MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Manipal - 576104

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual
of
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY LABORATORY
[ELE 2261]

4th semester B.Tech. (E&E)

MAY – JUNE 2021

 CONTENTS

Expt. no. Title of experiment Page

1. OC and SC tests on single phase transformer 1

2. Load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor 11

No load & blocked rotor tests on three phase induction

3. 17
motor

4. Load test on induction generator 27

Evaluation pattern:
A. Continuous Evaluation : 80 %
 Quiz/Viva 40%
 Documentation 40%
B. Semester End Evaluation : 20 %

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

 Study the required theoretical background before the commencement of

each session.

 Log in before the commencement of the lab session.

 Be regular, attentive and actively participate in the interactive sessions.

 Quiz/Viva answers must be submitted within the time schedule during the

lab session.

 Lab observation book must be submitted before 6PM on the next day of

each lab session.

 It is mandatory to attend all the sessions to be eligible to write the end-

semester lab test.

Experiment No. 1 Date:

OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim of the experiment:

To conduct the open circuit (OC) and short circuit (SC) tests on the given single
phase transformer and to predetermine (i) equivalent circuit parameters
(ii) voltage regulation and (iii) efficiency.

Name plate details:

kVA rating:
Primary voltage:
Secondary voltage:
Frequency:

Apparatus required:

Apparatus Rating Nos. required

Single phase
1.
autotransformer
2. AC voltmeter

3. AC ammeter

4. LPF wattmeter

5. UPF wattmeter

1
OC test:

Procedure for OC test:

1. Make the connections as shown in above circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the autotransformer at its zero output position, switch ON the

AC supply.

3. Increase the autotransformer output so that the voltmeter reads the rated

voltage.

4. Note down all the meter readings.

5. Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and switch OFF the

supply.

2
OC test data:
𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

× ×
= =

Wattmeter reading ×
Applied voltage No load current
Multiplication factor =
V0 I0
P0
(V) (A)
(W)

3
SC test:

Procedure for SC test:

1. Make the connections as shown in the above circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the autotransformer at its zero output position, switch ON the

AC supply.

3. Gradually increase the output voltage of autotransformer until the ammeter

reads the rated current of the HV side.

4. Note down all the meter readings.

5. Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and switch OFF the

supply.

4
SC test data:

𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼𝐹𝐿(𝐻𝑉) = =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑉
𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑃𝐹 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

× ×
= =

Short circuit Wattmeter reading ×

Applied voltage
current Multiplication factor =
VSC
ISC PSC
(V)
(A) (W)

5
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters:
From OC test data:
𝑃0
No load power factor, cos ∅𝑜 = =
𝑉0 𝐼0
Iron loss component of no load current, 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 cos ∅𝑜 =

Magnetising component of no load current, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼0 sin ∅𝑜 =

𝑉0
Core loss resistance (referred to LV side), 𝑅𝑐(𝐿𝑉) = =
𝐼𝑐
𝑉0
Magnetising reactance (referred to LV side), 𝑋𝑚(𝐿𝑉) = =
𝐼𝑚
From SC test data:
𝑉𝑠𝑐
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side, 𝑍𝑒(𝐻𝑉) = =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑠𝑐
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side, 𝑅𝑒(𝐻𝑉) = 2 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐

2 2
Equivalent reactance referred to HV side, 𝑋𝑒(𝐻𝑉) = √𝑍𝑒(𝐻𝑉) − 𝑅𝑒(𝐻𝑉) =

𝑉𝐿𝑉 2
Equivalent resistance referred to LV side, 𝑅𝑒(𝐿𝑉) = 𝑅𝑒(𝐻𝑉) × ( ) =
𝑉𝐻𝑉

𝑉𝐿𝑉 2
Equivalent reactance referred to LV side, 𝑋𝑒(𝐿𝑉) = 𝑋𝑒(𝐻𝑉) × ( ) =
𝑉𝐻𝑉
(VHV and VLV are voltages of high voltage and low voltage sides)

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to LV side:

6
Voltage regulation:

Percentage voltage regulation at different load power factors is given by:

𝐼2 (𝑅2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ ± 𝑋2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅)
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝐸2
(I2 is the rated RMS secondary current, R2e and X2e are the equivalent
resistance and reactance referred to the secondary, E2 is the secondary side
voltage on no load, + sign for lagging power factor and – sign for leading power
factor).
𝑆
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼2 = =
𝐸2
% voltage regulation
Load pf at full load
cos 
Lagging pf Leading pf
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Unity

