2) & (3)
4a+3c=0 , 4a-b=0,
Solving, b=-3c
Substituting in b - c = 32 , - 4 c = 32
a = 6 , b = 24 , c = - 8

10. Find  ( ),  ( r ),  (log r ),  (e

1n x 2
 y2 z2
)
r
Solution:
     
 

 r
 r
 r
n n n
(i)  r  in
j k
x y z
x y z
 i nr n 1  j nr n 1  k nr n 1




r r r
= i nr x  j nr y  k nr

n2
n2
n 2
z





= nr ( xi  yj  zk ) (∵ r  xi  yj  zk )
n 2

 
 r n = nr n  2 r .

(ii) Put n = -1in  r n = nr n  2 r

 
 ( r )  (1) r r 
1 1 2

r

 x2  y2  z2
 x2  y2  z2
 x2  y2  z2
r
 iii   (e x )i
 y2  z2
) j )k
2

x y z
(e (e (e )

 i  e x  y  z 2 x   j  e x  y  z 2 y   k  e x  y  z 2 z 

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

     

 
 e x  y  z 2 xi  y j  zk  2e x  y  z (r )  2e r (r )
2 2 2


2 2 2
2

11. Show that  2 ( r n )  n( n  1)r n 2 where 2 2
r  x  y 2  z 2 and hence find the value of
1
2   .
r
Solution
2  n    n 1 r   
   
 2 r n  . r n  
x 2    x 
r 

nr 
x  x 
x
   nr n 1 
r
   1 r   1 x 
 
 rn    nr n  2 x    
x   
x  r x 
  
x  r r 
x  y z
 i nr n 1    j nr n 1    k nr n 1  
r r r

= i nr x  j nr y  k nr

n2
n2
n2
z





= nr n  2 ( xi  yj  zk ) (∵ r  xi  yj  zk )

 
 r n = nr n  2 r .

Now
    

  
 2 r n  . r n  . nr n  2 r  n . r n 2 r

 n   r   . r  r    r   ∵.  r   3
 


n 2 n 2

 n  n  2  r n  4 r . r  3 r n  2 
 

 n  n  2  r r  3 r 
 
n  4 2 n  2

 
 2 r n  n(n  1)r n 2
Definition: Divergence
Let F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k be a vector point function. Then divergence of F is denoted by

F1 F2 F3

Div F or .F and is defined by . F   
x  y z
Definition: Solenoidal
A vector function F is said to be solenoidal if   F  0



Definition: Curl
Let F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k be a vector point function. Then curl of F is denoted by








i j k
  
curl F    F 



x y z
F1 F2 F3
Definition: Irrotational
A vector function F is said to be irrotational if   F  0



12. If F  ( x 2  y 2  2 xz )i  ( xz  x y  yz ) j  ( x 2  z 2 )k , Find (i )   F (ii )  x F








Solution:

Given F  ( x 2  y 2  2 xz )i  ( xz  x y  yz ) j  ( x 2  z 2 ) k

F1 F2 F3  2  

. F     ( x  y 2  2 xz )  ( xz  x y  yz )  ( x 2  z 2 )
x y z x y z
 . F  2 x  ( z  x )  2 z




i j k
  
curl F    F 



x y z
( x 2  y 2  2 xz ) ( xz  x y yz ) ( x 2  z 2 )
 ( x  y ) i  ( y  z ) k

13.

If V  ( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2 z )k is solenoidal, then find the value of  .

Solution
Given V  ( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2z )k is solenoidal.



   
i j k  . (( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  2z )k )  0
 x y z 

    
 ( x  3 y )  ( y  2 z )  ( x  2z )   0  1  1  2  0    1
 x y z 
14. Find ‘a’, such that F  (3 x  2 y  z )i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z )k is solenoidal.

Solution: We know that is F Solenoidal if div F  0 or . F  0




 
div F =  i  j k  .[(3x-2y +z ) i  (4 x  ay  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z )k ] = 0
 x y z 

  
  3x  2 y  z    4 x  ay  z    x  y  2 z   0
x y z
 3 + a + 2 = 5 + a = 0  a = –5.
15. Show that a vector field F  ( x 2  y 2  x )i  (2 xy  y ) j is irrotational.








i j k
  
Solution: curl F    F 



x y z
( x  y  x)  (2 xy  y ) 0
2 2

  
  
   
= i 0  (2 xy  y)   j 0  ( x 2  y 2  x)   k   (2 xy  y)  ( x 2  y 2  x) 
 z   z   x y 
= i 0  j 0  k  2 y  2 y   0  F is irrotational.

