WATER

9TH CHEMISTRY (UNIT 3)

• Most important substance for our survival after air.
• ~4/5 of earth surface is covered with water.
• It is a major constituent of living matter.
• Human body constitute of ~70% of water.
• Plays an important role in large no. of natural process.
• Necessary for growth of plants and animals.
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
• FREE STATE:
a) SOLID STATE: FRESH WATER IS FOUND IN THE FORM OF SNOW, ICE, FROST OR
HOAR FROST.
b) LIQUID STATE: IN OCEANS, STREAMS, RIVERS, LAKES, POND, ETC.
c) GASEOUS STATE: WATER VAPOUR, MIST FOG, ETC.
• COMBINED STATE: IN COMBINED STATE IT IS PRESENT IN CARBOHYDRATES,
PROTEINS, SALTS CONTAINING WATER FOR CRYSTALLIZATION (E.G.,
CUSO4.5H2O).
COMPOSITION

• WATER IS AN COMPOUND
MADE UP OF HYDROGEN AND
OXYGEN (2 : 1).

• MOLECULAR WEIGHT = 18AMU.

Natural • Occurs in nature in free state.
• Contain no dissolved salts and impurities.
• Rain water, well water, river water, sea water,
water etc.

• Natural water treated by man-made

process before using.
Treated • (i) Distilled water: Obtained by distillation
(purest water; contains no dissolve salts or
water gases)
• Potable/ Drinking water: No impurities
and pathogen, safe for human consumption.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Colour and appearance Colourless, transparent & clear liquid

Taste and odor Tasteless and odorless.

Boiling point 100ºC

Freezing point 0ºC

Change in state on heating When boiled it changes into gaseous state.

Change in state on cooling When cooled it freezes to form ice.

Absorption of a fixed amount 1 g of water absorbs 4.2 J of heating at 1ºC.

of heat
Conduction of heat and Bad conductor of heat and electricity.
electricity
Solvent properties Water is a polar covalent compound. Universal
solvent.
 Chemical properties

Nature Neutral towards

litmus
Stability Very stable

Catalytic nature Act as a catalyst in

no. of reactions
 Uses of water

• Daily life
• Life processes
• Agriculture
• Uses in generation of electricity
• In industries
• In manufacturing of chemicals
• In medicine and laboratory
 Water of crystallization/ Water of hydration

• Water of crystallization are water molecules that are present inside

crystals, and are not directly bounded to the metal cation.
OR
• It is a fixed number of water molecules, that are in loose combination
with one molecule of salt.
 Hydrated salt

• A salt which contains water

molecules.
e.g., CuSO₄.5H₂O
FeSO₄.5H₂O
• Hydrated substance: Substance having fixed number of water molecules
attached loosely to their one molecule.
• Anhydrous substance: The residue left when a hydrated substance looses its
water of crystallization.
• Deliquescent substance: Some salts having tendency to absorb water from
air and form solution, are called deliquescent substances. This property of
salts is called deliquescence.
• Hygroscopic substance: Substance which have tendency to absorb
water from air but do not change its colour are called as
hygroscopic substance, and the property is called as hygroscopy.
• Efflorescent substance: When a substance in crystal form losses its
water of crystallization on exposure to atmosphere and form
powder substance, is called efflorescent substance, and this
property is called as efflorescence.
 Hard & Soft water

• Soft water: A sample of ground water which freely lathers with

soap solution are called as soft water.
• Hard water: A sample of ground water which form sticky scum/
precipitates is called hard water. Hard water is of two type:
Temporary & permanent.
• Temporary hard water: A sample of ground water which ordinarily
forms scum with soap solution, but on boiling and then treating with soap
solution forms a scum, is called as temporary hard water.
• Cause: Ca(HCO₃)₂, Mg(HCO ₃)₂ in ground water.
• Formation in nature: When rain water reacts with CO₂ in atmosphere
and flows through the surface of rocks containing CaCO₃ and MgCO₃.
• Treatment: When boiled, precipitates of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ form which
are then removed by filtration.
• Permanent hard water: A sample of ground water which even on
boiling & then treating with soap solution does not lather but forms a scum.
• Cause: It is form when water flows over the surface of earth containing
minerals.
e.g., CaCl₂, CaSO₄, MgCl₂, MgSO₄.
• Treatment: When washing soda (Na₂CO₃) reacts with chlorine or sulphate
of calcium and magnesium, it forms its insoluble carbonates, which is then
filtered out and the remaining water becomes soft.
• Disadvantage of hard water:
- Unfit for drinking, washing clothes/ bathing.
- Unfit for raising steam in boilers.
- Unfit for dyeing clothes.
 Solution

• It is a product of solute and solvent.

• When a solid disappear in water, the solid is said to be dissolved
and the product so obtained is called solution.
• Dissolution: It is a process of disappearance of solid in water.
 Properties of a solution
• Clear and transparent.
• Cannot be seen under microscope.
• Easily pass through filter paper.
• Homogeneous in nature.
• Particles of solute do not settle down.
• Solutes can be easily recovered by applying physical methods.
 Terms used in study of solution

• Solution
• Solvent
• Solute
• Concentration of solution
• Dilute solution
• Concentrated solution
• Saturated solution
 Factors which influence the rate of
dissolution of solute in solution
• Size of particle of solute
• Agitation
• Temperature
 Solubility of a solute

•  
•  
To determine solubility of a solute at room temperature