7
 𝑅2𝑒
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )}
𝑋2𝑒

= leading
𝑋
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑅2𝑒 )}
2𝑒

= lagging
Efficiency:
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑂𝐶 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃0 =
𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝐼𝐹𝐿(𝐻𝑉) = =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑉
𝐼𝐹𝐿(𝐻𝑉) 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 =( ) × 𝑃𝑠𝑐 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑥 × 𝑆 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = × 100
(𝑥 × 𝑆 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅) + 𝑃𝑐 + (𝑥 2 × 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿 )
where
𝑥 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
cos ∅ = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑓

Fraction of full % Efficiency

Copper loss
load
𝒙𝟐 × 𝑷𝒄𝒖𝑭𝑳
𝒙 For UPF For 0.8 pf

0.25 (1/4 load)

0.5 (1/2 load)

0.75 (3/4 load)

1.0 (Full load)

1.25 (5/4 load)

8
Maximum efficiency:

𝑃𝑐
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, 𝑥𝑚 = √ =
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿
𝑥𝑚 × 𝑆 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
% 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
(𝑥𝑚 × 𝑆 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅) + (2 × 𝑃𝑐 )
=

Graphs:

a. Voltage regulation curve:

9
b. Power losses and efficiency:

Note: Draw the graphs on graph sheet, label them completely

Conclusions:

10
Experiment No. 2 Date:

LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim of the experiment:

To conduct load test on a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor and to
obtain its performance characteristics.

Name plate details:

Rated output power:

Supply voltage:
Full load current:
Rated speed:

Apparatus required:

Apparatus Rating Nos. required

1. AC voltmeter

2. AC ammeter

3. UPF wattmeter

4. Tachometer

11
Circuit Diagram:

12
Procedure:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Note down the initial readings on the spring balances.

3. With no mechanical load on the brake drum, switch ON the 3-phase

AC supply.

4. Start the motor by pressing START button on the star-delta starter.

5. Take down the readings on the meters and the speed at no-load.

6. Pour some water into the brake drum.

7. Increase the tension of the belt around the brake drum, in steps. At each

step, note down the meter and spring balance readings and the speed.

8. Repeat step no. 6 until the ammeter reads the rated current.

9. Decrease the mechanical load by loosening the belt.

10. Press STOP button on the star-delta starter.

11. Switch OFF the 3-phase AC supply.

13
 VRange × IRange × pf of wattmeter
Multiplication factor of wattmeter =
Full scale deflection
Multiplication factor of wattmeter 𝑊1 =

Multiplication factor of wattmeter 𝑊2 =

Wattmeter Spring
reading × balance
N
VL IL Multiplication readings Pin T % pf Pout %
Trial (rpm
(V) (A) factor (W) (kg) (W) (N-m) slip (W)
)
W1 W2 S1 S2

14
Performance calculations:
120 × 𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = Synchronous speed of the motor =
𝑃
𝑅 = Radius of the brake drum = 𝑚

Pin = Input power to the motor = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2

𝑇 = Output torque = (𝑆1 ~𝑆2 ) × 9.81 × 𝑅

𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
% 𝑠 = Percentage slip = ( ) × 100
𝑁𝑠
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
pf = Power factor = cos [tan−1 {√3 × ( )}]
𝑊1 + 𝑊2

2𝜋 × 𝑁 × 𝑇
Pout = Output power of the motor =
60
Pout
%  = Percentage efficiency = × 100
Pin

15
Graphs:

Note: Draw the performance characteristics on a graph sheet, label them

completely

Conclusions:

16
Experiment No. 3 Date:

NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON 3 PH. INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim of the experiment:

To conduct no-load test and blocked-rotor test on a 3-phase induction motor
and to predetermine its performance characteristics by equivalent circuit
analysis.

Name plate details:

Rated output power:

Supply voltage:
Full load current:
Rated speed:

Apparatus required:

Apparatus Rating Nos. required

Three-phase
1.
autotransformer
2. AC voltmeter
3. AC ammeter
4. LPF wattmeter
5. UPF wattmeter
6. DC voltmeter
7. DC ammeter

17
1. No load test:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the autotransformer at zero output position and with no mechanical
load on the motor, switch ON the 3 phase AC supply.
3. Increase the autotransformer output voltage until the voltmeter reads the
rated voltage.
4. If one of the wattmeters shows a negative reading, interchange its pressure
coil terminals, COM and Vrange and the reading obtained should be
considered as negative.
5. Note down all the meter readings.
6. Reduce the autotransformer output voltage to zero.
7. Switch OFF the AC supply.

