Aircraft Core Course Composites Unit2 Concept Stress Strain Constitutive Equations

AE 504 Composite Materials and Structures Alliance University
AE 504 Composite Materials &

Structures
Unit 2 –Concept of Stress-Strain and
Constitutive Relations
By
Dr. Ramprasad Srinivasan

Professor and Head of Department, Aerospace Engineering
Alliance University
July 2021
© Ramprasad Srinivasan
Composite Materials & Structures
Module 2 Concept of Stress – Strain – Constitutive Relations

• Chapter Objectives
• Concept of Stress at a Point
• Equilibrium of Forces
• Stress Boundary Conditions
• Principal Planes and Principal Stresses
• Transformation of stress between two Coordinate Systems
• Definitions of Hydrostatic, Deviatoric and Von-Mises
Stresses
• Concept of Plane of Material Failure
• Concept of Strain
• Constitutive Relations –Overview
• Constitutive Relations –Anisotropic, Monoclinic,
Orthotropic, and Isotropic Materials
© Ramprasad Srinivasan 2
Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina
Module 2 Preliminaries
Concept of Stress, Strain and Review
of Elasticity Concepts
Chapter Objectives
• Introduce the concept of Stress and Strain

• Understand the concept of Principal Stress, Hydrostatic Stress,
Deviatoric Stress, Von-Mises Stress
• Understand the Concept of Stress Boundary Conditions
• Understand the Equations of Elasticity
• Equilibrium Equations
• Strain Displacement Equations
• Constitutive Equations
• Strain Displacement Relations in Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
• Constitutive Equations for Anisotropic, Manoclinic, Orthotropic and
Isotropic Materials
• Introduce Plane stress and Plane strain and its application
Concept of Stress State of Stress at a Point

Less Number of people arms of
people shall experience high
stress
Stress May be thought of load
divided over some number of things
supporting the load
Imaginary Plane
Concept of Stress State of Stress at a Point
Force distribution
on a Patch
Resultant Force On a
Patch with Distribution DA
As before we can represent a system of forces by its resultant

DF
Technical definition stress
DA
Note Stress do
not depend on
Limiting Value of this Ratio is called Stress. Material
Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point
• Limiting Value of this Ratio provides a measure of the direction and

intensity of the loading exerted at a point
• The Area required to achieve this limit shall in general be different in

different locations of the structures
• It depends upon the geometry, Loading and boundary conditions.
Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point – Remark about Failure
Principal reason to study stress is to predict when things shall

break or suffer damage due to loading.
Two Basic Methods for breaking an object into two pieces
We can pull it apart or crush it by pushing rather than

pulling. This Corresponds to Loading normal to surface
We can slide it apart. This corresponds to

loading tangential to the failure surface
Concept of Stress-General Case

Need to consider both normal and tangential
components of the loading on a surface in order to
assess impact.
Normal Component: Scalar Product of
Force with n (unit normal vector)
Tangential Component: Scalar Product
of Force with s (unit tangential vector)
Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point
General cut
Material shall probably experience stresses in all possible direction
If the stress exceeds the material on

one of these cuts it , then it could fail
Normal and shear stress change directions
As Engineers we need to be able to assess the stress along any path.

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point
Consider a arbitrary body with some set of loads

Make 3 Orthogonal cuts at any point on the body and examine
the stresses three orthogonal planes.
Tx is called the Traction vector. X refers to the plane we used to

make the cut.
Remember Tx is the traction on the small grey patch of the

material and not on the entire cut.
Second Cut Parallel to Y axis
Second Cut Parallel to Y axis

Orthogonal Cut Parallel to Y and Z axis required.

