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Green building rating system: The need of material resources criteria in green
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 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICEST 2011)

Green Building Rating System: The need of Material Resources Criteria in Green
Building Assessment

Retno Rahardjati Dr. Mohd. Faris Khamidi

MSc Student: Civil Engineering Department Lecturer: Civil Engineering Department
Univeristi Teknologi PETRONAS Univeristi Teknologi PETRONAS
Tronoh, Malaysia Tronoh, Malaysia
e-mail: retno_rahardjati@ymail.com e-mail: mfaris_khamidi@petronas.com.my

AP. Dr. Arazi Idrus

Associate Professor: Civil Engineering Department
Univeristi Teknologi PETRONAS
Tronoh, Malaysia
e-mail: arazi_idrus@petronas.com.my

Abstract—Buildings account for two-fifths of its material,
where it causes’ water, air pollution, and degrades the land in
the world. While, materials are the substance of economic life
in industrial sector, which have resource inputs and product
outputs of industrial production. To mitigate the impact,
International Council of Research and Innovation in Building
and Construction (CIB) identified green building towards
achieving sustainability. This led to the issue on how to assess
the building life cycle. Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is the first
Green Building Rating System that introduce in 1990. Green
Building Index (GBI) from Malaysia and Greenship from
Indonesia are the two recent ones, introduced in 2009 and 2010
respectively. GBRS evaluates the performances of the building,
give an award points, through each criteria, and sub criteria.
This paper identifies GBI and Greenship in how they
evaluating building materials component as one of the criteria.
Finally, it was found that both, in some point, have different
assessment to evaluate building in terms of their building
materials.
Keywords- building material; green building rating system;
GBI; Greenship
I. INTRODUCTION
Buildings have a significant and continuously increasing
impact on the environment since they are responsible for a
large portion of carbon emissions and use a considerable
number of resources [1,2]. Buildings account for one-sixth of
the world’s fresh water withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood
harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows [3].
The extraction of building materials such as wood, steel, and
cement causes water, air pollution, and degrades the land on
which people live and play (1).
At the same time, building materials are the substance of
economic life in industrial sector [4]. Therefore, it acquires
concern on how to select the right building material,
because the choice of materials is likely to affect the
building’s energy need for the material part. It is suggested
that increasing the emphasis on wood as building material
could have significant implications for global energy
requirements and global carbon dioxide emissions. Studies
of Dutch residential construction revealed that an increase in
wood use could reduce CO2 emissions by almost 50%
compared with traditional Dutch construction [5].
The International Council of Research and Innovation in
Building and Construction (CIB) working commissions
identified several recommendations towards achieving
sustainable building [6, 7]. One of them is to develop green
building [7]. The definition of a green is close by including
a description of a high-performance building.
A green building is one that reduces the negative human
impacts on the natural surroundings, materials, assets, and
promotes a procedure that prevail nature [8]. Green building
provides financial benefits that conventional buildings do
not, includes cost savings from reduced energy, water and
waste, lower procedure, maintenance costs, improved
occupants productivity, and health [9]. Careful selection of
environmentally sustainable building materials is the easiest
way to begin incorporating sustainable design principles in
buildings [10]. This matter led to the issue on how to assess
the building performance into green.
Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) is a design
checklist and credit rating calculators developed to assist
designers in identifying design criteria and documenting
proposed design performance. GBRS being developed to
provide rating points in order to identify the building meets
criteria needs, and to demonstrate the building design is
green or not [11]. Through each criteria and sub criteria,
GBRS evaluates the performances of the building and give
rating award. Achieving points in these targeted areas will
mean the building will likely be more environmentally
friendly than those that do not address the issues [12].
The Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the UK

978-1-4244-9261-9/11/$26.00 C 2011 IEEE V2-148

 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICEST 2011)

introduced the first scheme in 1990, the Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
(BREEAM) for office buildings. Later, Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) from U.S came
into the mainstream in the late 1990s [12]. Green Building
Index (GBI) from Malaysia and Greenship from Indonesia
are the two recent ones, introduced in 2009 and 2010
respectively.
II. AIM OF STUDY
As the manufacturers of building and users of
construction materials constantly work to develop products
that can obtained green status, each of GBRS has their own
measurement to certify a building [11]. This paper identifies
GBI and Greenship in how they do evaluating, recycling and
regulation of building materials appropriately, since some
green building materials rely on new technology; others
reinvigorate centuries-old methods [10].
III. STRUCTURE OF GREEN BUILDING ASSESSMENT
A. Green Building Index
In Malaysia, the Green Building Index was officially
launched on 21 May 2009. It is a benchmarking rating
system incorporates internationally recognized best
practices in environmental design and performance. The
GBI provided an assessable differentiation to promote
environmentally friendly buildings for the future of
Malaysia. The first GBI rating is for Non-Residential New
Construction building [14]. The GBI Non-Residential
Rating tool evaluates the sustainable aspects of buildings
that are commercial, institutional and industrial in nature
[15]. Buildings will be awarded the GBI rating based on
six criteria: Energy efficiency; Indoor environmental quality;
sustainable site planning and management; Material and
resources; water efficiency and innovation.
TABLE I. GBI CRITERIA AND SCORING FOR NON RESIDENTIAL-NEW
CONSTRUCTION BUILDING
Criteria GBI
ratings. The rating award for New Construction-Non
Residential building shows in Table II.
TABLE II. GBI TOTAL SCORES AND RATING AWARD FOR NON
RESIDENTIAL-NEW CONSTRRUCTION BUILDING
TOTAL RATING
SCORE AWARD
≥86 Platinum
Ratings
76-85 Gold
Award
66-75 Silver
50-65 Certified
Based on Table I, “material” criterion hold 11 over 100
point. Materials reuse sub criteria highlighted that, if reused
products/materials constitutes ≥ 2% of the projects total
material cost value; the building will have 1 point. While, if
reused product/materials constitute ≥ 5% of the projects
total material cost value, the building will obtain 2 points,
but the max point for material reuse and selection is 3 points.
Means, non-residential new construction building in
Malaysia will be more have a value if they have reused
products/materials constitutes ≥ 5percentage of the projects
total material cost value. For ‘Regional Material’ sub
criteria, if building use building materials or products that
have been extracted, harvested or recovered, as well as
manufactured, within 500km of the project site for > 20%
(based on cost) of the total material value, building will
obtain 1 points. Further details of other sub-criteria are
shown in Table III.
B. Greenship
Greenship is the recent one in GBRS unit in the world,
launched in 17th June 2010. Greenship is divided into six
criteria as following Table:
TABLE III. GREENSHIP CRITERIA AND SCORING FOR NON RESIDENTIAL-
NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING

Energy efficiency 35 Criteria Greenship

Indoor Environmental Quality 21
Sustainable Sites 16
Materials and resources 11 Appropriate site development 17
Water efficiency 10 Energy efficiency and conservation 26
Innovation 7 Water conservation 21
Material resource and cycle 14
TOTAL (%) 100 Indoor health and comfort 10
Building environmental management 13
The total points for all criteria are 100. Buildings are TOTAL (%) 101
rated on a point-scoring format and depending on their score,
can be awarded GBI Platinum, Gold, Silver and Certified

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 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICEST 2011)
Currently GREENSHIP has a rating tool for New
Building (New Building), with total score to achieve for all
criteria is 101 points.
TABLE IV. GREENSHIP TOTAL SCORES AND RATING AWARD FOR NEW
CONSTRUCTION BUILDING
TOTAL RATING
SCORE AWARD
≥80 Platinum
Ratings
60-79 Gold
Award
50-59 Silver
40-49 Certified
Greenship emphasizes all criteria with different points,
and according to total point, building will have their award
as shown in Table V. In Greenship, ‘material resources’
criterion hold 14 over 101 points. Materials reuse sub
criteria highlighted that, if building Reused all
material/products that have been used at least or equal to
10% of total of new material cost ceiling, floor, sills, wall, it
will obtain one points. While, if it reused all material,
which can be used again at least or equal to 20% of total of
new material cost ceiling, floor, sills, and wall it will obtain
2 points. For ‘regional material’, if building materials or
product that have been extracted as well as manufactured
within 1000km of the project site for a minimum of 50%
based on cost of the total materials value, then building will
obtain 1 point. In addition, if the materials are locally,
sourced materials (from Indonesia) and it reaches at least
80% based on cost of the total materials, it will be add
another 1 point for regional material.
IV. CONCLUSION
Green Building Index (GBI) from Malaysia and
Greenship from Indonesia are the two recent ones of GBRS,
introduced in 2009 and 2010 respectively. GBRS evaluates
the performances of the building to be ‘green’, give an award
points, through each criteria, and sub criteria. Development
of GBRS is dynamism and the reason the pioneer of GBRS,
namely, BREEAM have great influences in forms the newer
GBRS in other countries. This explains why a comparison
between the systems at an international level needed.
This paper shows that both systems have different
classification in terms of their criteria, points and rating
award. For material resources criterion, both systems have
their own standard, even tough they have same climate
condition. For example, in Malaysia, building got one point
if it has more than 50% of wood-based materials. In
Indonesia, the building will have two points, if it consists of
30% wood based-materials.
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REFERENCES
[1] M. Montoya, in: Green Building Fundamentals: a practical guide to
understanding and applying fundamental sustainable construction
practices and the (LEED) green building rating system, Pearson
Education publisher (2010).
[2] D. Castro, J.A. Sefair, L. Florez and A.L. Medaglia, in: Optimization
model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based green
building ratings system in Columbia, Journal building and
environment vol. 44 (2009), p. 1162-1170. Available at:
www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv
[3] D.M Roodman and N. Lenssen, A Building Revolution: How
Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction,
Worldwatch Paper 124, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC,
(1995), p. 5.
[4] B. Milani, in: Thesis of Building materials in a green economy:
community-based strategies for dematerialization, Department of
adult education and counseling psychology and the institute for
environmental studies, University Toronto (2005).
[5] C. Thomark, in: Energy and resources, material choice and recycling
potential in low energy buildings, Proc. of Portugal SB07, Sustainable
Construction, Materials and Practices. IOS Press, (2007), p. 759-766.
[6] R. Fellows, A. Liu, in: Impact of Participants Values on Construction
Sustainability, Proceed. Inst. of Civil Engineers. Engineering
Sustainability 161, (2008), p. 219-227.
[7] C.A. Boyle, in: Sustainable Buildings, Proceed. Inst. of Civil
Engineering. Engineering Sustainability 158, (2005), p. 41-48.
[8] ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air
Conditioning Engineers, in: ASHRAE Green Guide: The Design,
Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings, Elsevier, USA,
(2006).
[9] Green Building Basics, on
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Basics.htm#Energy
[10] J.J.Kim, in: Sustainable Architecture Module: Qualities, Use, and
Examples of Sustainable Building Materials, edited by: J.graves,
Project Intern; College of Architecture and Urban Planning. The
University of Michigan (1998). Available at :
http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/A
RCHsbmIntro.pdf
[11] T.E. Glavinich, Contractors Guide to Green Building Construction:
Management Project delivery, Documentation, and Risk reduction,
John Wiley&Sons Publisher, Canada, (2008).
[12] K. Gowri, Green Building Rating System: An Overview”, Journal of
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning
Engineers, ASHRAE Publisher, November (2004), p.56-59.
[13] Green Building Rating Tools, World Green Building Council. on:
http://www.worldgbc.org/green-building-councils/green-building-
rating-tools
[14] Green Building Index, What is The Green Building Index?, on:
http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/index.html
[15] Green Building Index, The GBI Rating Tools, on:
http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/how-GBI-works2.html
 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICEST 2011)

DETAIL MAX. DETAIL MAX.

ITEM ITEM
POINT POINT POINT POINT

REUSED AND RECYCLED MATERIALS FUNDAMENTAL REFRIGERANT

M MR
Building and Material Reuse
R1 MATERIALS REUSE AND SELECTION C1
Where reused products/materials constitutes >2% of Reused all material/products that have been used at
the project’s total material cost value, OR 1 least or equal to 10% of all total of new material cost 1
ceiling, floor, sills, wall, OR
2 2
Reused all material, which can be used again at least or
Where reused products/materials constitutes >5% of 2 equal to 20% of total of new material cost ceiling, 2
the project’s total material cost value floor, sills, and wall.
M MR
RECYCLED CONTENT MATERIALS Environmentally Process Product
R2 C2
Where use of materials with recycled content is such
that the sum of post-consumer recycled plus one- Use of ISO 1400- material composition, and/or other
half of the pre-consumer content constitutes ≥10% 1 certificate equal to or at least 30% from all total 1
(based on cost) of the total value of the materials in material cost.
the project , OR
2
Where use of materials with recycled content is such
that the sum of post-consumer recycled plus one- Use the material with recycled content equal to or at 3
half of the pre-consumer content constitutes at least 2 least 5% from total value of material cost value. 1
30% (based on cost) of the total value of the
materials in the project.
Use a material that can be recycles /reuse/ (renewable
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES material), at least or equal to 2% from total material 1
cost value.
M MR
Certified Wood
R3 REGIONAL MATERIALS C4
Use building materials or products that have been Use of wood-based materials, which is legally
extracted, harvested or recovered, as well as certificating from Government regulation called FAKO
1 1 1
manufactured, within 500km of the project site for > (Faktur Angkatan Kayu Olahan), and free from illegal
20% (based on cost) of the total material value. logging at 100% of total wood materials used.
2
Use minimum of 30% (bsed on cost) of wood-based
materials and products that are certified in accordance
1
M with the Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia (LEI) or Forest
R4 SUSTAINABLE TIMBER Stewardship Council (FSC) principal.
Where > 50% of wood-based materials and products
1 1
used are certified
MR
Modular Design
WASTE MANAGEMENT C5
A design which is used modular material or pra-
M fabricant (not include the equipment), at least 30% 3
R5 STORAGE & COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES from total material value cost. 3
During Construction, provide dedicated area/s and
storage for collection of non-hazardous materials for MR
1 1 Regional Material
recycling, and During Building Occupancy, provide C6
permanent recycle bins.
Use building materials or product that have been
extracted as well as manufactured within 1000km of
1
M the project site for a minimum of 50% based on cost of
R6 CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT the total materials value. 2
If the materials are locally, sourced materials (from
Recycle and/or salvage > 50% volume of non- 1 Indonesia) and it reach at least 80% based on cost of 1
hazardous construction debris, OR 2 the total materials.
Recycle and/or salvage > 75% volume of non-
2
hazardous construction debris.
GREEN PRODUCTS
Use zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP)
M MR
products: non-CFC and non-HCFC 1 Non ODS Usage
R7 C3
refrigerants/clean agents;
2
Use non-synthetic (natural refrigerants/clean agents)
Not using corrosive ozone to the whole building
with zero ODP and negligible Global Warming 1 2 2
system, Use non-syntactic
potential
TOTAL POINT 11 TOTAL POINT 14

TABLE V. THE C OMPONENT OF BUILDING MATERIALS IN GBI AND GREENSHIP (PAGE 4)

V2-151

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