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Mini Project On Transmission Tower
Mini Project On Transmission Tower
TRANSMISSION TOWER
PRESENTED BY:-
ATUL YADAV
MUKESH RANJAN SINGH
NAQEEB KHAN
NAVEEN KUMAR
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
FINAL YEAR,BBDU
1
INTRODUCTION
NAMING
"Transmission tower" is the name for the
structure used in the industry in the United
Kingdom, United States, and other English-
speaking countries. The term "pylon" comes
from the basic shape of the structure, an
obelisk-like structure which tapers toward the
top, and is mostly used in the United
Kingdom and parts of Europe in everyday
colloquial speech. This term is used
infrequently in the United States, as the word
"pylon" is commonly used for a multitude of
other things, mostly for traffic cones.
2
TRANSMISSION TOWER
A Transmission tower is a tall structure, usually a
steel lattic tower, used to support an overhead
power line.
3
ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT
TYPES OF TOWER
1. HVAC TRANSMISSION TOWER.
4
HVAC TRANSMISSION
TOWER
Three phase electric power systems are used for high
voltage (66 or 69 kV and above) and extra-high voltage
(110 or 115 kV and above; most often 138 or 230 kV
and above in contemporary systems) AC transmission
lines.
5
HVDC TRANSMISSION TOWER
HVDC transmission lines are either monopolar or
bipolar systems.
Each circuit occupies one half of the cross arm. For six
electric circuits arrangement of the conductors is in
three levels.
7
TOWER FOR DIFFERENT
TYPE OF CURRENT
Line carry both AC and DC power circuits. One set of
towers is near the HVDC Volgograd-Donbass on Volga
Hydroelectric Power Station. The other are two towers
south of Stenkullen, which carry one circuit of HVDC
Konti-Skan and üne circuit of the three-phase AC line
Stenkullen-Holmbakullen.
8
ON THE BASIS OF LINE
SUPPORT TYPES OF TOWER
1. WOODEN POLES
2. RCC POLES
3. STEEL TUBULAR POLES
4. STEEL TOWERS
9
WOODEN POLES
Made of chemically treated wood.
Used for distribution lines especially in
areas where good quality wood are
available.
Very economical but susceptible to decay.
To protect from decay,poles have zinc or
aluminium cap at the top and Bitumen
coating at the bottom.
10
RCC POLES
Made of reinforced concrete cement.
Stronger than wood poles but more costly.
Very long life and need little maintenance.
Bulky and heavy.
Widely used for distribution lines upto 33kV.
Can be manufactured at site.
11
STEEL TUBULAR POLES
Stepped pole manufactured from a single
tube , the diameter being reduced in
parallel steps.
More costly than RCC and wood poles.
Have light weight , high strength to weight
ratio and long life.
Widely used for lines upto 33kV.
12
STEEL TOWERS
13
TYPES OF TOWER ON THE
BASIS OF LINE DIVERSION
Type A Tower (Tangent Tower with suspension string)
o Used on straight runs and up to 2° line diversion
Type B Tower (Small Angle Tower with tension string)
o Used for line deviation from 2° to 15°
Type C Tower (Medium Angle Tower with tension string ).
o Used for line deviation from 15° to 30°.
Type D Tower (Large angle tower with tension string)
o Used for line deviation from 30° to 60°
Type E Tower (Dead End Tower with tension string)
o Used for line termination & starting
Special tower-
Suspension Tower (Span ≈ 1000 m)
o Used for River crossing, Mountain crossing etc.
Transposition Tower
o Used for transposition of tower
14
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOWER
15
Selection of Tower Structure
Single circuit Tower/ double circuit Tower.
Length of the insulator assembly.
Minimum clearances to be maintained between ground
conductors, and between conductors and tower.
Location of ground wire/wires with respect to the
outermost conductor.
Mid-span clearance required from considerations of the
dynamic behavior of conductors and lightning protection
of the line.
Minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above ground
level.
16
Tower Design
Tower height
Base width
Top damper width
Cross arms length
17
Height of Tower Structure
Height of tower is determine by-
H h1 h2 h3 h4
18
Determination of Base Width
The base width(at the concrete level) is the distance
between the centre of gravity at one corner leg and
the centre of gravity of the adjacent corner leg.
A particular base width which gives the minimum total cost of the
tower and foundations.
Ryle
Formula
The ratio of base width to total tower height for most towers is
generally about one-fifth to one-tenth.
19
Spacing and Clearances
Ground Clearances
CL 5.182 0.305* K
Where- V 33
K
33
22
Spacing Between Conductor(Phases)
1) Mecomb's formula
D
Spacing(cm) 0.3048 * V 4.010 S
W
Where-
V= Voltage of system in KV
D= Diameter of Conductor in cm
S= Sag in cm
W= weight of conductor in Kg/m
2) VDE formula
Spacing(cm) 7.5 S V
2000 Where-
V= Voltage of system in KV
S= Sag in cm
23
3) Still's formula
4) NESC formula
L
Spacing(cm) 0.762 *V 3.681 S
2
Where-
V= Voltage of system in KV
S= Sag in cm
L= Length of insulator string in cm
24
5) Swedish formula
Where-
E= Line Voltage in KV
S= Sag in cm
6) French formula
E
Spacing(cm) 8.0 S L
1.5
Where-
E= Line Voltage in KV
S= Sag in cm
L= length of insulating string(cm)
25
Offset of conductors (under ice-loading conditions)
Sleet Jump:
The jump of the conductor, resulting from ice dropping
off one span of an ice-covered line, has been the cause of many
serious outages on long-span lines where conductors are
arranged in the same vertical plane.