Orthogonal Cut Parallel to Y and Z axis required.
Concept of Stress - Description of State of Equilibrium of Forces
Force Equilibrium: SF= 0
Moment Equilibrium: SM=0
 xz =  zx ;  yz =  zy ;  xy =  yx
Stress is a sufficiently complex
animal
Scalar- Example- Temperature – 1 Component

Vector- Example Force- 3 components
Tensor- Example Stress/Strain –six components
to describe it.
Concept of Stress – General Questions

What about the stress on the Boundary ? Are there stress boundary
conditions?
What plane do I need to determine my stress?
Are there planes on which stresses are maximum?
Are there planes on which only normal stresses are present and no
shear stresses? If so what are the implications?
Are there planes on which only Shear stresses are present and no normal
stresses? If so what are the implications?
Is it possible to determine the plane along which failure shall take

place ?
What about the stress on the Boundary ? Are there stress boundary
conditions?
On Any external surface some components of
stresses (Traction) are known.
If “n” denote the unit normal to the external surface

and “t” denote the traction (force per unit area) on
the surface then the cauchy stress at the surface
must be satisfied
𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝑇𝑥 X-Plane

𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝑇𝑌 Y-Plane
𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 + 𝑛𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 + 𝑛𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑇𝑍 Y-Plane
These are called the stress Boundary conditions.


What plane do I need to determine my stress?
The stress varies with the plane of reference.
On different planes, different magnitude of stresses normal and shear are
acting.
We are usually interested in the magnitude of the Maximum Normal stress
and Maximum shear stress.
Stress Transformation between two coordinate systems
Y
Y’ X’
Z Z’
Y
Y’ X’
Z Z’
Assignment 2– Question No 1
4 0 2
Given the Stress Tensor 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 0 2 0 in the cartesian coordinates system
2 0 3
whose Direction cosines are given by 𝑒1 = 1,0,0 , 𝑒2 = 0,1,0
And 𝑒3 = 0,0,1 , find the stress tensor in the transformed coordinate system
whose direction cosines are given by 𝑒1′ = 1
ൗ 2 , 1ൗ 2 , 0 , 𝑒2 = 1
ൗ 2 , − 1ൗ 2 , 0
and 𝑒3 = 0,0,1

Are there planes on which stresses are maximum?
• Yes. There are planes on which Normal stresses and Shear Stresses
are maximum.
Are there planes on which only normal stresses are present and no
shear stresses? If so what are the implications?
• There are in fact 3 such planes orthogonal to each other on which only
normal stresses act. On these planes Shear stresses are zero.
• The magnitude of these normal stresses are extremal values and
represent Absolute maximum and Absolute Minimum stresses.
• These stresses are called Principal stresses and the planes on which
they act are called principal planes.
Are there planes on which only Shear stresses are present and no
normal stresses? If so what are the implications?
• Yes there are planes on which only shear stresses act and on these
planes the shear stresses are maximum and assume extremal values on
3 orthogonal planes .

Concept of Stress – Principal Stress
❑ At any point we saw that state of
stress is described completely by
the specifications of six stress
components.
❑ We also saw that the stress vector
P
T acting on an arbitrary element of
surface can be found once the
elements of the stress tensor in ❑ In the figure above Stress Vector
the base coordinate system T1, T2 and T3 are shown acting
(usually cartesian system) is normal to the plane x, y, and z
known respectively.

❑ In the figure shown, Stress

Vector T1, T2 and T3 given by the
following vector relation. Stress
tensor ij are in base coordinate
system.
P

❑ At the Point P, we are passing

an arbitrary plane ABC which
has normal n.
❑ To determine the stress vector T
acting on this plane, we consider
P
a tetrahedron with its apex at
point P .
❑ The unknown stress vector T acts on the face ABC located at a small
distance h from point P. (h 0 eventually, Area ABC pass through P)
❑ To determine the stress vector acting on this plane, we consider a
tetrahedron with its apex at point P .