16. For what values of ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ such that F  ( x  2 y  az )i  ( bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k

is irrotational.
Solution: If F is irrotational then  F  0


 




i j k
  
0


x y z
( x  2 y  az ) (bx  3 y  z ) (4 x  cy  2 z )
i  c  1  j  4  a   k  b  2   0 i  0 j  0k .  a  4 ; b  2 ; c  – 1







17. Find the value of ‘n’ so that the vector r n r is both irrotational and solenoidal.

Solution:
r  xi  yj  zk ,r  r  x 2  y 2  z 2

 2  
n
r  x y z
n 2 2 2
 r n r  r n xi  yj  zk









i j k
∵ r 2  x2  y2  z 2
 
  rn r 
  
r x r y r z


x y z   ;  ; 
x r y r z r
rn x rn y rn z

         

   n 
  n  n 
  n  n 
 i  (r n z )  r y  j r z  r x k r y  r x 
 y z   x z   x y 

 r r 
 r r 
 r r 
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
 y z   x z   x y 

 z 
 z 
 y
 i  znr n 1  ynr n 1   j  znr n 1  xnr n 1   k  ynr n 1  xnr n 1 
y x x
 r r  r r  r r
 0i  0 j  0k  0

 r n r is irrotational for all values of n.

   

    
.(r n r )   i  j  k  . r n xi  yj  zk   r n x    r n y    r n z 
 x y z  x y

z

r r r
 r n  xnr n 1  r n  ynr n 1  r n  znr n 1
x y z
 3r n  nr n  2 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  3r n  nr n 2 (r 2 )  3r n  nr n  (3  n) r n
r n r is Solenoidal  .r n r  0

(3  n) r n  0  n  3. Therefore r n r is Solenoidal when n  3.

18. Prove that Curl Curl F  grad div F   2 F

Solution:

Let F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k

 F3 F2 
 F1 F3 
 F2 F1 

i j k
     i    j   k
Curl F   y z   z x   x y 


x y z
F1 F2 F3

i j k
  
Curl (Curl F ) 
x y z

 F3 F2   F1 F3   F2 F1 

    z  x   x  y 
 y z 1    

   F F    F F  

    2  1    1  3  i
 y  x y  z  z x  

  2 F2  2 F3    2 F1  2 F1  

       2  2  i
 y x z x   y z  
   2 F  2 F2  2 F3    2 F1  2 F1  2 F1  

   21     2  2  i
 x x y x z   x 2 y z  
   F F F    2 2 2  

    1  2  3    2  2  2  F1  i
 x  x y z   x y z  

 

 
 x
 
. F   2 F1  i









 i 
. F  j  
. F  k   
. F    2  F1i  F2 j  F3k 
 x y z




curl (curlF )  (. F )   F

2



  
19. Show that F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x -4  j  3 xz 2 k is a conservative force field and hence
 



find its scalar potential.

Solution:
Given F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j  3xz 2 k

   




i j k
  
 F 


x y z
y cos x  z 2 y sin x  4 3 xz 2
2 3

  F   i  0  0  j 3 z 2  3 z 2   k  2 y cos x  2 y cos x   0i  0 j  0k  0



Hence F is irrotational



Finding Scalar Potential

F  



  y 2 cos x  z 3  i  2 y sin x  4  j  3xz 2 k  i


 
j 



x y yz
Equating the coefficient i, j , k

 y 2 cos x  z 3      ( y 2 cos x  z 3 ) dx

x
 1  y 2 sin x  z 3 x  f1 ( y , z )

 2 y sin x  4       2 y sin x  4  dy

x

 2  2  sin x   4 y  f 2 ( x, z )  y 2 sin x  4 y  f 2 ( x, z )
y2
2
 3 xz 2      3 xz 2 dy

x
z3
 3  3x  f3 ( x, y )  xz 3  f3 ( x, y )
3
From (4), (5) and (6), collecting non repeating terms alone, we get
  y 2 sin x  xz 3  4 y  C
     
20. Show that the vector F  6 xy  z 3 i  3 x 2  z j  3 xz 2  y k is irrotational and find the


   

scalar potential function.





i j k
  
curlF    F 
 

 i ( 1  1)  j (3 z 2  3 z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x )  0




x y z
6 xy  z 3 3x 2  z 3xz 2  y
 F is irrotational.