26
Clearances b/n Conductors
SYSTEM TYPE OF Vertical spacing Horizontal spacing
VOLTAG TOWER b/n b/n
E conductors(mm) conductors(mm)
SINGLE A(0-2°) 1080 4040
CIRCUIT
B(2-30°) 1080 4270
C(30-60°) 1220 4880
66 kV
DOUBLE A(0-2°) 2170 4270
CIRCUIT
B(2-30°) 2060 4880
C(30-60°) 2440 6000
27
SINGLE A(0-2°) 5200 8500
CIRCUIT
220 kV
400 KV
B(2-15°) 7800 12760
28
Sag and Tension Calculation
Span ≤300 m Sag & Tension Span >300 m
29
Corona
Visual corona voltage in fair weather
condition is given by-
r (1 0.3) D
V 0 21 .1 m log n
r
r
V0= corona starting voltage, KV(rms).
r= radius of conductor in cm.
D= GMD equivalent spacing b/n conductors in
cm.
m= roughness factor.
= 1.0 for clean smooth conductor
=0.85 for stranded conductor
30
Voltage gradient at the surface of conductor at operating
voltage :- V
3
g 0 D
(rms kv/cm)
Logn
r
Corona discharge form at the surface of conductor if g0≥
corona starting gradient i.e.
(1 0.3)
g 0 21 .1 m r r
Conductor size will be so chosen that normal gradient of
conductor should not exceed 17.5 KV/cm.
For EHV transmission line 400KV and above use bundle
conductor from point view of corona.
31
Erection
a) Setting of stubs:
Template
Probe setting
B/B & diagonal at Template top
B/B & diagonal at stub top Ram bus shape
Stub cleats with B&N 2 each
Extra cleats to avoid failure of foundation due
to tower falling.
Threads to bisect
LP&AP
Template height at centre point & joining of 2
threads
b) After 14 days of curing
37
TIGHTENING OF BOLT AND
NUT
Thethreads of bolts projecting out side shall be
punched at 3 positions and do half round welding to
ensure that nuts are not loosened in course of time
and avoid theft of angles.
38
TOWER ACCESSORIES
Danger boards.
Number plate.
Phase plate.
Hanger rods.
39
GENERAL STEPS TO BE
FOLLOWED FOR TOWER
ERECTION
NO TOWER SHALL BE ERECTED ON FOUNDATION BEFORE 10
DAYS AFTER CONCRETING.
DERRICK
20mm POLY
PROPYLENE
ROPE
CROW BARS
TOWER ERECTION
Tower Grounding
Used to reduce earth wire potential and stress on
insulators at the time of stroke and also for
safety.
43
Method of Tower Grounding
Buried Conductor
One or more conductor are connected to tower lags and buried in back
filled of tower foundation.
o Used where soil resistivity is low
Counterpoise Wire
A length of wire/ Strip of 50 m is buried horizontally at depth of 0.5 m
below ground. This wire is connected to tower lags.
o Used when earth resistance is very high and soil conductivity is
mostly confined to upper layer)
Rod Pipe
Pipe/Rod of 3 to 4 m is driven into ground near the tower and top of rod is
connected to tower by suitable wire/strip
o Used where ground conductivity increase with depth
Treated Earth Pits
Pipe/Rod of 3 to 4 m are buried in treated earth pits and top of rod is
connected to tower by suitable wire/strip.
o Used in very high resistivity near tower
44
Tower Grounding
45
SAFETY OF TOWER ERECTION
46
While Loading And Unloading The Tower Parts,
Care Should Be Taken For Stacking
Systematically.
47
Ensure The Derrick Used Before Tower Erection
Has Been Checked For Adequate Strength / Size.
48
EFFECT OF LINE
49
EFFECT ON HUMAN BEING
SHORT TERM HEALTH PROBLEM
Headaches.
Fatigue.
Insomnia.
Prickling and/or burning skin.
Rashes.
Muscle pain.
50
EFFECT ON HUMAN BEING
LONG TERM HEALTH PROBLEM
Risk of damaging DNA.
Risk of Cancer.
Risk of Leukemia.
Risk of Neurodegenerative Disease.
Risk of Miscarriage.
51
EFFECT ON ANIMALS
Many researchers are studying the effect of
Electrostatic field on animals. In order to do
so they keeps the cages of animals under
high Electrostatic field of about 30 kV/m.
The results of these Experiments are
shocking as animals (are kept below high
Electrostatic field their body acquires a
charge & when they try to drink water, a
spark usually jumps from their nose to the
grounded Pipe) like Hens are unable to pick
up grain because of chattering of their
beaks which also affects their growth. 52
EFFECT ON PLANTS
High power transmission lines affects the growth of
plants.
Physiological parameter was primarily due to the
effect of reduced cell division and cell enlargement.
From various practically study it was found that the
response of the crop to EMF from 110 KV and 230
KV Power lines showed variations among
themselves. Based on the results the growth
characteristics like shoot length, root length, leaf
area, leaf fresh weight, specific leaf weight,
shoot/root ratio, total biomass content and total
water content of the four crop plants were reduced
significantly over the control plants.
53
EFFECTS ON VEHICLES
PARKED NEAR LINE
When a vehicle is parked under high voltage
transmission line an electrostatic field is
developed in it. When a person who is
grounded touches it a discharge current
flows through the human being. In order to
avoid this parking lots are located below the
transmission lines the recommended
clearance is 17 m for 345 kV and 20 m for
400 kV lines.
54
Reference Standards
55
THANK YOU
56