❑ Since the Tetrahedron is in equilibrium, the resultant of all forces acting on it

vanishes thus
: Area of Surface ABC

: Area of Surface PBC P
: Area of Surface PAC

: Area of Surface PAB
f: Body force per unit volume
:Resolving T into cartesian directions
Same as Stress Boundary Condition


❑ To determine principal stresses, we are looking for a plane passing through
the Point P which has only normal stresses and no shear stresses.
❑ Suppose ABC is such a plane.
❑ Then the stress vector on plane

ABC shall be parallel to the
P
outward normal of plane ABC.
❑ Suppose ABC is such a plane. The
Traction vector on this plane is
𝑇𝑖 = 𝜎𝑛𝑖 (1)
❑ But Stress vector is
(2)

❑ Equation 2 can be written as
(3)
❑ Equation 1 can be written as
P
(4)
(3) - (4) Gives
Eigenvalue Problem

❑ Expansion of the determinant of this equation gives a cubic equation, the
roots of which yield the desired eigen values which corresponds to the
three values of principal stresses in increasing order.
❑ The Eigenvectors corresponding to the three eigen values correspond to
the direction cosines of the Principal stresses.
❑ The Eigen values are the principal stresses and the eigen vectors give the
corresponding principal planes.
❑ The principal planes are orthogonal to each other.
Concept of Hydrostatic Stress, Deviatoric Stresses and Vonmises

Stress
❑ We know that the stress tensor at any point is defined by the state of stress
as
❑ The above stress tensor can be split as
Hydrostatic Stress
Concept of Hydrostatic Stress, Deviatoric Stresses and Vonmises

Stress
2𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧
3 Deviatoric Stress
−𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧
3
−𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 2𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑧
3
Concept of Stress- General Questions
Is it possible to determine the plane along which failure shall take place ?
Yes, It is possible. But Not Trivial Dictated by the Failure Theory

To understand Failure due to stress we need to understand the 3 types of
stresses
a) Hydrostatic Stress : is associated with volume change and no
distortion.
b) Deviatoric Stress: is associated with shearing and distortion without
changing its volume
Internal stored energy associated with distortion is many times
more than due to volume change.
c) Von mises Effective stress: Can be regarded as a uniaxial
equivalent to a multi axial stress state. It is used a s failure criteria
for predicting the onset of yielding in Isotropic Materials
Concept of Stress-General Questions

 kk Deviatoric Stress  ijd =  ij −  h ij
Hydrostatic Stress =
3 =
3 d d
Von Mises Effective stress e =  ij  ij
2
Von Mises Effective stress Failure Criteria
According Von Mises Effective stress theory also called as Max Distortional
Energy theory, Failure effective stress is the crit which initiates the predicts
the onset of yielding in a material under multi axial loading.
Hydrostatic and Von Mises stress can also be expressed in terms of principal
stresses
Concept of Stress-Summary
In General From the foregoing discussion it is apparent that the

• The Analyst must have some idea about the physical behavior of the
structure
• Understand the boundary conditions and how the physical motions
and stress act on the boundary.
• Boundary values of tractions in regions of application of loading can
be visualized.
Module 2 Concept of Strain
Concept of Strain
Concept of Strain
Strains are required to be determined for multiple objectives to prevent
excessive deformations
Determination of Stresses in a Body generally requires deformations.
Normal Strain in “x” Direction y
x
Concept of Strain
Normal Strain in “y” Direction
x
Concept of Strain
Normal Strain in “y” Direction
y
Normal Strain in “z” Direction
w
z =
z
Shearing Strain in “xy” Plane
Shearing Strain is the Change in Angle of two lines
segments originally perpendicular to each other x
Concept of Strain
Shearing Strain in “yz” and “xz” Plane
Equilibrium Equations
Assignment Problem Set 2 –Question 2
Module 2: Constitutive Relations -Overview

Some Definitions
What is an isotropic body?
❖ An isotropic material has properties that are the same in all directions.
❖ For example, the Young’s modulus of steel is the same in all directions.
What is a homogeneous body?
❖ A homogeneous body has properties that are the same at all points in
the body. A steel rod is an example of a homogeneous body.
❖ However, if one heats this rod at one end, the temperature at various
points on the rod would be different.
❖ Because Young’s modulus of steel varies with temperature, one no
longer has a homogeneous body.
❖ The body is still isotropic because the properties at a particular point are
still identical in all directions.
Module 2: Constitutive Relations -Overview

Some Definitions
Module 2 Two Dimensional State of Stresses
State of Stress in 2D –Plane Stress

Validity of Plane Stress Assumption
❖ The Plate is Thin, Prismatic and having a
small thickness
❖ There are no out of plane loads.
❖ The top and bottom surface is free from