To find Scalar potential  we assume F  



  
F    6 xy  z 3 i  3 x 2  z j  3 xz 2  y k  

   

       
i j k   
  6 xy  z i  3 x  z j  3 xz  y k   
 x y z 
3
 2
 2


comparing coefficient of i, j & k

x

 6 xy  z 3   (1)


y

 3x 2  z   (2)


z

 3 xz 2  y   (3)
Integrating (1) w.r.t x (keeping y and z constant )
6 x2 y
  z 3 x  f1 ( y, z )  3 x 2 y  z 3 x  f1 ( y , z )
2
Integrating (2) w.r.t y (keeping x and z constant )
  3 x 2 y  zy  f 2 ( y, z )
Integrating (3) w.r.t z (keeping x and y constant )
z3
  3 x  yz  f 3 ( y, z )  z 3 x  yz  f3 ( y, z )
3
   3 x 2 y  z 3 x  zy  c where c is a constant (c  f1 ( y, z )  f 2 ( y, z )  f3 ( y, z ))


21. Find F . d r where F   2 y  3  i  xz j  ( yz  x )k along the line joining the points

 
  


C
(0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 1).
Solution
Given F   2 y  3 i  xz j  ( yz  x)k

   

d r  dxi  dy j  dzk

F . d r  (2 y  3) dx  xz dy  ( yz  x ) dz .


 

The equation of straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 1) is

 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 
 
x0 y0 z 0
∵ 
x y z
 x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 
     t
2  0 1 0 1 0 2 1 1

 x  2t  dx  2 dt ; y  t  dy  dt ; z  t  dz  dt

 F . dr    2 y  3 dx  xzdy  ( yz  x)dz   (2(t )  3)(2dt )  (2 t .t)(dt)  (t .t  2 t).dt



 1 1

C 0 0

 t3  t2  
   3t  2t  6  dt  3  2    6t   8.
1 1

2
2

0  3 0
22. Find
 F .dr where C is the curve x  t , y  t , z  t from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) and

  2 3

 
C
F  3 x  6 y i  14 yz j  20 xz k .

 2
  2



 
Given F  3x 2  6 y i  14 yz j  20 xz 2 k and d r  dxi  dy j  dzk

   

F . d r   3 x 2  6 y  dx  14 yz dy  20 xz 2 dz .


 

x  t, y  t2, z  t3
dx  dt , dy  2t , dz  3t 2
and t: 0 to 1.

    (3(t )  6(t ))(dt )  14(t .t )(2t dt)  20(t .t ).(3 t ) dt



 1 1
F . dr  3 x 2
 6 y dx  14 yz dy  20 xz 2
dz  2 2 3 2

 9t
C 0 0
1
2
 28t 6  60t 9 dt  5
0

Definition: Green’s Theorem

Statement: If R is a closed region in the xy - plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if P  x, y 
and Q  x, y  are continuous functions of x and y having continuous partial derivatives in R , then
 Q P 
 P dx  Qdy    x  y  dx dy

23. Verify Green’s theorem for  x 2 (1  y )dx  ( x 3  y 3 )dy  where C is the boundary of the
C R


c
region defined by the lines x = 1 and y = 1 .
Solution:
Given  x 2 (1  y )dx  ( y 3  x3 )dy
c

M  x (1  y )
2
N  y 3  x3
M N
 x2  3x 2
y y
 N M 
By Green's theorem  Mdx  Ndy     dxdy
  y y 
 N M 
c R

R  y  y        
1 1 1 1


2 2
Consider dxdy (3 x x ) dydx (2 x 2 ) dydx

 x3 
1 1 1 1

1 1 4 4 1
 1  3   1  3 3  1  3 dy   3  [ y ]1  3
   (1)
1 1 1 1
8
2 dy 2 dy
1

 Mdx  Ndy        
Consider

c AB BC CD DA
Along AB, y  1, dy  0 and x varies from  1 to 1

 x
1
 Mdx  Ndy  2
(1  1) dx  0
AB 1
Along BC , x  1, dx  0 and y varies from  1 to 1
 y4 
  Mdx  Ndy   ( y  1 )dy    y   2
1 1

 4  1
3

BC 1

Along CD, y  1, dy  0 and x varies from 1 to 1

  2 x3 
  Mdx  Ndy   2 x dx    
1 1
4
 3 1
2

CD 1
3
Along DA, x  1, dx  0 and y varies from 1 to 1
 y4 
  Mdx  Ndy   ( y  1)dy    y    1   1  2
1 1
1 1
 4 1 4
3

C Mdx  Ndy  0  2  3  2  4  3  3
DA 1

4 4 8
 (2)

 (1)  (2) Hence the theorem is verified .


24. Using Green’s theorem , Evaluate ( y  sin x )dx  cos x dy where C is the plane triangle

2
C

and y    x

bounded by the lines y= 0, x 
2  
Solution:
 Q P 
Green’s theorem states that  Pdx  Qdy     x  y  dxdy
 (y  sin x)dx  cos x dy
C R

Given
C Y
P Q
P  y  sin x   1 ; Q  cos x    sin x
y x
 ( y  sin x)dx  cos x dy   ( sin x  1) dx dy
C R

  ( sin x  1) dx dy

1 2
X
y=
0 y
0
     y  y 
   cos x  x2 y dy    cos     cos
2




 dy
2  
1 1

0 
0 2 2 2  2
 
1
y
  y sin 2  y 2   2 
        
 2
 4  4 
 0

2
25. Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for  3x 2 - 8y 2  dx +  4y - 6xy  dy where C is the boundary
C

of the region defined by x = y , y = x . 2 2

Solution: By Green’s theorem states that

 Q P 
C Pdx  Qdy   R  y  y  dxdy
y=x2
A
Given  3x  8 y  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy
2 2

C O
x=y2
P Q
P  3x  8 y 
2 2
 16 y ; Q  4 y  6 xy   6 y
y x
Evaluation of LHS:
  Pdx  Qdy     Pdx  Qdy     Pdx  Qdy 
C OA AO

Along OA : y  x  dy  2 xdx2
  Pdx  Qdy    3x  8 x 4  dx   4 x 2  6 x 3  2 xdx
2

   3 x  8 x  8 x  12 x dx    20 x 4  8 x 3  3 x 2 dx

OA OA
1 1
2 4 3 4

0 0

 x 3x 
  20  8 
1
20 8 3
 
5 4 3
x
    4  2  1  1
 5 4 3 0 5 5 3
Along AO : y  x  2 ydy  dx
2

 Pdx  Qdy    3 y  8 y 2 2 y dy   4 y  6 y 3  dy
4

 (6 y 5  16 y 3  4 y  6 y 3 )dy    6 y 5  22 y 3  4 y  dy
Ao Ao
0

AO 1

 y 4 y   6 11 4 
 6  22    y  y  2 y2  
0 0


6 4 2
y 5
 6 4 2 1  2 1 2

 Pdx  Qdy  1  
5 3
C
2 2
Evaluation of RHS:
 Q P 
 R  y  y dxdy   R  6 y  16 y  dxdy
   10 y dx dy   10 xy x  y dy   10 y  
1 y 1 1
x y
y  y 2 dy
0 y2 0 0

 5 
1

 3  y 2 y4  2 1 3
 10   y  y  dy  10     10    
1 3

0  5 4 2
2

 4
5
 2 0
 Q P 
Hence  Pdx  Qdy       dxdy
C R
y  y 
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
26. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate
 (2 x  y 2 )dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy , where C is the boundary
2

C
of the area bounded by the x axis and the upper half of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2
Solution
 Q  P 
By Green’s Theorem  Pdx  Qdy     dxdy
R 
y y 

 (2 x  y 2 )dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy
c
2
Given
C

P Q
P  (2 x 2  y 2 )   2 y ; Q  ( x 2  y 2 )   2x
y x
 Q P 
    (2 x  2 y )  2( x  y )
 y y 
 Q P 
R  y  y dxdy  2A ( x  y ) dxdy ,
where A is the region of upper half of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2
Changing into polar coordinates, x  r cos  , y  r sin  , dxdy  rdrd and the limits are
r : 0 to a ,   0 to  .
  Q P 
R  y  y dxdy  2 0 0 r (cos   sin  ) r dr.d  20 0 r dr .(cos   sin  ) d
 a  a
2

 r3 
 2.   . ( sin   cos  )0    0  1  (0  1) 
a
2a 3
 3 0 3


4a 3
(numerically)
3
Definition: Stokes Theorem
Statement: The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector function F over an
open surface S is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of F around the closed curve C
bounding S ,  F  dr   curl F  n ds     F  n ds  