18
No load test data:

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Multiplication factor of LPF wattmeter W1 =

Multiplication factor of LPF wattmeter W2 =

Wattmeter reading ×
Voltage Current Multiplication factor Input power
VNL INL (W) PNL=W1+W2
(V) (A) (W)
W1 W2

19
2. Blocked rotor test:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the autotransformer at its zero output voltage position.
3. By suitable means, block the rotor of the motor (i.e., it should not rotate
during this test).
4. Switch ON the 3-phase AC supply.
5. Gradually increase the output voltage of the autotransformer such that the
ammeter reads the rated current.
6. Note down the meter readings.
7. Reduce the autotransformer output voltage to zero.
8. Switch the AC supply, OFF.

20
Blocked rotor test data:
𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Multiplication factor of UPF wattmeter W1 =

Multiplication factor of UPF wattmeter W2 =

Wattmeter reading ×
Voltage Current Multiplication factor Input power
VBR IBR (W) PBR=W1+W2
(V) (A) (W)
W1 W2

21
3. Measurement of DC resistance:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping all the switches of the lamp load in OFF position, switch ON the
DC supply.
3. Switch ON a few lamps and note down all the meter readings.
4. Repeat step 3 until the ammeter reads the rated phase current of the motor.
5. Reduce the current to zero by switching OFF all the lamps.
6. Switch OFF the DC supply.

DC resistance test data:

DC Resistance
Voltage Current
VDC
VDC IDC R DC =
IDC
(V) (A)
(Ω)

Average DC resistance, R avg =

Resistance of the stator winding (per phase), 𝑅1 = 1.25 × R avg =

22
A. Performance analysis by equivalent circuit:
NOTE: The stator windings of the motor are delta connected.

From no load test data:

No load voltage per phase, 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑁𝐿 =

𝐼𝑁𝐿
No load current per phase, 𝐼0 = =
√3
𝑃𝑁𝐿
No load power drawn per phase, 𝑃0 = =
3
𝑃0
No load power factor, cos ∅0 = =
𝑉0 × 𝐼0

Iron loss component of no load current, 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 cos ∅0 =

Magnetising component of no load current, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼0 sin ∅0 =

𝑉0
Core loss resistance per phase (referred to stator), 𝑅𝑐 = =
𝐼𝑐
𝑉0
Magnetising reactance per phase (referred to stator), 𝑋𝑚 = =
𝐼𝑚

23
From blocked rotor test data:

Short circuit voltage per phase, 𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵𝑅 =

𝐼𝐵𝑅
Short circuit current per phase, 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = =
√3
𝑃𝐵𝑅
Power drawn per phase in blocked rotor test, 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = =
3
𝑉𝑆𝐶
Equivalent impedance referred to stator, |𝑍𝑒1 | = =
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑃𝑆𝐶
Equivalent resistance referred to stator, 𝑅𝑒1 = 2 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶

2 | 2
Equivalent reactance referred to stator, 𝑋𝑒1 = √|𝑍𝑒1 − 𝑅𝑒1 =

Resistance of rotor referred to stator, 𝑅2′ = 𝑅𝑒1 − 𝑅1 =

Equivalent circuit referred to stator:

24
Performance calculations:
1
Equivalent resistance of mechanical load referred to stator, 𝑅𝐿′ = 𝑅2′ ( − 1)
𝑠
̅̅̅
𝑉0
𝐼̅2′ = Rotor current referred to stator =
(𝑅𝑒1 + 𝑅𝐿′ ) + 𝑗𝑋𝑒1

𝐼̅0 = No load current = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑗𝐼𝑚

𝐼̅1 = Stator current = 𝐼̅0 + 𝐼̅2′

cos 𝜙 = Power factor of motor = cos (Angle between 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼1 )

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = Power input to the motor = 3 × |𝑉0 | × |𝐼1 | × cos 𝜙

𝑃𝑔 = Power developed by the motor = 3 × |𝐼2′ |2 × 𝑅𝐿′

𝑃𝑔
 = Efficiency of the motor =
𝑃𝑖𝑛
120 × 𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = Synchronous speed of the the motor = =
𝑃
N = Speed of the the motor = 𝑁𝑠 (1 − 𝑠)
𝑃𝑔 × 60
T𝑔 = Torque developed by the motor =
2𝜋 × N

Slip  0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.1

𝑅𝐿′

𝐼2′

𝐼1

cos 𝜙

𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑔


N

T𝑔

25
Conclusions:

26
Experiment No. 4 Date:

LOAD TEST ON INDUCTION GENERATOR

Aim of the experiment:

To observe the transition of induction machine from motoring to generating
mode of operation and to obtain the characteristic curves of induction
generator.

Name plate details:

3-phase Induction motor DC shunt machine

Rated output power:
Supply voltage:
Full load current:
Rated speed:

Apparatus required:

Apparatus Rating Nos. required

1. AC voltmeter
2. AC ammeter
3. UPF wattmeter

4. DC voltmeter

5. DC ammeter
6. SPST switch
7. Rheostat
8. Tachometer

27
Circuit diagram:

28
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the DC supply off, SPST switch open and shunt field rheostat of
DC machine at maximum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the 3-phase AC supply.
4. Start the induction motor by pressing the START button on the DOL starter.
5. Switch ON the DC supply.
6. Reduce the shunt field rheostat and observe the reading of DC voltmeter
across the SPST switch (Vsw).
7. If the reading of this voltmeter increases, switch OFF the DC supply, STOP
the induction motor by pressing the STOP button on the DOL starter, switch
OFF the AC supply and interchange the terminals of the DC supply or DC
generator). Repeat from step 2.
8. Adjust the shunt field rheostat such that voltage V sw across the SPST switch
is zero.
9. Close the SPST switch thereby connecting the DC generator in parallel with
the DC supply.
10. Adjust the shunt field rheostat to bring the speed of the motor-generator set
to nearly synchronous speed such that the sum of the two wattmeter readings
is zero. (If one of the wattmeters shows the negative reading, interchange its
pressure coil terminals (COM and Vrange) and the reading should to read as
a negative value). Now, the induction machine is neither drawing power from
the supply nor returning it. This condition is its floating condition.
11. Note down the meter readings and the speed, which is the actual synchronous
speed.
12. Increase the speed approximately by 2 %. The DC machine is operating as a
DC motor and driving the induction machine as the induction generator.
13. Note down all the meter readings and the speed at every step.
14. Increase the speed in steps, up to 15 % greater than the synchronous speed
and at each step note down the meter readings & the speed.
15. Reduce the speed to synchronous speed, switch OFF the DC supply and the
AC supply.

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 VRange × IRange × pf of wattmeter
Multiplication factor of wattmeter =
Full scale deflection

Multiplication factor of wattmeter, W1 =

Multiplication factor of wattmeter, W2 =

Wattmeter
reading ×
VL IL VDC IDC N Pout(IG) IP IQ
Multiplication %
Trial pf
factor (W) 𝜼𝑰𝑮
(V) (A) (V) (A) (rpm) (W) (A) (A)

W1 W2

30
Performance calculations:

Input power to DC motor = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 × 𝐼𝐷𝐶 =

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 80 % 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐶 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝐷𝐶 = 0.8

Output power of DC motor = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝑉𝐷𝐶 × 𝐼𝐷𝐶 =

= 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝐼𝐺) = 3 phase output power of induction generator = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2

Output of induction generator

Efficiency of induction generator, % IG = Input to induction generator
× 100 =

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝐼𝐺)
Power factor, cos 𝜙 = =
√3 × 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼𝐿

In phase component of load current, IP = 𝐼𝐿 × cos 𝜙

Quadrature component of load current, I𝑄 = 𝐼𝐿 × sin 𝜙

31
Graphs:

Note: Draw the performance characteristics on a graph sheet, label

them completely and enclose here.

Conclusions:

32
References:
1. AS Langsdorf, Theory of Alternating Current Machinery (2 Ed.), MGH,

2004.

2. MG Say, The Performance and Design of Alternating Current Machines

(5 Ed.), ELBS, 1994.

3. IJ Nagrath & DP Kothari, Electric Machines (4 Ed.), MGH, 2013

4. PS Bimbhra, Electrical Machinery (7 Ed.), Khanna publishers, 2013.

5. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105017/

(For 1-phase and 3-phase transformers, DC generators)

6. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106072/

(For induction machines)

33