External Loads and hence the following
stress components are zero
𝜎𝑧 = 0; 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =0; 𝜏𝑦𝑧 =0;
Also the Normal strain 𝜀𝑧 is not zero. It depends upon the strains in ‘x’ and ‘y’
directions
Consequently The Equilibrium Equations Becomes
Equilibrium Equations for Plane Stress

Transform the above Equilibrium Equation in Polar Coordinates
Clue: Use Transformation for polar Coordinates:
x=rcos(q); y=rsin(q)
State of Stress in 2D –Plane Strain

❖ Plane strain is a two-dimensional state of strain
in which all the shape changes of a material
happen on a single plane.
❖ Plane strain is applicable to forging, where
deformation in a particular direction is
constrained by the die wall.
❖ This is valid if the length dimension is very large
𝜖𝑧 = 0; 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 0; 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0; 𝜎𝑧 ≠ 0
compared to the cross sectional dimensions
Constitutive Relations –Hooke’s Law
Module 2 Constitutive Relations –Hooke’s Law
Elasticity of Isotropic Materials

➢ Three equilibrium equations are insufficient for defining all six stress
components at a point.
➢ For a body that is linearly elastic and has small deformations, stresses and
strains at a point are related through six simultaneous linear equations
called Hooke’s law.
➢ Note that 15 unknown parameters are at a point: six stresses, six strains,
➢ and three displacements.
➢ Combined with six simultaneous linear equations of Hooke’s law, six strain-
displacement relations are needed to fully determine all the 15 quantities.
➢ Because strain-displacement and equilibrium equations are differential
equations, they are subject to knowing boundary conditions for complete
solutions.

➢ Start with the simplest case of an isotropic material that is loaded by all
possible components of stress and we want to know the resulting strains.
➢ Also let's ignore thermal expansion strains for the time being.
➢ There are six components of stress producing six components of strain,
therefore we need a six by six matrix
➢ For small strains, and elastic materials the contributions of the separate
components of stress will superimpose.
➢ So let's consider the case of only x applied and all the other components
of strain are zero
❖ For a linear isotropic material in a three-dimensional stress state, the

Hooke’s law stress–strain relationships at a point in an x–y–z orthogonal
system in matrix form are
❖ For a linear isotropic material in a three-dimensional stress state, the

Hooke’s law stress–strain relationships at a point in an x–y–z orthogonal
system in matrix form are
(1)
Compliance Matrix
𝜀 = 𝑆 𝜎

Inverting the Compliance Matrix, we get the Stiffness Matrix
(2)
Stiffness Matrix
𝜎 = 𝐶 𝜀
Isotropic Materials have only two Constants to define the Material Properties

Example 1 State of Stress in a Bar
Consider a bar of cross-section A and length L (Figure 2.10). A uniform tensile

load P is applied to the two ends of the rod; find the state of stress and strain,
and strain energy per unit volume of the body. Assume that the rod is made
of a homogeneous isotropic material of Young’s modulus, E.

Example 1 State of Stress in a Bar
❖ If the circular rod is made of an isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly
elastic material, then the stress–strain at any point is related as
Hooke’s Law of Different types of Materials
❖ The stress–strain relationship for a general material that is not linearly

elastic and isotropic is more complicated.
❖ Assuming linear and elastic behavior for a composite is acceptable;
however, assuming it to be isotropic is generally unacceptable.
❖ Thus, the stress–strain relationships follow Hooke’s law, but the constants
relating stress and strain are more in number than in isotropic case.
Elasticity of Generally Anisotropic Materials

❖ The most general stress–strain relationship is given as follows for a three-
dimensional body in a 1–2–3 orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system:
(3)

❑ Inverting the stiffness matrix, the general strain–stress relationship for a three
dimensional body in a 1–2–3 orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system
(4)

For Isotropic materials we have
For all other Sij=0
It can be shown that the 36 constants in Equation (3 & 4) actually reduce to

21 constants due to the symmetry of the stiffness matrix [C] as follows.