C S S

27. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector F  xyi  2 yz j  xzk , where S is the open surface of the

rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z=0, x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3 above

the XOY plane.
Solution:
By Stoke's theorem  F .d r     F .n
ds

 

C S

Evaluation of L.H .S :
     F .dr   F .dr  
















F .dr F .dr F .dr
C OA AB BD DO

Along OA : y  0, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
 F .dr  0




OA

Along AB : x  1, z  0, dx  0, dz  0
 F.dr   0  0




AB AE
Along BD : y  2, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
 2x2 
   1   2   0  1  1
0 0




 1
F .dr  2 x dx  2 x dx
BD BD

Along DO: x  0, z  0, dx  0 , dz  0
 F .dr   0  0





 LHS   F .dr  0  0  1  0  1
DO DO




C

Evaluation of RHS:
 F. n
ds       



S S S S S S

Given, F   xy  i  2 yz j  xzk

 1 2  3 4  5




i j k
  
 F   2 yi    z  j  xk





x y z
xy 2 yz  xz
Over S1: x = 0 , n
= - i

 2 y 2 
    

ds   2 yi  .(i ) dydz 
  2 ydy dz  0 0   0  2  dz   4  z 0  12
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

   3
F . n 2 y dy dz
S1 0 0 0 0 0
 Over S2: x =1 , n
= i

 2 y2 
    

ds   2 yi  . i dydz 
 0 0  0  2  dz  12
3 2 3 2 3 2

  
F . n 2 y dy dz
S2 0 0 0

Over S3: y =0 , n
=  j

 z2 
S   F . n ds  0 0  z j   j dxdz  0 0  z  dx dz  0  xz 0  0  z  dz   2   2
   
3 1 3 1 3 3 3




  1 9
3 0

Over S4: y = 1 , n = j

 z2 
S   F . n ds  0 0  z j. j dxdz  0 0   z  dx dz  0   xz 0 dz   2    2
3 1 3 1 3 3






 1 9
4 0

Over S5 : z = 1 , n
= k

 x2   1   1 
S 0 0    0 0     0  2 
  0  2  dy   2   y 0  1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 
 

   2
F . n ds xk .kdxdy x dxdy dy

S  S  S  S  S  S  12  12  2  2  1  1

5 0

9 9

 L.HS = R.HS.
1 2 3 4 5

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

28. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field defined by F = x 2 + y 2 i + 2xy j taken around  


  

the square bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1.

Solution:
By Stoke’s theorem  F . d r   curl F . n
ds
Y
B


 

C
y=1

Given F   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j
C S

  

F . d r   x 2  y 2  dx  2 xy dy


  x=0 x=1

Evaluation of LHS: X

 F .dr        

 O y=0 A

C OA AB BC CO

Along OA : y  0  dy  0, x varies from 0 to 1

 x3  1
  F . d r    x  y  dx  2 xy dy   x dx    
1 1


  1 2
 3 0 3
2 2

OA 0 0

Along AB: x  1  dx  0, y varies from 0 to 1

 y2 
 0        1
1


  1
  
 2 0
2
F . d r 1 y .0 2 y dy 2
AB

Along BC: y  1, dy  0 , x varies from 1 to 0

 x3 
BC F . d r  1  x  1 dx  0   3  x     3  1   3
1 
0


  0 2 4
1

Along CO: x  0, dx  0, y varies from 1 to 0

 F . d r    0  y 2  0 0  0


  0

  F.d r   F . d r   F . d r   F . d r   F . d r  3  1  3  2.
CO 1

 

 

 

 

  1 4
C OA AB BC CO
 Evaluation of RHS:




i j k
  

curl F   i  0  0  j  0  0  k  2 y  2 y   4 yk





x y z
x  y 2 xy
2 2
0

As the region is in the xy plane we can take n
 k and ds  dxdy

ds  4 yk .k dx dy  4 y dx dy  4  y   x 1  2.
S  0 0
2 1

 


 
 1 1

 2 0
curl F . n 0

 
 F . d r  curl F . n
ds

 

C S

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

29. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F =  y - z + 2  i + (yz + 4) j - xzk where S is the open surface of


  


the cube bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0 and z = a. above the XOY plane.

