SAUMIK KARFA

☎- 9674045777
✉- saumik.karfa@gmail.com
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND DIFFERENTIATION
MATERIAL - 1 (THEORY PART)

Let 𝑓 be a real valued function defined on an open interval containing a point 𝑐, then 𝑓 is said to be differentiable at 𝑐 if

𝑓(𝑐+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑐)
lim ∆𝑥
exists. If this limit exists we call it the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑐and denoted by 𝑓 '(𝑐) or by . If this
∆𝑥 → 0
limit exists we say 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑐) 𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
Equivalent limits of the above are lim 𝑥−𝑐
, lim ℎ
.
𝑥→𝑐 ℎ→0

Geometrical Interpretation : Let slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point 𝑓(𝑐) [𝑐 ∈ 𝐷(𝑓)] be 𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ,
where θ is the angle of the tangent at 𝑓(𝑐). Then 𝑓 '(𝑐) = 𝑚 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ.

◦ 𝑑𝑦
If the tangent is parallel to the x- axis then θ = 0 , i.e., 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 0. Therefore 𝑑𝑥
=0
◦ 𝑑𝑦
If the tangent is parallel to y-axis i.e., perpendicular to the x-axis then θ = 90 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ is undefined so is 𝑑𝑥
.

If 𝑓 ' (𝑐) is positive then the tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 is inclined to positive x-axis at an acute angle.
If 𝑓 '(𝑐) is negative then the tangent to 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 𝑐is inclined to positive x-axis at an obtuse angle.

Theorem : Let 𝐼 be an interval and a function 𝑓: 𝐼 → 𝑅 be differentiable at a point 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼. Then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑐.

Theorem : Let 𝐼 be an interval and 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼. Let the functions 𝑓: 𝐼 → 𝑅 & 𝑔: 𝐼 → 𝑅 be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐 then
1. 𝑓 + 𝑔 is differentiable at 𝑐 and (𝑓 + 𝑔)'(𝑐) = 𝑓 '(𝑐) + 𝑔 '(𝑐).
2. If 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 then 𝑘𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑐 and (𝑘𝑓) ' (𝑐) = 𝑘 𝑓 '(𝑐).
3. 𝑓. 𝑔 is differentiable at 𝑐 and (𝑓. 𝑔) '(𝑐) = 𝑓 ' (𝑐). 𝑔 ' (𝑐).
𝑓 ' (𝑐)𝑔 (𝑐)+𝑓(𝑐)𝑔 ' (𝑐)
4. If 𝑔 (𝑐) ≠ 0, 𝑓/𝑔 is differentiable at 𝑐 and (𝑓/𝑔) ' (𝑐) = 2 .
[𝑔(𝑐)]
Darboux theorem : Let 𝐼 = [𝑎, 𝑏] and a function 𝑓: 𝐼 → 𝑅 be differentiable on 𝐼. Let 𝑓 ' (𝑎) ≠ 𝑓 '(𝑏). If 𝑘 be a real number
lying between 𝑓 ' (𝑎) & 𝑓 ' (𝑏) then there exists a point 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)such that 𝑓 '(𝑐) = 𝑘.

Rolle’s Theorem : Let a function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be such that

1. 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]
2. 𝑓 is differentiable at every point of (𝑎, 𝑏)
3. 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏)
Then there exists at least one point 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓 ' (𝑐) = 0.
Geometrical representation of Rolle’s theorem: If a function 𝑓 has a graph which is continuous curve on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏];
and the curve has a tangent at every point on it with abscissa between 𝑎 and 𝑏; and the ordinates 𝑓(𝑎), 𝑓(𝑏) are equal, then there
exists at least one point 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏)such that the tangent to the curve at (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) is parallel.

Mean value theorem (Lagrange) : Let a function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be such that

1. 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] , and
2. 𝑓 is differentiable at every point of (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
Then there exists at least one point 𝑐 in (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑏−𝑎
= 𝑓 ' (𝑐)
.
Geometrical representation of LMVT: If a function 𝑓 has graph which is
a continuous curve on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and the curve has a tangent at every
point on it with abscissa between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then there exists a point 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
such that the tangent to the curve at (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐))is parallel to the line segment
joining the points (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) and (𝑏, 𝑓(𝑏))
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 SAUMIK KARFA
☎- 9674045777
✉- saumik.karfa@gmail.com

Note : Let a function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏). If 𝑓 ' (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)then 𝑓
is a constant on [𝑎, 𝑏].
Let a function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏). If 𝑓 ' (𝑥) ≥ 0(>) for all 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)then 𝑓 is
monotonically increasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].(strictly)
Let a function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 be continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏). If 𝑓 ' (𝑥) ≤ 0(<) for all 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)then 𝑓 is
monotonically decreasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].(strictly)

Leibnitz’s theorem : Let 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑔(𝑥) be the functions both possessing derivatives up to 𝑛th order. Then,
𝑛
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 1 𝑛 𝑛−2 2 𝑛 𝑛−𝑟 𝑟 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)+ 𝐶1 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔 (𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔 (𝑥) +.................. + 𝐶𝑟 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔 (𝑥) +................. + 𝐶𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔
𝑑𝑥

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