In Contracted Notation we have
Elasticity of Anisotropic Materials
❖ The material that has 21 independent elastic constants at a point is called

an anisotropic material.
❖ Once these constants are found for a particular point, the stress and strain
relationship can be developed at that point.
❖ These constants can vary from point to point if the material is
nonhomogeneous.
❖ Even if the material is homogeneous (or assumed to be), one needs to find
these 21 elastic constants analytically or experimentally.
❖ However, many natural and synthetic materials do possess material
symmetry — that is, elastic properties are identical in directions of symmetry
because symmetry is present in the internal structure.

❖ This symmetry reduces the number of the independent elastic
constants by zeroing out or relating some of the constants within the
6 × 6 stiffness [C] and 6 × 6 compliance [S] matrices.
❖ This simplifies the Hooke’s law relationships for various types of
elastic symmetry.
❑ These constants can vary from point to
point if the material is nonhomogeneous.
❑ Even if the material is homogeneous (or
assumed to be), one needs to find these
21 elastic constants analytically or
experimentally
❖ Many natural and synthetic materials do possess material symmetry — that is,
elastic properties are identical in directions of symmetry because symmetry is
present in the internal structure.
❖ This symmetry reduces the number of the independent elastic constants by
zeroing out or relating some of the constants within the 6 × 6 stiffness [C] and 6
× 6 compliance [S] matrices.
❖ This simplifies the Hooke’s law relationships for various types of elastic
symmetry.
Elasticity of Anisotropic Materials- Monoclinic Material

❖ Direction 3 is Normal to a Plane of Symmetry Symmetry of Stiffness Matrix
❖ the stiffness matrix reduces to
Due to 1 Plane of Material Symmetry
❖ The direction perpendicular to the plane of symmetry is called the principal

direction.
❖ There are 13 independent elastic

constants for a monoclinic material.
❖ Feldspar is an example of a monoclinic
material.
Elasticity of Anisotropic (Monoclinic) Materials
The compliance matrix correspondingly reduces to

Monoclinic Material
❖ The cube will deform in all directions as determined by the normal strain
equations.
❖ The shear strains in the 2–3 and 3–1 plane are zero, showing that the
element will not change shape in those planes.
❖ It will change shape in the 1–2 plane.
Elements of Compliance Matrix in terms of Engineering Constants

1 𝜗21 𝜗31 𝜗61
− − 0 0
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐺12
𝜗12 1 𝜗32 𝜗62
− − 0 0
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐺12
𝜗13 𝜗23 1 𝜗63
− − 0 0
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐺12
𝑆 =
1 𝜗54
0
0 0 0 𝐺23 𝐺13
0 0 0 𝜗45 1
𝜗16 𝜗26 𝜗36 0
𝐺23 𝐺13
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 1
0 0
𝐺12
You can see that the compliance Matrix consists of 13 Engineering Constants
Elasticity of Orthotropic Materials

❖ Orthotropic material has three mutually perpendicular planes of
material symmetry, then the stiffness matrix is given by
❖ The preceding stiffness matrix can be derived by starting from the

stiffness matrix [C] for the monoclinic material. With two more planes of
symmetry, it gives
❑ Two mutually perpendicular planes of material symmetry also imply three

mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry.
❑ The Orthotropic Material has Nine Constants.
❑ Three mutually perpendicular planes of material symmetry also imply
❑ three mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry.
Inverting the stiffness matrix we get the compliance matrix as
❖ To Understand the meaning of elastic symmetry for an orthotropic

material, consider a cubic element (Figure 2.14) taken out of the
orthotropic material, where 1, 2, and 3 are the principal directions or 1–
2, 2–3, and 3–1 are the three mutually orthogonal planes of symmetry.

❑ Apply a normal stress, x, to the element. Then, using the Hooke’s
law the compliance matrix for the orthotropic material, one gets
❖ The cube will deform in all directions as determined by the

normal strain
❖ equations. However, the shear strains in all three planes (1–2,
2–3, and 3–1)
❖ are zero, showing that the element will not change shape in
those planes.
❖ Thus, the cube will not deform in shape under any normal load applied in the
principal directions.
❖ This is unlike the monoclinic material, in which two out of the six faces of the cube
changed shape.
❖ A cube made of isotropic material would not change its shape either; however, the
normal strains, ε1 and ε2, will be different in an orthotropic material and identical in
an isotropic material.