Solution:


By Stoke’s theorem F . d r  curl F . n
ds


 

C S

Evaluation of L.H .S :
F =  y - z + 2  i + (yz + 4) j - xzk

F .d r   y - z + 2  dx + (yz + 4)dy - xzdz



As the region is in the xy plane we can take

z  0  dz  0.
 F .d r   y  2  dx  4dy

 

         F .dr
















F .dr F .dr F .dr F .dr
C OA AN NB BO

Along OA: y  0, dy  0, x : 0 to a

 F .dr  2dx  2[ x]0  2a.



 a a

OA 0

Along AN: x  a, dx  0 ; y  0 to a

 F.dr   ( y  2)(0)  4dy  4[ y]0  4a.



 a a

AB 0

Along NB: y  a, dy  0, x : a to 0

  (a  2) dx  (a  2)[ x]a  (a  2a)



 0
F .dr   0 2

BD a

Along BO: x  0, dx  0 ; y  a to 0

 F .dr   ( y  2)(0)  4dy  4[ y]a  4a



 0 0

  F .dr  2 a  4 a  a 2  2 a  4 a   a 2 .
DO a




C

Evaluation of RHS:




i j k
  
curl F 


x y z
y  z  2 yz  4  xz
 i  0  y   j   z  1  k  0  1   yi  ( z  1) j  k

 curl F .n ds   curl F .n ds   curl F .n ds  ...   curl F .n ds (Since S is open surface)

 
 
 
 

S S1 S2 S5

Over S1: n
 i , x  0

 y2 
S    0 0  
     0 0    
a

2
a a a a




  a3
 0
a
F . n ds yi .( i ) dydz y .dy dz [z]0
1
2

Over S2: n
 i , x  a

 y2 
S    0 0  
    0 0       
a

2
a a a a




  a3
 0
a
F . n ds yi .(i ) dydz y .dy dz [z]0
2
2

Over S3: n
  j , y  0

 z2   a3 2
S    0 0 
                
a

   
a a a a





  
2 0 2 
a
F . n ds ( z 1) j .( j ) dydz ( z 1) .d xdz z [ x ]0 a
3 0 0

Over S4: n
 j , y  a

ds   ( z  1) j  .( j ) dxdz   ( z  1)  .d xdz   z  z  [ x]a   a  a 2 

S   0 0  0 0
a

2  2 
a a a a 2 3



  
 0  
F . n 0
4

Over S5 : n
 k , z  a

     

ds    k  .(k )dxdy   dxdy    x a [ y ]a   a 2 .

 a a   a a
F . n 0 0
S5 0 0 0 0

 L.HS = R.HS. Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Definition: Gauss Divergence Theorem

Statement: The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed surface

S enclosing the volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F taken throughout the

  n
dS =  divF dV =    F dV , where n is the unit outward normal to the surface

volume V.



F


S V V

S.
30. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F

 4xzi  y 2 j  yzk taken over the cube bounded by

the planes x = 0, x =1, y = 0, y =1, z = 0 and z = 1

Solution:

By Gauss – Divergence theorem  F  nds   divF  dV

S V
Evaluation of LHS:

 F  nds    n ds   F  nds  ...   F  nds






F
S S1 S2 S6

Over S1: x = 0, n =  i


  F  n ds =   (0) dy dz
11


0
S1 00

Over S2: x = 1, n = i

  2 1 
  1 
  (4Z ) dy dz    4  2 
 F  n ds =  dy 
  4  2  0   dy  2  y  0  2 1  0   2
11 1 1

 z
   
1

S2 00 0   0  0

Over S3: y = 0, n =  j

 F  n ds =   (0) dx dz
11


0
S3 00

Over S4: y = 1, n = j

 F  n ds =   (1) dx dz     x 0 dz    1  0  dz   z
11 1 1

 1 1
0  1  0  1
S4 00 0 0

Over S5: z = 0, n =  k

 F  n ds =   (0) dx dy
11


0
S5 00

Over S6: z = 1, n = k

 F  n ds =   ( y ) dx dy    x  
11 1 1 1

 1 y2 1
0 ydy  ydy  
S6 00 0 0
2 2
0

  F  n ds  0  2  0  1  0  

 1 3
S
2 2
Evaluation of RHS:

. F  4 z  y

  
    
   
   4 z  y   dy dz 
111 11 11


1
. F dV 4 z y dx dy dz 4 xz xy dy dz 0
V 000 00 00

1
 y2   1   4 z 2 z    1 3
   4 yz    dz    4 z    dz  
1 1

    2   
1

   
0 
0 2   2   2 2    2 2
0 0

L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.
31.    
Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = 4xz i + y 2 j + yz k over the cube bounded by
x = 0, y = 0, z= 0, x =a, y = a and z =a
Solution
By Gauss – Divergence theorem  F  nds   divF  dV

S V
Evaluation of LHS:
  F  nds         n ds












F  n ds F  n ds ... F
S S S2 S6

1

Over S1:  i, x  a
n

 F  n ds =   (0) dy dz
aa



0
S1 00

Over S2: n  i, x  a

  n ds =   (4az ) dy dz
aa




F
S2 00

  2 a  a 
 a2 
   4a    dy    4a   0   dy   2a3dy  2a3[ y ] 0a  2a 4
a a

  2    
z
0  0    2
0    0

Over S3: n   j, y  0

 
aa
=




F  n ds (0) dx dz  0
S3 00

Over S4: n  j , y  a

 F  n ds =   (a ) dx dz    a  x 0 dz   a  a  0  dz   a (a)[z] 0   a
aa a a



 2 2 a2 2 a 4

S4 00 0 0

Over S5: n  k , z  0


 F  n ds = (0) dx dy  0
aa





S5 00
Over S6: n  k , z  a

 a2 y2 
 F  n ds =   a( y) dx dy   a  x 
a
 a ydy    
aa a a
a 2 a4
 2  0 2




0 y dy
S6 00 0 0

  F  n ds  0  2a 4  0  a 4  0 
 a 4
3a 4


S
2 2
Evaluation of RHS:
. F  4 z  y

 
 4 z  y  dx dy dz
aaa



. F dV 
V 000

    4 xz  xy   dy dz     4az  ay   dy dz

aa aa
1
0
00 00
a
ay 2  
a
  a3    4a 2 z 2 a 3 z    4 a 4  3a 4
   4ayz  dz    4a 2 z    dz  
a a

       2a   
     2
0  2  
0 0  2  
 
  2   0  2  2
L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

     
   

32. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = x - yz i - y - xz j + z - xy k over the cuboid

2 2 2

bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0 and z = c.
Solution:
By Gauss – Divergence theorem  F  nds   divF  dV

S V

Evaluation of LHS:

 F  nds   F  n ds   F  n ds  ...   F  n ds













S S1 S2 S6

Over S1: n  i, x  0

 F  n ds =   ( yz ) dy dz
cb





S1 00
  2 b  2  2 c
   z    dz    
c
b 2c 2
  2   2  2 
y b z
0   0
4
0

Over S2: n  i, x  a

  n ds =   ( yz  a
cb



 2
F ) dy dz
S2 00

  2 c 
    y    a 2  z  c0  dy
b

  2 

z

0  0 
c2  y2 
b
     ca 2  y  b0  a 2bc 
b2c 2
2  2  4
0
Over S3: n   j , y  0

 x2  a 2  c 2  a 2c 2
 F  n ds =    2
a
 z  dz    
ca c

 2  2 





0  0
( xz ) dx dz
S3 00
4

Over S4: n  j , y  b

c  
 a2 

 F  n ds =      2
     b a  dz  ab c 
ca



 2 2 2 a2c2
  
( xz b ) dx dz z
0 
S4 00
4
Over S5: n   k , z  0

 2 a 
 F  n ds =   ( xy ) dx dy    y  x
ba

  dy  a b



 b 2 2

  2  
 0
S5 00
0
4

Over S6: n  k , z  c

b  
 a2 
 F  n ds =       2
     c a  dy  abc 
ba



 2 2 2 a2b2
  
( xy c ) dx dy y
0 
S6 00
4

  F  n ds 
b 2c 2 b2c 2 a 2c 2 a 2c 2 a 2b 2 a 2b 2
 a 2bc    a b 2c    a bc 2 





S
4 4 4 4 4 4
= a 2bc  ab2c  abc 2  abc (a  b  c)
Evaluation of RHS: . F  2( x  y  z )


 
cba
  2( x  y  z ) dx dy dz


. F dV
V 000

 x2   a2 
= 2    xy  xz  dy dz  2     ay  az  dy dz
cb a cb

00  2  0 00 2 
 a2   a 2bz ab 2 z abz 2 
 2  y  a
b c
 ayz  dz  2    
c
y2
0  0  2
2 2 2 2 
 a bc ab c abc 
0

= 2    = a bc  ab c  abc  abc (a  b  c)
2 2 2
2 2 2

 2 2 2 
Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.