Derive the Compliance and the Stiffness Matrix for an orthotropic Material in
terms of Engineering Constants

Transversely Isotropic Material
• A Transverse Isotropic Material has Three
Planes of Material Symmetry
• In one of the Planes of Material Symmetric, It
behaves like a isotropic material.
• An Example of Transversely Isotropic Material
is the fiber reinforced Composite with
continuously aligned fibers in the x direction.
• The number of Elastic Constants reduces to 5

Compliance Matrix for Transversely Isotropic Material
In terms of Engineering Constants
Stiffness Matrix for Transversely Isotropic Material
Examples
➢ Thin unidirectional lamina in which the fibers are arranged in a square
array or Hexagonal Array.
➢ Elastic properties in the two directions perpendicular to the fibers
Isotropic Material
• For Isotropic Material Every Plane is a Plane of symmetry.
• As an Example a composite containing a large number of randomly
oriented fibers behave in an isotropic manner.
• The coordinate system can be chosen arbitrarily.
• Because of material symmetry the following relations are true.
Only Two Engineering Constants
Compliance Matrix For Isotropic Materials
Non-Zero Engineering Constants
Stiffness Matrix For Isotropic Materials
❑ Isotropy results in the following additional relationships:
❑ Examples of isotropic bodies include steel, iron, and aluminum.
Stiffness Coefficient Relations For Isotropic Materials

Relating the stress strain equation Stiffness coefficient shows that
Note That

Summary Compliance Matrices for Different Types of Materials
Manoclinic Transversely Isotropic
Orthotropic Isotropic
Non Zero Engineering Constants For Different Materials
Assignment Problem Set 2 –Question No 5
Note Pay attention to the use of appropriate and consistent units for your calculation

Solution of an Elasticity Problem
Six equations
from Stress
Strain Hooke’s
Law
Six Strain
Displacement
Equations
Three Equilibrium
Equations – Involves 6
Stress Components
Thank you

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AE 504 Composite Materials and Structures Alliance University

AE 504 Composite Materials &

Dr. Ramprasad Srinivasan

Composite Materials & Structures

Module 2 Concept of Stress – Strain – Constitutive Relations

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

• Introduce the concept of Stress and Strain

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress State of Stress at a Point

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress State of Stress at a Point

As before we can represent a system of forces by its resultant

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point

• Limiting Value of this Ratio provides a measure of the direction and

• The Area required to achieve this limit shall in general be different in

• It depends upon the geometry, Loading and boundary conditions.

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point – Remark about Failure

Principal reason to study stress is to predict when things shall

We can pull it apart or crush it by pushing rather than

We can slide it apart. This corresponds to

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress-General Case

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress-State of Stress at a Point

Material shall probably experience stresses in all possible direction

If the stress exceeds the material on

Normal and shear stress change directions

As Engineers we need to be able to assess the stress along any path.

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point

Consider a arbitrary body with some set of loads

Tx is called the Traction vector. X refers to the plane we used to

Remember Tx is the traction on the small grey patch of the

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point

Second Cut Parallel to Y axis

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point

Second Cut Parallel to Y axis

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - General Description of State of Stress at a Point

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress - Description of State of Equilibrium of Forces

Force Equilibrium: SF= 0

Moment Equilibrium: SM=0

Scalar- Example- Temperature – 1 Component

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress – General Questions

What plane do I need to determine my stress?

Are there planes on which stresses are maximum?

Is it possible to determine the plane along which failure shall take

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress – General Questions

If “n” denote the unit normal to the external surface

𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝑇𝑥 X-Plane

𝑛𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 + 𝑛𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧 + 𝑛𝑧 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑇𝑍 Y-Plane

These are called the stress Boundary conditions.

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Concept of Stress – General Questions

Module 2 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina