Gamma Camera

June 2002
Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera

allows evaluation of almost every organ system. In
Scope of this Product Comparison addition to producing a conventional planar image (a
two-dimensional image of the three-dimensional ra-
This Product Comparison covers single-detector
diopharmaceutical distribution within a patient’s
and multidetector stationary and mobile gamma
body), most stationary gamma camera systems can
cameras (formerly called Anger or scintillation
also produce whole-body images (single head-to-toe
cameras). Most of the systems listed are capable
skeletal profiles) and tomographic images (cross-sec-
of single photon emission computed tomography
tional slices of the body acquired at various angles
(SPECT), also called single photon emission to-
around the patient and displayed as a computer-recon-
mography, and some are capable of dual-head
structed image).
coincidence imaging with F-18 fluorodeoxyglu-
cose (FDG), a radiopharmaceutical used in posi-
tron emission tomography (PET) imaging. For SPECT is most commonly used for whole-body bone
more information on PET, see the Product Com- imaging, brain perfusion studies, and cardiac imaging;
parison titled SCANNING SYSTEMS, POSITRON 30% of SPECT procedures are cardiac studies. Through
EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY.
sequential image acquisition, the gamma camera can
image blood flow to various organs, including the brain,
UMDNS information
This Product Comparison covers the following
device terms and product codes as listed in ECRI’s
Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System™
(UMDNS™):
• Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Mobile
[16-891]
• Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Planar
Imaging [16-892]
• Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Single
Photon Emission Tomography [18-444]
Purpose
Gamma cameras are used to produce images of the
radiation generated by radiopharmaceuticals within a
patient’s body in order to examine organ anatomy and
function and to visualize bone abnormalities. The wide
variety of radiopharmaceuticals and procedures used Dual-head stationary gamma camera
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Healthcare Product Comparison System
lungs, liver, kidneys, and bones. It also helps physi- passes over the patient or a patient table that moves
cians detect and identify lesions, such as cysts, tumors, beneath a stationary detector. SPECT systems require
hematomas, and infarcted tissue, as well as areas of a mechanical gantry to support and rotate the camera
altered osteogenesis and abnormalities of the cortex head and collimators in a circular, body-contour, or
and white matter. In addition, the gamma camera can elliptical orbit. Noncircular orbits allow the camera
work in tandem with a computer to evaluate cardiac head to be closer to the body, thereby improving spatial
function and perfusion — for example, SPECT gamma resolution.
cameras can perform myocardial perfusion imaging
Two energy-matter interactions are important to
with thallium-201 and technetium-99m. SPECT is
conventional gamma camera imaging: the photoelec-
also used to detect femoral head avascular necrosis,
tric effect and Compton scattering. In photoelectric
knee osteoarthritis, metastatic liver disease, temporo-
interactions, an incident (incoming) photon with
mandibular joint abnormalities, and deep-seated
slightly more energy than the binding energy of a
small hemangiomas, as well as to assess bone metabo-
k-shell electron encounters one of these electrons and
lism in hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Such
ejects it from its orbit; because all its energy is im-
techniques reduce the need for interventional radiog-
parted to the orbital electron, the photon disappears
raphy, thereby circumventing its associated morbid-
in the vicinity of the nucleus. The ejected photoelec-
ity. Brain SPECT is being used in the prognosis of
tron possesses kinetic energy equal to the energy from
strokes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
the incident photon minus the energy required to eject
dementia complex, psychiatric diseases, and Parkin-
the electron from its orbit. The resultant vacancy in
son’s disease. One study indicates that FDG-SPECT is
the k-shell is filled by an l- or m-shell electron, which
as effective as PET in detecting myocardial viability
gives up energy in the form of an x-ray photon. The
and diagnosing certain malignant tumors (Martin et
energy of radiation produced by the movement of elec-
al. 1995).
trons within an atom is characteristic of each element
Coincidence imaging is useful for certain neurologic, and is therefore called characteristic radiation.
oncologic, and cardiac applications. FDG tomography
Compton scattering results from a collision between
performed in coincidence mode has been shown to be
a high-energy incident photon and a loosely held outer-
successful in detecting occult primary tumors in head
shell electron. The incident photon transfers some of
and neck carcinoma and useful in guiding endoscopic
its energy to the electron, which is ejected from its orbit
biopsies (see Périé et al. 2000).
by the collision. Because incident photons cannot
Mobile gamma camera images facilitate the assess- transfer all their energy to the orbiting electron,
ment of cardiac function and perfusion in patients with Compton scattering always produces an ion pair — a
impending myocardial infarction (MI), as well as in positive ion and the ejected negative electron (called a
those who have suffered acute MI. Bedside evaluation recoil electron) — and always results in the formation
of these and other critically ill patients greatly reduces of a scatter photon. An incident photon frequently
the need to transport them by stretcher to a stationary initiates a chain of Compton reactions and photoelec-
gamma camera system. tric absorption events, which result in the sequential
degradation of photon energy.
Principles of operation Because gamma photons cannot be bent using
lenses, as light can, a collimator is used to selectively
The gamma camera detects and counts photons
absorb unwanted radiation; only photons traveling
emanating from a target organ and maps individual
along the desired path are allowed to pass through to
scintillation events in a spatial configuration that cre-
the detector. The collimator is usually made of a
ates an image of the organ. Static images display data
heavy-metal absorber such as lead, with some tung-
acquired at a specific point during an exam, and dy-
sten or platinum parts. The basic types used in con-
namic images display a change in data measurements
ventional gamma camera imaging are pinhole,
over time. A gamma camera system is composed of a
parallel-hole, diverging, and converging collimators.
collimator, a thallium-activated sodium iodide
(NaI[Tl]) crystal detector, photomultiplier tubes The pinhole collimator, which works much like a
(PMTs), electronic circuitry to determine the location pinhole camera, is a lead cone with a small aperture
and magnitude of scintillation events, an imaging com- at the tip. Gamma rays passing through the pinhole
puter, and an operator console. An integral computer produce an inverted image that can be magnified or
and/or a separate image acquisition, processing, and minified, depending on the length of the cone and the
display workstation is also used. Whole-body imaging distance of the organ from the aperture. Pinhole colli-
requires either a track-mounted movable detector that mators are best suited for magnification imaging of
2 ©2002 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited.
Cameras, Gamma
small, thin structures, such as the thyroid. Most have seven-pinhole, rotating slant-hole, fan beam, and
a removable aperture insert that allows changes in coded-aperture collimators, are also available; most
aperture size; a smaller aperture produces sharper are used primarily for tomographic cardiac imaging.
images but also reduces sensitivity and increases im-
The collimator projects radiation from the organ to be
aging time.
imaged onto the NaI(Tl) crystal, which converts incom-
The parallel-hole collimator, the most widely used, ing gamma ray photons into visible light energy. The
is a disk-shaped piece of lead up to a few inches thick scintillation process involves a series of Compton colli-
containing many parallel holes perpendicular to the sions in the NaI(Tl) crystal, each producing a scattered
collimator surface. The projected image is the same photon of lesser energy and a Compton recoil electron
size as the source distribution onto the detector. that excites the NaI(Tl) electrons in its path and causes
Gamma rays leaving the organ almost perpendicular them to scintillate (produce a flash of light) at an inten-
to the collimator face pass through to the detector; all sity proportional to the energy of the incident photon.
other rays are absorbed by the walls (septa) of the The scattered photon reacts with another crystal atom,
collimator holes. The use of high-energy radionuclides produces another scattered photon and recoil electron,
requires thicker septa to absorb unwanted photons and causes more scintillations until the photons lose
and to keep photons from crossing from one hole to the enough energy to be photoelectrically absorbed. Lower-
next; however, thicker septa are not as efficient be- energy photons undergo fewer interactions before ab-
cause they allow fewer photons to pass. Collimators sorption and produce fewer scintillations.
used specifically with low-energy radionuclides have Because most scintillations occur in the front part
lead foil septa that are only a few tenths of a millimeter of the detector, thin crystals provide better resolution
thick and thus are very fragile. Hole length and diame- by bringing the light flashes closer to the PMTs. How-
ter also affect performance: collimators with long, nar- ever, thin crystals allow more incident photons to pass
row holes provide better resolution but sacrifice through without being absorbed; therefore, the
efficiency. Septal materials with high atomic numbers number of scintillations is reduced. The crystals of
and high density provide the best results. Lead is by most units are 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) thick; however, cam-
far the most popular material because of its cost and eras equipped for coincidence imaging have thicker
availability, although tungsten, tantalum, and gold crystals, typically 15.9 mm (5/8 inch) thick. Crystal
have some limited research applications. For maxi- dimensions range from 25 × 25 cm (10 × 10 inches) to
mum versatility, gamma cameras usually come 52 × 64 cm (20 1/2 × 25 inches). Because sodium iodide
equipped with several parallel-hole collimators, in- (NaI) absorbs water, a hermetically sealed aluminum
cluding a low-energy all-purpose (LEAP) collimator for housing covers the sides and front of the crystal. The
imaging photons of up to 150 keV, as well as low-en- back is sealed by a clear Lucite light pipe or is optically
ergy high-resolution (LEHR) and medium-energy all- coupled directly to the face of the PMTs.
purpose (MEAP) collimators for imaging photons of up
to 1 MeV. The light pulse created by the incident photon is
converted into an electrical signal of quantifiable mag-
The diverging collimator has angled holes that di- nitude by the PMT array, which can be composed of 37
verge from a point 40 to 50 cm behind the collimator. to more than 150 PMTs arranged hexagonally (al-
A minified image of source distribution is projected though several manufacturers use rectangular ar-
onto the detector. Particularly useful when imaging rays). Each PMT has a preamplifier, a simple circuit
large organs with a standard field of view detector (e.g., that allows the PMT to be tuned so that each yields the
lung scanning with a portable gamma camera), the same output for a given scintillation intensity, ensur-
diverging collimator effectively increases the diameter ing uniform detector performance throughout the en-
of the detector field of view by approximately one- tire field of view. Several cameras have an automatic
third. tuning option that electronically balances PMT output
from a single control on the operator console.
The converging collimator has angled holes that
converge at a point 40 to 50 cm in front of the collimator. The light photons strike the photocathode in the
The image is magnified but not inverted, provided that PMT and form photoelectrons that are then directed
the organ is between the collimator face and the con- through a series of 10 to 12 dynodes, which boost the
vergence point. At the convergence point, images are signal. The output is sent to a position-encoding cir-
reduced; beyond it, they are magnified but inverted. cuit, which determines the two-dimensional location
Some gamma cameras have a single collimator with a of the scintillation event and encodes this position as
removable center insert that allows both diverging and four signals: x, x-, y, and y-. These signals are com-
converging collimation. Specialty collimators, such as bined to form two signals that are transmitted to a
©2002 ECRI. Duplication of this page by any means for any purpose is prohibited. 3
summation amplifier. All the light pulses viewed by tissue, and brain imaging. Some manufacturers cur-
the PMTs are summed into one pulse, which is trans- rently offer optional 511 keV collimators.
mitted to a pulse height analyzer (PHA) that accepts
only those pulses within a predetermined range of SPECT systems can be configured with one, two, or
energies. Pulses accepted by the PHA are transmitted three camera heads. Single-head gamma camera sys-
to the cathode ray tube (CRT), and the electron gun, tems have one detector mounted on a specialized me-
turned on for a few microseconds, passes a beam chanical gantry that automatically rotates the camera
through deflector plates to be guided to coordinates on 360° around the patient. SPECT systems acquire data
the CRT screen that match the actual scintillation in a series of multiple projections at increments of two
coordinates in the crystal. or more degrees. (In limited-angle systems, the camera
is moved a limited number of times, usually six.) From
the sequence of projection, an image is reconstructed
Mobile gamma cameras
by an algorithm called filtered back projection: after
In mobile gamma cameras, the system components nontarget data is mathematically removed or sup-
are configured in one of two ways. In one configuration, pressed (filtered) for each view, the reconstructed,
the detector and wheeled detector stand are separate three-dimensional image is derived from back projec-
from the data processing console, which is also tion, which composites the multiangled, two-dimen-
mounted on wheels; each component is manually sional views and projects them onto a computer
pushed to the patient’s bedside and interconnected by matrix. The projection data is combined to produce
coaxial or fiberoptic cable. In another configuration, transverse (also called axial or transaxial) slices; sagit-
the detector, detector stand, and data processing con- tal and coronal image slices can also be produced
sole are integrated into a single, motor-driven, through mathematical manipulation of the data.
wheeled unit powered by rechargeable batteries.
SPECT systems with multiple camera heads are
Either a chain drive or a friction wheel mechanism
also available. In a dual-head system, two 180°-op-
delivers power to the system’s wheels. Images stored
posed camera heads are used, and acquisition time is
by these systems can be transferred to a workstation
reduced by half with no loss of sensitivity; a triple-head
via floppy disk or Ethernet connection at a later time.
SPECT system further improves sensitivity (Patton
The principles of operation and image acquisition 2000). Some suppliers also offer variable-angle dual-
for mobile cameras are identical to those for stationary head systems for improved positioning during cardiac,
models. brain, and whole-body imaging. One supplier offers a
triple-head system with the detectors grouped in pairs
SPECT electronically for coincidence imaging. Combining this
configuration with improved signal processing im-
Apart from some basic models and those intended proves sensitivity significantly. Imaging times can be
only for whole-body studies, most stationary and some decreased by using another SPECT configuration — a
mobile gamma cameras can perform SPECT, a nuclear ring of detectors completely surrounding the patient.
medicine technique used to create a three-dimensional
representation of the distribution of an administered
radiopharmaceutical. SPECT cameras detect only ra-
dionuclides that produce a cascaded emission of single
photons; the technology is thus distinguished from
PET, which uses radionuclides that simultaneously
produce two high-energy photons at 180° from each
other. (See the Product Comparison titled SCANNING
SYSTEMS, POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY.)
FDG, a radiopharmaceutical used for PET studies,

is also used as an imaging agent for SPECT. FDG-
SPECT, also called 511 keV or positron-emitting
SPECT, has been used with dual- or triple-head
SPECT systems fitted with specially designed high-en-
ergy collimators that optimize relative resolution and
sensitivity. Clinical applications include the detection
of cancerous tumors greater than or equal to 2 cm in
diameter, studies of the viability of damaged heart Mobile gamma camera
Cameras, Gamma
Although multiple camera heads reduce acquisition nonuniformity. Edge packing occurs when scintillation
time, they do not significantly shorten procedure/exam photons near the edge of the crystal reflect off the
time because of factors such as patient preparation and inside of the aluminum housing into the outer-edge
data processing. PMTs, resulting in a field of view outlined by a ring of
increased intensity. Some cameras eliminate this ring
Image processing by electronically creating an iris that masks edge
System software allows a variety of image process- packing but reduces the field of view by a few centime-
ing protocols, many of which are user defined. Some of ters.
the more popular general software applications pro- Optical problems can occur if hydrated spots —
vided by manufacturers are image smoothing, nor- small white spots caused by water absorption — de-
malization, and interpolation; image addition or velop on the surface of the NaI(Tl) crystal; these spots
subtraction; background subtraction; contrast en- scatter or absorb light and cause a loss of light in some
hancement; cyclic display of sequential images (cine); scintillation events. Off-peak testing can reveal these
region-of-interest construction and display; curve or defects in aged crystals.
histogram construction and display; and creation of
alphanumeric overlays. Cardiac applications include Variations in spatial resolution are usually caused
first-pass acquisition; multigated acquisition; auto- by statistical fluctuations in the distribution of light
matic edge detection; determination of end-systolic photons between PMTs. These fluctuations can be as
and end-diastolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac out- great as one standard deviation from one scintillation
put, global ejection fraction, regional ejection fraction, to the next. Intrinsic spatial resolution also depends in
and pulmonary transit time; shunt quantification; part on crystal thickness; thicker crystals allow pho-
thallium perfusion profiles; and rest/exercise thallium tons to spread out before reaching the PMTs. In addi-
image comparison. tion, lower-energy gamma rays produce fewer photons,
causing greater statistical fluctuations and therefore
Electrocardiographic synchronizers are often of- decreased spatial resolution.
fered as optional equipment for gamma cameras. They
are used in gated-acquisition studies to synchronize Extrinsic spatial resolution is a function of collima-
image collection with the cardiac cycle defined by elec- tor and detector resolution and, surprisingly, is less
trocardiogram R waves. The beginning of the R wave than either one alone. Because collimator resolution
triggers the synchronizer to signal the start of data decreases with increasing distance from the source,
collection. The computer divides the interval between extrinsic resolution also decreases. Differences in
R waves into equal subdivisions, usually between 16 resolution between gamma cameras, although detect-
and 32. During each cardiac cycle, data is stored in the able on bar-phantom performance checks, are seldom
corresponding subdivisions so that a composite image clinically significant.
of the cycle can be developed; a number of quantitative
A gamma camera cannot efficiently detect high-en-
and qualitative assessments are then possible.
ergy gamma photons because they pass through the
thin crystal before being absorbed and produce fewer
Reported problems scintillations. Detector efficiency is also limited by
dead time (a period of a few microseconds during which
Gamma camera systems have certain limitations in
a scintillation is processed and no other scintillations
image linearity, image uniformity, intrinsic and ex-
can be recorded) and pulse pileup, both of which can
trinsic spatial resolution, and efficiency.
be clinically significant in high-count-rate dynamic
Because of limitations in detector electronics, studies, such as first-pass cardiac function analysis.
straight-line objects may appear curved: areas directly
SPECT image quality can be limited by Compton
in front of the PMTs are subject to pincushion distor-
scatter and attenuation of the radiation beam as it
tion (inward bowing of lines), whereas areas between
travels through the patient. The patient’s body size
the tubes undergo barrel distortion (outward bowing),
and anatomic structure (e.g., amount of soft tissue,
neither of which is usually clinically significant. Im-
chest or breast size) affect the degree of scatter and
age intensity can also vary — for example, pincushion
attenuation. Compton scatter reduces the contrast in
distortion tends to concentrate signals in the center of
SPECT images. Recently, more advanced scatter cor-
the PMT, resulting in areas of increased intensity at
rection techniques have been introduced to minimize
each PMT location.
the effect of Compton scatter on data acquisition. At-
Improperly balanced PMTs and imperfections in- tenuation is caused by the weakening of the radiation
herent in the NaI(Tl) crystal can also contribute to field beam produced by the radiopharmaceutical as it
Purchase considerations
ECRI recommends that buyers consider the number
of nuclear medicine studies that will be performed
before deciding on a specific system configuration.
Multihead systems allow faster acquisition times and
better image resolution than single-head systems.
However, the cost of a dual-head or triple-head system
can be double or triple that of a single-head system. In
addition, purchasers should keep in mind that, al-
though multihead cameras have faster acquisition
times, their use will not necessarily result in a signifi-
cantly greater throughput because other factors, such
as patient preparation time, remain unchanged.
Purchasers should also consider the clinical appli-
cations for which the new system will be used. For
example, a dual-head camera is ideal for single-pass
Triple-head stationary gamma camera
whole-body bone scanning and general SPECT. How-
passes through the patient’s body. Attenuation correc- ever, for cardiac SPECT, a dual-head camera with
tion techniques to reduce or eliminate artifacts have opposing detectors offers little advantage over a sin-
also been introduced by some manufacturers. These gle-head camera, since SPECT data is typically ac-
techniques use hardware that transmits a controlled quired in a 180° arc, with most of the data acquired by
radiation beam to the detector(s) during data acquisi- one detector. A variable-angle dual-head camera,
tion. The signals produced from the control beam and which allows the detectors to be positioned at 90°, 101°,
the radiation beam produced by the radiopharmaceu- or 180° relative to each other, offers a more efficient
tical are integrated, and patient-specific attenuation configuration for hospitals planning to perform a wide
is calculated. These new attenuation correction tech- range of studies. Whole-body bone scans and general
niques are primarily used in cardiac imaging. SPECT studies can be performed with the detectors
positioned at 180°, and cardiac scans and certain other
Defects in collimators can cause sensitivity loss, procedures can be performed with the detectors posi-
longer acquisition times, errors in image reconstruc- tioned at 90° or 101°. Triple-head cameras are more
tion, and image artifacts. Collimators should be commonly used for brain SPECT and cardiac SPECT;
checked for proper angulation, sensitivity contrast, they can collect all image data for a heart scan in about
and center-of-rotation offset variations. one-third the time of a single-head camera and are well
suited for nuclear medicine departments that conduct
numerous stress thallium or cardiac studies.
Quality control procedures should be established for
planar and SPECT imaging systems to ensure proper Most cameras have a 51 × 38 cm (20 × 15 inch)
operation and creation of the highest-quality images rectangular large field of view (LFOV), and some pro-
possible for the equipment used. Daily tests should vide an ultralarge 61 × 38 cm (24 × 15 inch) field of
include energy peaking and intrinsic uniformity; in- view. LFOV cameras cover larger areas of the body
trinsic sensitivity and resolution/linearity should be and acquire a complete study in less time, thereby
tested weekly. In addition, center-of-rotation, uniform- increasing patient throughput.
ity correction, and motion correction testing should be
Hospitals planning to purchase more than one
performed for SPECT systems. For further informa-
gamma camera or purchase additional cameras for a
tion, see the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology
nuclear medicine department should consider whether
1996 guideline article cited below (see Bibliography).
the new equipment can interface with their existing
nuclear medicine computers and other cameras and
To obtain optimal image quality, careful attention can therefore be integrated into one comprehensive
should be paid to selecting the appropriate imaging network. In addition, hospitals should consider pur-
protocol or test, patient position, and collimator. chasing multiple systems from one supplier. Stand-
ardizing equipment can make staff training easier,
The crystal and the detector assembly of a mobile simplify servicing and parts acquisition, and provide
gamma camera can be damaged during transport greater bargaining leverage when negotiating the pur-
through hospital corridors. chase of new equipment and/or service contract costs.
Cameras, Gamma
Other purchase considerations include the dimen- time, LCC analysis is most useful for comparing alter-
sions and weight of the system and humidity and natives with different cash flows and for revealing the
temperature requirements. total costs of equipment ownership. One LCC tech-
nique — present value (PV) analysis — is especially
Many gamma camera scanning systems incorporate
useful because it accounts for inflation and for the time
the American College of Radiology/National Electrical
value of money (i.e., money received today is worth
Manufacturers Association Digital Imaging and Com-
more than money received at a later date). Conducting
munications in Medicine (DICOM) 3.0 Standard into
a PV/LCC analysis often demonstrates that the cost of
their scanning systems. The purpose of this standard
ownership includes more than just the initial acquisi-
is to allow digital images produced by any medical
tion cost and that a small increase in initial acquisition
device to be stored and transferred through picture
cost may produce significant savings in long-term op-
archiving and communication systems or other means,
erating costs. The PV is calculated using the annual
regardless of the device supplier. When purchasing a
cash outflow, the dollar discount factor (the cost of
mobile gamma camera system, careful attention
capital), and the lifetime of the equipment (in years)
should be given to selecting optional features, the type
in a mathematical equation.
and number of which can greatly affect the final pur-
chase price. For instance, an onboard computer can The following represents a sample six-year PV/LCC
significantly increase the cost of a system. analysis for a dual-detector digital gamma camera
with an integral computer.
In addition to FDG-SPECT, some commercially
available gamma camera systems are capable of coin- Present Value/Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
cidence imaging, previously limited to PET. Coinci-
dence imaging with a gamma camera could provide an Assumptions
opportunity to expand applications of existing equip- • Operating costs are considered for years 1 through 6
ment and to obtain PET-like images with a multiuse
• Dollar discount factor is 6.25%
system at a lower cost than that of a dedicated PET
system. Hospitals should consider the acquisition cost, • Inflation rate is 6% for a full service contract
performance specifications, number of procedures to • Inflation rate is 4% for disposables
be performed using FDG, and availability of FDG.
Certain radioisotopes emit two identical gamma rays • Operating and ownership costs are for 1 gamma
in opposite directions; coincidence imaging techniques camera, with 2,000 procedures/year in years 1 and
allow the measurement of these gamma rays. With the 2 and 2,200 procedures/year in years 3 through 6
coincidence imaging technique, both SPECT and coin- • Staff costs are for 2 full-time nuclear medicine tech-
cidence imaging (without heavy 511 keV collimators) nologists (years 1 through 6) and 1 part-time technolo-
can be performed using one camera. gist (years 3 through 6), including salary, benefits,
payroll expenses, and continuing education
Cost containment
Capital Costs
Because gamma cameras entail ongoing mainte-
• Gamma camera and computer = $600,000
nance and operational costs, the initial acquisition cost
does not accurately reflect the total cost of ownership. • Coincidence imaging in year 2 = $350,000
Therefore, a purchase decision should be based on • Hardware and software upgrade for attenuation
issues such as life-cycle cost (LCC), local service sup- correction algorithm in year 2 = $55,000
port, discount rates and non-price-related benefits of-
fered by the supplier, and standardization with Total Capital Costs = $600,000 initially; $405,000
existing equipment in the department or hospital (i.e., in year 2
purchasing all gamma cameras and computers from Operating and Ownership Costs
one supplier).
• Service contract for years 2 through 6 =
An LCC analysis can be used to compare high-cost $49,000/year
alternatives and/or to determine the positive or nega- • Salary and expenses for 2 full-time technologists in
tive economic value of a single alternative. For exam- years 1 through 6 = $90,000/year
ple, hospitals can use LCC analysis techniques to
examine the cost-effectiveness of leasing or renting • Salary and expenses for 1 part-time technologist in
equipment versus purchasing the equipment outright. years 3 through 6 = $20,000/year
Because it examines the cash-flow impact of initial • Cost of Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing =
acquisition costs and operating costs over a period of $20,000/year
• Cost for accessories, such as syringes, film, and install and operate a new performance feature. Pur-
optical disks, at $15/procedure = $30,000/year in chasing a service contract also ensures that preventive
years 1 and 2; $33,000/year in years 3 through 6 maintenance will be performed at regular intervals,
thereby eliminating the possibility of unexpected
• Cost for radiopharmaceuticals at $250/dose =
maintenance costs. Also, many suppliers do not extend
$500,000/year in years 1 and 2; $550,000/year in
system performance and uptime guarantees beyond
years 3 through 6
the length of the warranty unless the system is covered
Total Operating Costs = $640,000 in year 1; $689,000 by a service contract.
in year 2; $762,000/year in years 3 through 6
ECRI recommends that, to maximize bargaining
PV = ($5,124,582) leverage, hospitals negotiate pricing for service con-
tracts before the system is purchased. Depending on
Other factors not included in the above analysis that
the added cost and the contract conditions, hospitals
should be considered for budgetary planning include
may want to negotiate for coverage of the crystal(s) to
the following:
be included in the service contract. A few suppliers
• Costs associated with software upgrades offer “no questions asked” crystal coverage, while other
• Cost of utilities suppliers will cover the crystal only under certain
conditions.
• Cost of other accessories, such as phantoms and
patient monitoring equipment Additional service contract discounts may be nego-
• Contributions to overhead tiable for multiple-year agreements or for service con-
tracts that are bundled with contracts on other
• Reimbursements received from third-party payers systems in the department or hospital. Service con-
for standard procedures tracts should include a guarantee of at least two pre-
As illustrated by the above sample PV/LCC analy- ventive maintenance inspections per year, a guarantee
sis, the initial acquisition cost is only a fraction of the of at least 95% uptime, and specified response time to
total cost of operation over six years. Therefore, before service requests.
making a purchase decision based solely on the acqui-
sition cost of a gamma camera, buyers should consider In addition, given the current highly competitive
operating costs over the lifetime of the equipment. nuclear medicine market, hospitals should negotiate
for a significant discount — some suppliers may dis-
For further information on PV/LCC analysis, cus- count up to 40%. The actual discount received will
tomized analyses, and purchase decision support, depend on the hospital’s negotiating skills and/or pre-
readers should contact ECRI’s SELECTTM Group. vious experience with the supplier, the system configu-
When deciding whether to upgrade current gamma ration and options to be purchased, and the extent of
cameras to obtain PET-like images, hospitals should concessions granted by the supplier, such as extended
consider the following costs: warranties, fixed prices for annual service contracts,
and guaranteed on-site service response. Buyers
• Up to $350,000 for a coincidence upgrade to a dual- should make sure that applications training is in-
detector gamma camera cluded in the purchase price of the system. Some
• $750,000 to $900,000 for a new dual-detector suppliers offer more extensive on-site or off-site train-
gamma camera that performs SPECT and coinci- ing programs for an additional cost.
dence imaging
To aid in installation planning, two facilities in the
• $800/dose for the FDG radioisotope
United Kingdom have applied virtual-reality tech-
Hospitals can purchase service contracts or service niques to planning a gamma camera suite before pur-
on a time-and-materials basis from the supplier. Serv- chase and installation. A virtual-reality computer
ice may also be available from a third-party organiza- system was used to model existing and new gamma
tion. The decision to purchase a service contract should camera rooms to identify design problems (e.g., re-
be carefully considered and can be justified for several stricted bed access and camera movements due to
reasons. Most suppliers provide routine software up- equipment placement). The study (Penrose et al. 1996)
dates, which enhance the system’s performance, at no suggests that virtual reality can be used successfully
charge to service contract customers. Furthermore, for planning and installation of gamma camera suites,
software updates are often cumulative; that is, pre- as well as for nuclear medicine pharmacies and mag-
vious software revisions may be required in order to netic resonance imaging suites.
Cameras, Gamma
Stage of development Research into cardiac SPECT and brain SPECT is

focused on the development of new imaging agents,
The Anger scintillation camera was developed in the including radiopharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibod-
1950s and introduced commercially in the 1960s. In ies, and peptides, as well as on new applications of
the late 1980s, multihead SPECT cameras were intro- dual-isotope imaging with multihead cameras. Mono-
duced, and in early 1994, FDG imaging agent for clonal antibodies, which may prove useful for early
SPECT was introduced. Other significant develop- detection and staging of tumors and ovarian, colorec-
ments include decreased imaging times, faster and tal, prostate, and lung cancers, have not been used
more powerful computers, new radiopharmaceuticals, clinically on a regular basis. Peptide imaging agents
new collimators for ultrahigh-resolution imaging, vari- are under development for tumor, thrombus,
able-angle capabilities, and digital features. atherosclerotic plaque, and infection imaging and are
more promising because they are safer and less expen-
Many suppliers are now marketing digital gamma
sive than monoclonal antibodies.
cameras that perform analog-to-digital conversion,
either within each PMT or immediately after the sig- Additional efforts are focused on evaluating the
nal leaves the PMT. By digitizing the signal at this effectiveness of FDG-SPECT compared to PET. Cur-
point, signal averaging, which affects image resolu- rently, reimbursement for FDG-SPECT cannot be ob-
tion, can be computer controlled. Because digital de- tained using existing billing codes for nuclear medicine
tection provides more precise event-positioning studies under PET. In the United States, the Centers
information, detector performance characteristics, for Medicare and Medicaid Systems (CMS) will recon-
such as maximum count rate, intrinsic spatial resolu- sider the reimbursement of FDG-SPECT after Decem-
tion, intrinsic energy resolution, intrinsic uniformity, ber 31, 2002. CMS will determine if the FDG-SPECT
and system sensitivity, are improved. Software-con- technology is equivalent in performance and diagnos-
trolled operation of digital cameras also improves sys- tic quality to a full-ring dedicated PET system.
tem reliability and allows use of remote diagnostics for
servicing. A camera system designed for standard SPECT imag-
ing can be upgraded to perform FDG-SPECT, allowing
One manufacturer has introduced a mobile camera the same equipment, personnel, and space to be used for
that uses new solid-state detectors constructed of cad- all SPECT procedures, including FDG-SPECT. How-
mium zinc telluride (CZT) that replace the crys- ever, the clinical usefulness of FDG-SPECT may be
tal/PMT structure currently used in other cameras. limited by the spatial resolution of SPECT and the need
The solid-state CZT detectors directly convert gamma for a gamma camera system that can support the heavy
rays to electrical pulses. The entire system is approxi- (>400 lb) high-energy collimators. FDG is now available
mately the size of an ultrasound scanner. The smaller from distribution centers, and small cyclotrons targeted
detector head has a 20 × 20 cm field of view for organ- at producing radiopharmaceuticals are also available.
specific imaging, although whole-body data can be Continued developments in radiopharmaceuticals, as
acquired by scanning sections. well as expanding applications, should increase the at-
tractiveness of multihead SPECT.
Clinical applications research is focused on breast
cancer imaging and expanded cardiology, oncology, Bibliography
and neurology applications. Scintimammography, a
technique that uses a gamma camera to image the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. Imaging
breasts of a patient injected with technetium-99m-ses- guidelines for nuclear cardiology procedures. In-
tamibi (a radioisotope traditionally used for cardiac strumentation quality assurance and performance.
imaging), was recently introduced as an adjunct to J Nucl Cardiol 1996 May-Jun;3(3):G5-10.
conventional mammography. Initial research suggests
Blust J. Gamma camera acceptance testing: the first
that scintimammography may be useful for imaging
quality control. J Nucl Med Technol 1994 Jun;22
patients who have dense breasts, who have had breast
(2):58-60.
surgery, or who have radiotherapy-altered breasts.
Because the radioisotope identifies malignancies, scin- Brice J. Dual-head SPECT lifts nuclear medicine mar-
timammography may also prove useful for targeting ket. Diagn Imaging 1994 Jan;16(1):29, 33-4.
malignant tumors, thereby reducing the need for bi-
opsy. (See the Product Comparison titled RADIO- Brice J, ed. Nuclear medicine: market trends and clini-
GRAPHIC UNITS, MAMMOGRAPHIC; STEREOTACTIC cal practices in the U.S. [Diagnostic Imaging tech-
SYSTEMS, BIOPSY, MAMMOGRAPHIC for more informa- nology report; vol. 2, no. 2]. San Francisco: Miller
tion on mammography.) Freeman; 1993 Fall.
Drane WE, Abbott FD, Nicole MW, et al. Technology Superconductor detector array could revolutionize nu-
for FDG SPECT with a relatively inexpensive clear medicine imaging. Radiol Imaging Lett 1995
gamma camera. Work in progress. Radiology 1994 Jun 1;15(10):74-5.
May;191(2):461-5.
U.S. Department of Energy. Nuclear Regulatory Com-
Early PJ, Sodee DB. Principles and practice of nuclear mission. Licenses for radiography and radiation
medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Year Book; 1995. safety requirements for radiographic operations. 10
CFR Part 34. 1988.
Eisner RL. Principles of instrumentation in SPECT. J
Nucl Med Technol 1985 Mar;13(1):23-31. Wells CP, Buxton-Thomas M. Gamma camera pur-
chasing. Nucl Med Commun 1995 Mar;16(3):168-
English RJ, Brown SE. SPECT: single-photon emis-
85.
sion computed tomography: a primer. 2nd ed. New
York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1990. Yoshizumi TT, Suneja SK, Teal JS, et al. Defective
parallel-hole collimator encountered in SPECT: a
Feldkamp MJ. SPECT quality improvement [commen-
suggested approach to avoid potential problems [let-
tary]. J Nucl Med Technol 1994 Mar;22(1):35-8.
ter]. J Nucl Med 1990 Nov;31(11):1892-3.
Forstrom LA, Dunn WL, O’Connor MK, et al. Techni-
cal pitfalls in image acquisition, processing, and Zickler P. Digital imaging: nuclear medicine’s new
display. Semin Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):278-94. hope. Med Imaging 1995 Feb;10(2):42-50.
Howarth DM, Forstrom LA, O’Connor MK, et al. Patient-

related pitfalls and artifacts in nuclear medicine im- Standards and guidelines
aging. Semin Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):295-307. Note: Although every effort is made to ensure that the
Keszthelyi-Lándori S. NaI(Tl) camera crystals: imag- following list is comprehensive, please note that other
ing capabilities of hydrated regions on the crystal applicable standards may exist.
surface. Radiology 1986 Mar;158(3):823-6. American Academy of Neurology. Assessment of brain
SPECT. Therapeutics and Technology Assessment
Lummis RC, Wexler JP. Networks in nuclear medi-
Subcommittee. Neurology 1996 Jan;46(1):278-85.
cine. Semin Nucl Med 1994 Jan;24(1):66-74.
American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Com-
Martin WH, Delbeke D, Patton JA, et al. FDG-SPECT:
puter-aided scintillation camera acceptance testing
correlation with FDG-PET. J Nucl Med 1995
[report]. Nuclear Medicine Committee Task Group.
Jun;36(6):988-95.
Catalog 9. 1981.
O’Connor MK. Instrument- and computer-related Quantitation of SPECT performance [report]. Nu-
problems and artifacts in nuclear medicine. Semin clear Medicine Committee Task Group #4. Catalog
Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):256-77. 52. Med Phys 1995 Apr;22(4):401-9.
Patton JA. Instrumentation for coincidence imaging Rotating scintillation camera SPECT acceptance
with multihead scintillation cameras. Semin Nucl testing and quality control [report]. Nuclear Medi-
Med 2000 Oct;30(4):239-54. cine Committee Task Group. Catalog 22. 1987.
Penrose JM, Trowbridge EA, Tindale WB. The virtual Scintillation camera acceptance testing and per-
gamma camera room. Nucl Med Commun 1996 formance evaluation [report]. Nuclear Medicine
May;17(5):367-72. Committee. Catalog 6. 1980.
Périé S, Talbot JN, Monceaux G, et al. Use of a coinci- American College of Cardiology. Radionuclide scin-
dence gamma camera to detect primary tumor with tirenography in the evaluation of patients with hyper-
18
fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose in cervical lymph node me- tension [position statement]. Hypertensive Diseases
tastases from an unknown origin. Ann Otol Rhinol Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993 Mar;21(3):838-9.
Laryngol 2000 Aug;109(8):755-60. American College of Radiology. Cardiovascular nu-
clear medicine guidelines [policy statement]. 1981
Schraml FV, Driver DR, Randolph T, et al. PET versus
(reaffirmed 1991).
SPECT for determining myocardial tissue viability
using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Med Single photon emission computed tomography [pol-
Technol 1997 Dec;25(4):272-4. icy statement]. 1986 (revised 1996).
Cameras, Gamma
American Heart Association. Guidelines for clinical additional information on any of these citations or to
use of cardiac radionuclide imaging. Task Force on request more extensive searches of the HDA database.
Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardio-
vascular Procedures. Catalog G01. J Am Coll A4381 FDA has designated Class II Recall No. Z-
Cardiol 1995 Feb;25(2):521-47. 0294-1 for certain SMV planar image gamma cameras.
Incorrect sensing of the scanner’s collimator latching
International Electrotechnical Commission. Charac-
mechanism may cause the collimator to latch incor-
teristics and test conditions of radionuclide imaging
rectly. Incorrect latching could cause the collimator to
devices: Anger type gamma cameras [standard].
disengage and fall onto the collimator cart during the
IEC 60789 (1992-02). 1992.
loading and unloading process. The distributor initi-
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re- ated a recall by letter dated September 6, 2000. Verify
quirements for safety [standard]. IEC 60601-1 that you have received the September 6, 2000, letter
(1988-12). 1988. from SMV America. Identify any affected product in
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re- your inventory. Ensure that end users of the system
quirements for safety. Amendment 1 [standard]. understand the instructions provided in the letter.
IEC 60601-1-am1 (1991-11). 1991. Following the instructions will minimize the possibil-
ity of a collimator loading incorrectly. Source: FDA
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re-
Enforcement Rep 2001 Mar 14; Distributor.
quirements for safety. Amendment 2 [standard].
IEC 60601-1-am2 (1995-03). 1995.
A4536 FDA has designated Class II Recall Nos. Z-
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re- 0769/0771-1 for certain Siemens single photon emission
quirements for safety. Section 1. Collateral standard: gamma cameras. Under specific conditions, Icon and
safety requirements for medical electrical systems. e.soft workstations can incorrectly orient acquired pa-
IEC 60601-1-1 (1992-06). 1992. tient data in SPECT mode in the above systems. This
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re- problem occurs only when switching from Coincidence
quirements for safety. Section 1. Collateral standard: mode to SPECT mode on the e.cam system via the
safety requirements for medical electrical systems. Patient Positioning Monitor (PPM) while an acquisition
Amendment 1 [standard]. IEC 60601-1-1-am1 (1995- protocol is running on the Icon and e.soft workstations.
11). 1995. The incorrect orientation may cause the displayed image
to be reversed either left to right or top to bottom. This
Medical electrical equipment — part 1: general re- problem does not occur when switching the mode in the
quirements for safety. Section 2. Collateral standard: reverse direction. The manufacturer issued a safety
electromagnetic compatibility — requirements and alert/advisory letter dated April 20, 2001. Verify that you
tests. IEC 60601-1-2 (2001-09). 2001. have received the April 20, 2001, safety alert/advisory
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Per- letter and acknowledgment form from Siemens Medical.
formance measurements of scintillation cameras To avoid the potential for incorrect orientation of patient
[standard]. 1986 (revised 2001). data when using computed tomography (CT) systems
with Icon workstations, the manufacturer states that
Citations from other ECRI publications you must include the following steps in your clinical
routine when switching from Coincidence mode to
Health Devices SPECT mode: (1) Select the “File/Quit” menu option. (2)
Leaving SPECT patients unattended [hazard]. 1986 Switch from Coincidence mode to SPECT mode via the
Jun;15(6):177-8. PPM. (3) Remove the coincidence collimators from the
e.cam. (4) Install the desired noncoincidence collimators
Falling detector on Elscint Apex SP-4M gamma cam- for the next patient acquisition. (5) Relaunch the Icon
era [hazard report]. 2000 Oct;29(10):378. acquisition software by double-clicking on the “ICON”
application on the desktop. When using CT systems with
Health Devices Alerts
e.soft workstations, the manufacturer states that you
This Product Comparison lists Health Devices Alerts must include the following steps when switching from
(HDA) citations published since the last update of this Coincidence mode to SPECT mode: (1) Before removing
report. Each HDA abstract is identified by an Acces- the coincidence collimators, switch from Coincidence
sion Number. Recalls and hazard reports include de- mode to SPECT mode via the PPM. (2) Remove the
scriptions of the problem involved; abstracts of other coincidence collimators from the e.cam system. (3) Install
published articles are referenced by bibliographic in- the desired noncoincidence collimators for the next pa-
formation. HPCS subscribers can call the Hotline for tient acquisition. (4) Launch the desired acquisition
workflow for the next patient. Source: FDA Enforce- Philips Medical Systems North America [102120]
ment Rep 2001 Sep 5; Manufacturer. 22100 Bothell Everett Hwy
PO Box 3003
Health Technology Trends Bothell WA 98041-3003
One, two, or three heads for SPECT? 1991 Dec;3(12):8. Phone: (425) 487-7000, (800) 526-4963
Fax: (425) 485-6080
Hospital gets PET-like images without PET scanner.
E-mail: info@pmsna.com
1994 Jul;7(6):4-5.
Internet: http://www.pmsna.com
Gamma camera used to obtain PET-like images; re-
sults mixed. 1995 Apr;8(4):3. Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras
New smaller, lighter solid-state gamma camera revo-
lutionizes nuclear medicine. 1999 Jan;11(1):11-2. GE Medical Systems
GE Medical Systems Asia [300443]
Supplier information 4-7-127 Asahigaoka
Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras Hino-shi
Tokyo
Digirad Japan
Phone: 81 (3) 425855451
Digirad Corp [328751]
Internet: http://www.gemedical.co.jp
9350 Trade Pl
San Diego CA 92126-6334 GE Medical Systems Co Inc (Malaysia) [401861]
Phone: (858) 578-5300, (800) 947-6134 UBN Tower 25/Fl
Fax: (858) 549-7714 No 10 Jalan P Ramlee
E-mail: info@digirad.com 50250 Kuala Lumpur
Internet: http://www.digirad.com Malaysia
Phone: 60 (3) 2382344
Mediso Fax: 60 (3) 2389315
E-mail: info@gemedicalsystems.com
Mediso Ltd [186785]
Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystems.com
Alsotorkvesz uitz 14
H-1022 Budapest GE Medical Systems Europe [171319]
Hungary 283 rue de la Miniere
Phone: 36 (1) 3993030 boite postale 34
Fax: 36 (1) 3993040 F-78533 Buc Cedex
E-mail: info@mediso.hu France
Phone: 33 (1) 30704040
Philips Fax: 33 (1) 30709998
Philips Medical Systems (Asia Pacific) Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystems
Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398048] europe.com/ frfr/
24/Fl Cityplaza One GE Medical Systems Information Technologies
1111 King’s Road [393577]
Taikoo Shing 8200 W Tower Ave
Hong Kong SAR Milwaukee WI 53223-3219
People’s Republic of China Phone: (414) 355-5000
Phone: 852 31977777 Fax: (414) 355-3790
Fax: 852 25069261 Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystems.com
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com
Philips Medical Systems (Europe) Mediso
Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398047] Mediso Ltd [186785]
Herrenberger Strasse 124 Alsotorkvesz uitz 14
D-71034 Boeblingen H-1022 Budapest
Germany Hungary
Phone: 49 (7031) 4641552 Phone: 36 (1) 3993030
Fax: 49 (7031) 4644096 Fax: 36 (1) 3993040
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com E-mail: info@mediso.hu
Cameras, Gamma
NeuroPhysics Siemens Canada Ltd [174735]

2185 Derry Rd W
NeuroPhysics Corp [234813] Mississauga ON L5N 7A6
900 Mount Laurel Circle Canada
Shirley MA 01464 Phone: (905) 819-8000, (888) 303-3353
Phone: (978) 425-6371 Fax: (905) 819-5777
Fax: (978) 425-6154 E-mail: doug.morton@siemens.ca
E-mail: info@neurophysics.com Internet: http://www.siemens.ca
Internet: http://www.neurophysics.com
Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc
Nuclear Medicine Group [399200]
2501 N Barrington Rd
Philips Hoffman Estates IL 60195-5203
Phone: (847) 304-7700, (800) 767-2313
Philips Medical Systems (Asia Pacific)
Fax: (847) 304-7707
Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398048]
E-mail: bkm@med.siemens.de
24/Fl Cityplaza One
Internet: http://www.siemens.com/med
1111 King’s Road
Taikoo Shing
Hong Kong SAR
People’s Republic of China Toshiba
Phone: 852 31977777
Fax: 852 25069261 Toshiba America Medical Systems Inc [101894]
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com 2441 Michelle Dr
PO Box 2068
Philips Medical Systems (Europe) Tustin CA 92780-7047
Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398047] Phone: (714) 730-5000, (800) 421-1968
Herrenberger Strasse 124 Fax: (714) 832-2570
D-71034 Boeblingen E-mail: jpowers@tams.com
Germany Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com
Phone: 49 (7031) 4641552
Fax: 49 (7031) 4644096 Toshiba Medical Systems Co Ltd [139511]
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com 3-26-5 Hongo
Bunkyo-ku
Philips Medical Systems North America [102120] Tokyo 113-0033
22100 Bothell Everett Hwy Japan
PO Box 3003 Phone: 81 (3) 38182061
Bothell WA 98041-3003 Fax: 81 (3) 38157215
Phone: (425) 487-7000, (800) 526-4963 Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com
Fax: (425) 485-6080
Toshiba Medical Systems Europe bv [160817]
E-mail: info@pmsna.com
Zilverstraat 1
Internet: http://www.pmsna.com
NL-2718 RP Zoetermeer
The Netherlands
Phone: 31 (79) 3689222
Siemens Fax: 31 (79) 3689444
Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com
Siemens AG
Siemens Medical Solutions [401832] Toshiba Medical Systems Singapore [307328]
Hartmannstrasse 48 211 Henderson Rd #08-02
91052 Erlangen Henderson Industrial Park
Germany Singapore 159552
Phone: 49 (9131) 844190 Republic of Singapore
Fax: 49 (9131) 845400 Phone: 65 2729766
E-mail: jochen.kirsch@siemens.com Fax: 65 2726083
Internet: http://www.siemensmedical.com Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com
Note: The following company did not provide us with density over a predefined distance when exposed to
any product information in time for publication. Its a uniform or homogeneous gamma photon flux over
address is listed as a service to our readers. the field of view. Differential uniformity is a meas-
Gamma Medica Inc ure of the rate of count density change over a prede-
19355 Business Center Dr fined distance.
Suite 8 Collimators: The following abbreviations are used to
Northridge CA 91324 describe the collimators offered with the gamma cam-
Phone: (818) 709-2468, (877) 426-2633 era. Acronyms not defined below may be proprietary
Fax: (818) 709-2464 collimators specific to a certain manufacturer.
E-mail: info@gammamedica.com
Internet: http://www.gammamedica.com 511 keV — Collimators for 511 keV (FDG-SPECT)
imaging
About the chart specifications FB — Fan beam, a specialized converging collimator
This report includes two charts. Chart A covers
mobile gamma cameras; Chart B covers stationary HE — High energy
models. HEGP — High-energy general-purpose
Many of the performance characteristics listed in
HEHR — High-energy high-resolution
the charts are measured according to National Electri-
cal Manufacturers Association standards. The purpose HR — High resolution
of these standards is to provide a uniform set of criteria
by which manufacturers can measure and report their LE — Low energy
respective systems’ performance. These standards are
LEAP — Low-energy all-purpose
not intended for use in acceptance testing at the instal-
lation site or as part of routine quality control testing LEGP — Low-energy general-purpose
by the user.
LEHR — Low-energy high-resolution
The following terms are used in the charts:
Crystal dimensions, cm (in): A single dimension for this LEHS — Low-energy high-sensitivity
specification represents a diameter. LEUHR — Low-energy ultrahigh-resolution
UFOV, cm (in): Useful field of view — for a hexagonal or
circular crystal, the circular area with a diameter the LEUHS — Low-energy ultrahigh-sensitivity
same as that of the largest inscribed circle in a colli- MEAP — Medium-energy all-purpose
mated field of view; for a rectangular crystal, the
rectangular area with dimensions the same as those MEGP — Medium-energy general-purpose
of the largest inscribed rectangle in a collimated field
of view. In the charts, a single number indicates a MEHR — Medium-energy high-resolution
diameter for a circular or hexagonal crystal. SHEGP — Superhigh-energy general-purpose
Spatial resolution: The ability to accurately determine the
original location of a gamma event in an x-y plane. UHE — Ultrahigh energy
System sensitivity, LEAP, counts/min/µCi: The ability to UHR — Ultrahigh resolution

efficiently convert gamma photons to count and
WRME — Wide-range medium-energy
position data for imaging.
Intrinsic energy resolution, FWHM, 140 keV: The ability List price, std configuration: Some of the pricing infor-
to accurately isolate and identify the radionuclide mation in these charts has been derived from list
photopeak and distinguish it from secondary or prices reported to ECRI’s in-house information serv-
scattered radiation events. ices by healthcare institutions and by suppliers. A
footnote identifies these prices. In these instances,
Intrinsic spatial linearity, mm: Integral linearity is the suppliers have declined to provide HPCS directly
ability to present x-y data without positional distor- with prices and may not have confirmed the infor-
tion. Differential linearity is a measure of the posi- mation. These prices are estimates and may or may
tional distortion over a predefined distance. not reflect discounts, options, special packages, and
Intrinsic uniformity, uncorrected: Integral uniformity is multiple-unit sales. They are provided for the con-
the detector’s ability to maintain a constant count venience of our readers.
Cameras, Gamma
Other abbreviations: PET — Positron emission tomography

ADC — Analog-to-digital converter PHA — Pulse height analyzer
BTU — British thermal unit PMT — Photomultiplier tube
CD — Compact disc QC — Quality control
CD-R — Recordable compact disc QGS — Quantitative gated SPECT
CD-RW — Rewritable compact disc RAM — Random-access memory
CE mark — Conformite Europeene mark RFOV — Rectangular field of view
CFOV — Central field of view SPECT — Single photon emission computed
tomography
cps — Counts per second
SVGA — Super Video Graphics Array
CPU — Central processing unit
TCP/IP — Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
DICOM — American College of Radiology/National
Protocol
Electrical Manufacturers Association Digital Im-
aging and Communications in Medicine Standard TVGA — Top-extended Video Graphics Array
ECG — Electrocardiogram UL — Underwriters Laboratories
ETL — ETL Testing Laboratories VCR — Videocassette recorder
FDA — U.S. Food and Drug Administration VGA — Video Graphics Array
FDG — Fluorodeoxyglucose WORM — Write once, read many
FOV — Field of view Note: The data in the charts derive from suppli-
ers’ specifications and have not been verified through
FTP — File Transfer Protocol
independent testing by ECRI or any other agency.
FWHM — Full width at half maximum — the Because test methods vary, different products’ specifi-
measure of the width of a point or line spread cations are not always comparable. Moreover, prod-
function across points 50% down each side from ucts and specifications are subject to frequent changes.
the peak ECRI is not responsible for the quality or validity of
the information presented or for any adverse conse-
FWTM — Full width at tenth maximum — the quences of acting on such information.
measure of the width of a point or line spread
function across points 90% down each side from When reading the charts, keep in mind that, unless
the peak otherwise noted, the list price does not reflect supplier
discounts. And although we try to indicate which fea-
GMP — Good Manufacturing Practices tures and characteristics are standard and which are
IEC — International Electrotechnical Commission not, some may be optional, at additional cost.
ISO — International Organization for Standardiza- For those models whose prices were supplied to us
tion in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we have also
listed the conversion to U.S. dollars to facilitate com-
MDD — Medical Devices Directive parison among models. However, keep in mind that
exchange rates change often.
mph — Miles per hour
Need to know more?
NEMA — National Electrical Manufacturers Asso-
ciation For further information about the contents of this
Product Comparison, contact the HPCS Hotline at +1
PACS — Picture archiving and communication (610) 825-6000, ext. 5265; +1 (610) 834-1275 (fax); or
systems hpcs@ecri.org (e-mail).
Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

MODEL DIGIRAD MEDISO PHILIPS
2020tc Imager Nucline TH Mobile Transcam
WHERE MARKETED Canada, Japan, USA Worldwide Asia, Europe,

Latin America,
North America
FDA CLEARANCE Yes No Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Submitted Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal
thickness, mm (in) 6 (0.24) 9.5 (0.375) 6.4 (0.25)
Number of PMTs None * 33 37
Lead shield
thickness, cm (in) 0.5 (0.2) 1.28 (0.5) front, 0.3 (0.12)
0.64 (0.25) side
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 21.6 x 21.6 23 x 21.5 26 (10.25)
(8.4 x 8.4) (9.1 x 8.3)
Maximum count
rate, cps >250,000 220,000 >205,000
Count rate,
cps, @ 20% loss >250,000 160,000 >100,000
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm 3.0, detector size 3.6 FWHM, CFOV 3.6
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV <12.5% 10.2% 10.9%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm 0.7 integral, UFOV 0.2 <1.5
Intrinsic flood
field uniformity ±1.4% differential 2.0 differential ±3.5 differential
with collimator
Energy range, keV 60-300 50-400 40-190 (electronics:
40-400)
DETECTOR/YOKE MOTION
Rotation, deg
Collimator ±360 Not specified ±360
Detector +90 up/-10 down -170 to +180 ±40
Yoke ±360, arm ±90 ±240
Vertical position
Maximum, cm (in) 133 (52.5) 155 (61) 125 (49.2)
Minimum, cm (in) 48 (19) 75 (29.5) 75 (29.5)
Maximum reach
Perpendicular
to bed, cm (in) 131 (51.5) 90 (35.4) 98 (38.6)
Parallel
to bed, cm (in) 131 (51.5) 90 (35.4) 98 (38.6)
Vertical speed up Manual 150 cm/min 0-2 cm/sec
Vertical speed down Manual 150 cm/min 0-2 cm/sec
COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEHR, LEGP, LEHS,
diverging, pinhole, thyroid LE pinhole,
converging, MEAP, Tc-99m, thyroid LE diverging,
LEUHS, pinhole, I-131 LE converging,
low energy cardiac thyroid
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

* 4,096 solid-state detectors. three pages covering
the above model(s).
These specifications
continue onto the
next two pages.
Cameras, Gamma

OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes Yes
Image scope, cm(in) Real-time display 22.8 (9) 30.5 (12), color
Zoom control Yes Yes No
Anatomic marker No Yes Yes
Ratemeter Yes Yes Yes
Scaler Yes Yes Yes
Time readout Yes Yes Yes
Information density Yes No No
Automatic energy
selection Yes Yes Yes
Manual energy
Auto peaking Yes Yes Yes
Image rotation
control Yes 90° increments 90° increments
PHA capacity 1,024; 3 peaks * 4 peaks 1 peak
Automatic window
Manual window
Auto uniformity
correction Yes Yes Yes
INTEGRAL COMPUTER
Main CPU Intel Pentium class Intel Pentium II 486
400 MHz
Display processor Not specified TVGA 9680, 4 MB NA
Array processor NA Not specified NA
Display matrix 1024 x 768 800 x 600 VGA, SVGA
Storage, MB
Hard disk 40 GB 13.1 GB 500
Floppy disk 1.44 (3.5") 1.44 1.44

Other CD-R CD-R No
Software Complete image Image processing, Pegasys

acquisition and renal, cardiac,
processing thyroid, gastric
DICOM 3.0 COMPLIANCE Not specified Not specified Optional
DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS
Power source Manual Battery (optional) Manual
Maximum speed
Forward NA 1.5 mph NA
Reverse NA 1.5 mph NA
Brakes Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical lock
Steering All wheel Not specified Rear wheels
Maximum incline 10% Not specified 10%
Emergency drive
disengagement NA Yes NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the second of

* Simultaneously. three pages covering
the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.

POWER REQUIREMENTS
Line power, VAC 115 ±10%, 230, 4 A; 115, 3 A
10 A 110, 8 A
Battery run time

w/max load, hr NA 2 NA
Charging time, hr NA 8 NA
Continuous high
voltage to PMTs NA Yes 2 hr
DIMENSIONS
L x W x H, cm (in) 117 x 76 x 127 150 x 80 x 110 66 x 99 x 150
(46 x 30 x 50) (59 x 31.5 x 43.3) (26 x 39 x 59)
Weight, kg (lb) 193 (425) 500 (1,103) 295 (650)
Floor clearance,
cm (in) 10 (4) 5 (2) 13 (5.25)
OPTIONAL FEATURES SPECT rotating ECG trigger, video Line phantom, bar
chair, integrated printer phantom, hood for
ECG cardiac gate, thermal and
printers, additional mechanical
collimators protection; LEHR,
LEGP, LEHS, LEPH,
LETH, LEDV, LECV
PLANNING & PURCHASE

List price, std
configuration <$300,000 $80,000-99,000 $185,000
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year
Delivery time, ARO 30 days 2 to 3 months Not specified

Service contract 1 year, multi-year <5% of purchase Not specified
optional price
Training/support On-site with each 3 to 7 days Not specified
camera
Year first sold 1999 1994 Not specified
Number of systems
installed Not specified Not specified Not specified
Fiscal year January to December January to December October to September
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Solid-state, single- All system Built-in ECG gate

head, multicrystal specifications and amplifier;
mobile camera; according to NEMA gated reframing of
12 mm dead space standards. list mode data;
from leading edge to automatic gain
UFOV; thin camera control; storage of
head design. PM-gain history.
Colons separate data on similar models of a device.
Cameras, Gamma
Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

MODEL GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
DSTi DST-XLi DSXi Hawkeye V3
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Not specified
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes Not specified

CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes Not specified
SYSTEM TYPE Jumbo single Jumbo single Jumbo single Dual-detector, all-
crystal, dual-head, crystal, dual-head, crystal, single- purpose, variable-
open-gantry vari- open-gantry vari- head, open-gantry angle digital
able-angle digital able-angle digital variable-angle camera
camera camera digital camera
SPECT Yes Yes Yes Yes
FDG-SPECT Optional Optional Not specified Not specified
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional Optional Not specified Not specified
WHOLE BODY No Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 33 x 43 60 x 46.5 60 x 46.5 59.7 x 45.7
(13 x 17) (23.5 x 18.3) (23.5 x 18.3) (23.5 x 18)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) * 9.5 (3/8) ** 9.5 (3/8) ** 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 50 (2.3"), 8 (1.5") *** 86 (2.3"), 8 (1.5") *** 86 (2.3"), 8 (1.5") 59
Diameter, cm (in) 5.8 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 7.6 (3), 15.2 (6)
Digital detectors D3 D3 D3 1 ADC/PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 40 x 30 54 x 40 54 x 40 54 x 40
(16 x 11.8) (21 x 16) (21 x 16) (21 x 16)
Max count rate, cps >220,000 >220,000 >220,000 >480,000

Dead time, µsec 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Energy range, keV 40-560 40-560 40-560 40-520
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.9, 4.6
FWTM, UFOV 6.6 6.6 6.6 7.5, 8.7
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.1 8.1 8.1 9.0, 9.2
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 9.9 9.9 9.9 16.9
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 175 175 175 Not specified
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV <9.9% in UFOV <9.9% in UFOV <9.9% 9.8%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.4
Differential UFOV 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 3.6%
Differential
UFOV 2.0% 2% 2% 2.3%

* 12.5 mm (1/2 in) crystal option available. three pages covering
** 12.5 mm (1/2 in) and 19 mm (5/8 in) optional. the above model(s).
*** Per detector. These specifications
continue onto the
next two pages.

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, UHEGP LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEGP, LEHS,
LEHS, MEGP, WRME, LEHS, MEGP, WRME, MEGP, HEGP, UHEGP,
HEGP, SHEGP, UHEGP, HEGP, UHEGP, HEPH, LEUHS, LEUHR,
HEPH, LEHR-FB, LEHR-FB, LEUHR-FB fanbeam, pinhole
LEUHR-FB
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min Not specified 2-200 2-220 5-150
Mode Not specified Continuous or Single pass; single Single pass, simul-
sequential spot head continuous taneous dual view
Area, cm Not specified 54 x 220 54 x 220 54 x 200
Contouring Not specified Learn mode, optional Learn mode, optional Real-time, automatic
autocontouring autocontouring
Yoke rotation, deg 555 (-115/+440) 555 (-115/+440) 555 (-115/+440) ±360
Radius, cm (in) 9.8-34 (3.9-13.4) 9.8-34 (3.9-13.4) 9.8-34 (3.9-13.4) 10.1-30.5 (4-12)
Detector
rotation, deg -20 to +260 -20 to +260 -20 to +260 0
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 68 (26.8) 68 (26.8) 68 (26.8) Not specified
Minimum, cm (in) 19 (7.5) 19 (7.5) 19 (7.5) Not specified
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Video Yes Yes
Zoom control Yes Yes Yes Yes
Anatomic marker Yes Yes Yes No
Ratemeter Yes Yes Yes Yes
Scaler Yes Yes Yes Yes
Time readout Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density No No No No
Energy selection
Automatic Yes Yes Yes Yes
Manual Yes Yes Yes Yes
Auto peaking Yes Yes Yes Yes
Image rotation
control Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHA window capacity 4 PHA windows, 8 4 PHA windows, 8 4 PHA windows, 8 4 peaks
peaks peaks peaks
Window selection
Auto uniformity
correction Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction Optional Optional Not specified Yes
COMPUTER
Acquisition Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68000 or Motorola 68000 or Not specified
68030 68030 68030
Processing IBM RS/6000 (200 or IBM RS/6000 (200 or IBM RS/6000 (200 or Not specified
332 MHz) 332 MHz) 332 MHz)
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Interfile
floppy floppy floppy
DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

three pages covering
the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.
Cameras, Gamma

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Display matrix 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024
Storage 4.5 GB hard disk, 4.5 GB hard disk, 4.5 GB hard disk, 1 GB; 800 MB optical
4 GB tape drive; 40 4 GB tape drive; 40 4 GB tape drive; 40 disk optional
GB jukebox and op- GB jukebox and op- GB jukebox and op-
tical disk optional tical disk optional tical disk optional
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr
(gantry only) 5,000 5,500 5,500 8,550
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 5 5 5 3
HUMIDITY 30-75% 30-75% 30-75% 40-60%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 110/220 VAC, 30 A 110/220 VAC, 30 A 110/220 VAC, 30 A 208 VAC, 50/60 Hz,
7 kVA, 3-phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 480 x 330 x 230 490 x 320 x 230 490 x 320 x 230 175 x 150 x 99
(190 x 129.9 x 90.6) (192.9 x 126 x 90.6) (192.9 x 126 x 90.6) (69 x 59 x 39)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,102 (2,800) 2,268 (5,000) 2,041 (4,500) 2,404 (5,300)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $455,000 $555,000 $365,000 Not specified
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year Not specified

OPTIONAL FEATURES Coincidence option Coincidence option None specified None specified
(VCR) available; (VCR) available;
cardiac attenuation cardiac attenuation
correction (TAC) correction (TAC)
available; available;
coincidence attenu- coincidence attenu-
ation correction ation correction
(TAC/TCT) available; (TAC/TCT) available;
scatter correction scatter correction
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Full digitization of Full digitization of Full digitization of All-digital, vari-
PMT signals; Digital PMT signals; PMT signals; able-angle, all-
Deconvolution Detec- 90° or standard high-speed purpose slip-ring
tion (D3); 90° 180° detector touchscreen dual-head camera;
or 180° detec- configuration; acquisition evolving images;
tor configuration; standard high-speed interface; Digital SPECT and PET proto-
standard high-speed touchscreen Deconvolution cols; continuous or
touchscreen acquisi- acquisition Detection (D3); step-and-shoot SPECT
tion interface; interface; upgradable to and WB; real-time
upgradable to upgradable to DST-XLi. automatic body con-
coincidence imaging. coincidence imaging; contouring; volu-
Digital metric coincidence
Deconvolution imaging; automatic
Detection (D3); simultaneous dual
coincidence (VCR) collimator exchange;
and nonuniform simultaneous
attenuation correc- emission trans-
tion (TAC) options. mission attenuation
corrected;
x-ray tomographic
functional anatomic
imaging.

MODEL GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS MEDISO
Millennium MG Millennium MPR Millennium MPS NUCLINE CARDIOSPECT

D90
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE Not specified Not specified Not specified Yes

CE MARK (MDD) Not specified Not specified Not specified Yes
SYSTEM TYPE Dual-detector, all- Single-detector Single-detector 2 single-crystal
purpose, variable- rectangular FOV square FOV camera detectors
angle digital camera
camera

FDG-SPECT Not specified Not specified Not specified No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Not specified Not specified Not specified No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes Optional
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 55.8 x 40.2 55.8 x 40.2 40.2 x 40.2 43 x 24.6
(22 x 15.8) (22 x 15.8) (15.8 x 15.8) (16.9 x 9.7)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 6.5 (1/4); optional
9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 48 48 square 36 square 33 (2.3"), 4 (1.5")
Diameter, cm (in) 6.4 (2.5) square 6.4 (2.5) square 6.4 (2.5) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5)
Digital detectors CSE non-Anger design CSE non-Anger design CSE non-Anger design ADC at summation,
rows/columns digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 51 x 36 51 x 36 36 x 36 34 x 21
(20.1 x 14.1), no (20.1 x 14.1) (14.1 x 14.1) (13.4 x 8.3)
cut-off corners
Max count rate, cps >325,000 >325,000 >325,000 200,000
Dead time, µsec 0.7 0.7 0.7 Not specified
Energy range, keV 55-540 55-540 55-540 40-300
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.1
FWTM, UFOV 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.0
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 10 10 10 8.7
FWTM at 10 cm, mm Not specified Not specified Not specified 15.9
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 316 316 316 280
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.7% 9.7% 9.7% 10.2
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 2.9%, corrected
Differential
UFOV 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.4%, corrected

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.
Cameras, Gamma


D90
COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR,
MEGP, HEGP MEGP, HEGP MEGP, HEGP LEUHR, MEGP
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 1.1-119 1.1-119 1.1-119 NA
Mode Single pass Single pass Single pass NA
Area, cm 51 x 190 51 x 190 37 x 190 NA

Contouring Real-time, automatic Not specified Not specified NA
Yoke rotation, deg ±270 ±270 ±270 Not specified

Radius, cm (in) 10.6-28.6 (4.2-11.3) 10.6-28.6 (4.2-11.3) 10.6-28.6 (4.2-11.3) 12-30 (4.7-11.8)
Detector
rotation, deg 0 0 0 ±190
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 (23.6)
Minimum, cm (in) Not specified Not specified Not specified 24 (9.4)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes Yes Yes
Anatomic marker No No No Yes
Information density Yes Yes Yes Optional
Energy selection
Image rotation
PHA window capacity 3 peaks 3 peaks 3 peaks 4 peaks
Window selection
Auto uniformity
correction No No No Yes
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction No No No Optional
COMPUTER
Acquisition Not specified Not specified Not specified Intel Pentium IV,
2 GHz
Processing Not specified Not specified Not specified Intel Pentium IV,
2 GHz
Data transfer TCP/IP, Interfile TCP/IP, Interfile TCP/IP, Interfile Ethernet, Interfile,
floppy, DICOM 3.0

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.


D90
COMPUTER (cont’d)
Storage 1 GB formatted disk; 1 GB formatted disk; 1 GB formatted disk; 40 GB HD, CD-RW,

700 MB usable for 700 MB usable for 700 MB usable for floppy
data data data

(gantry only) 4,000 4,000 4,000 1,400 (700)
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 20-80% noncondensing 20-80% noncondensing 20-80% noncondensing 40-80%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 100/120 VAC, 50/60 100/120 VAC, 50/60 100/120 VAC, 50/60 230 VAC, 15 A;
Hz Hz Hz 110 VAC, 30 A
(62.6 x 49.2 x 49.2) (62.6 x 49.2 x 49.2) (62.6 x 49.2 x 49.2) (65 x 57 x 43)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,627 (3,586) 1,627 (3,586) 1,627 (3,586) 1,900 (4,180)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $585,000 * $330,000-350,000 * $310,000+ * $200,000-280,000
Warranty 1 year 1 year Not specified 3 years, parts

OPTIONAL FEATURES Mobile/removable Mobile/removable Mobile/removable R-wave trigger,
table; table table; table table; table processing
extension; snap-on extension; snap-on extension; snap-on workstation, MODEM
IV/catheter pole; IV/catheter pole; IV/catheter pole; long-distance
headholder; R-Made headholder; R-Made headholder; R-Made service
armrest; armrest; armrest;
scintimammography scintimammography scintimammography
extension extension extension
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Non-Anger digital Non-Anger all- Non-Anger all- Digitally controlled
camera system with purpose camera purpose camera PMTs; high-energy
fixed 101° system with digital system with digital shielding; robotic
detector geometry; CSE detectors and CSE detectors and gantry motions;
optional simultan- all-function all-function iterative
eous transmission patient table. patient table. reconstruction;
attenuation- automatic real-time
corrected SPECT. gantry calibration;
silent operation.
Meets requirements
of IEC 601-1, ISO-
9001, and NEMA.

* Pricing is derived from ECRI’s in-house information resources. See “About the Chart Specifications” for details.
Cameras, Gamma

MODEL MEDISO MEDISO MEDISO MEDISO
NUCLINE SPIRIT DH NUCLINE SPIRIT DH-V NUCLINE SPIRIT NUCLINE TH/22

DH-V-S
FDA CLEARANCE No Submitted No No

CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 2 single-crystal 2 single-crystal 1 single-crystal 1 single-crystal
detectors variable-angle detector, upgradable detector
detectors to variable angle
dual head
SPECT Yes Yes Yes No

FDG-SPECT Yes Yes Yes No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional Optional Optional No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 59 x 47 59 x 47 59 x 47 26 x 24.6
(23 x 18.5) (23 x 18.5) (23 x 18.5) (10.2 x 9.7)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8); 15.9 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8); 15.9 9.5 (3/8)
(6.3) optional (5/8) optional
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 22
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 6 (2.3)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, Yes Yes ADC at summation,
digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53 x 39 53 x 39 53 x 39 18 x 18
(20.9 x 15.4) (20.9 x 15.4) (20.9 x 15.4) (7.1 x 7.1)
Max count rate, cps 220,000 220,000 220,000 200,000

Dead time, µsec Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified
Energy range, keV 20-511 20-511 20-511 50-560
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.2
FWTM, UFOV 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.2
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.5
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 16.9 16.9 16.9 15.5
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected
Differential
UFOV 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.


DH-V-S
COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP,
MEGP, HEGP MEGP, HEGP MEGP, HEGP HEGP, HEHR, pinhole,
thyroid Tc,
thyroid I-131
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 1-200 1-200 1-200 NA
Area, cm 53 x 200 53 x 200 53 x 200 NA

Contouring Yes Yes Yes NA
Yoke rotation, deg Not specified Not specified Not specified ±90
Radius, cm (in) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) Not specified
Detector
rotation, deg ±270 ±270 ±270 -70 to +180
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 60 (23.6) 60 (23.6) 60 (23.6) 21 (8.5)
Minimum, cm (in) 24 (9.4) 24 (9.4) 24 (9.4) 0
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density Optional Optional Optional No
Energy selection
Image rotation
Window selection
Auto uniformity
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction No Optional Optional No
COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV,
2 GHz 2 GHz 2 GHz 2 GHz
Processing Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV,
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile,
floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.
Cameras, Gamma


DH-V-S
COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW,

floppy floppy floppy floppy

(gantry only) 1,400 (700) 1,400 (700) 1,400 (700) 350
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 230 VAC, 15 A; 230 VAC, 15 A; 230 VAC, 15 A; 230 VAC, 4 A;
110 VAC, 30 A 110 VAC, 30 A 110 VAC, 30 A 110 VAC, 8 A
(65 x 57 x 47) (65 x 57 x 47) (65 x 57 x 47) (33.8 x 27.5 x 47.2)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 2,100 (4,620) 2,100 (4,620) 1,500 (3,308) 180 (397)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $200,000-280,000 $200,000-300,000 $180,000-250,000 $70,000-75,000
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts

OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger,
processing processing processing processing
workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM
long-distance long-distance long-distance long-distance
service service service service
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Digitally controlled Digitally controlled Digital detector; Digitally controlled
PMTs; high-energy PMTs; high-energy high-energy PMTs; high-energy
shielding; robotic shielding; robotic shielding; robotic shielding. Meets
gantry motions; gantry motions; gantry motions; requirements of
iterative iterative iterative IEC 601-1, ISO-9001,
reconstruction; reconstruction; reconstruction; and NEMA.
automatic real-time automatic real-time automatic real-time
gantry calibration; gantry calibration; gantry calibration;
silent operation. silent operation. silent operation.
Meets requirements Meets requirements Meets requirements
of IEC 601-1, ISO- of IEC 601-1, ISO- of IEC 601-1, ISO-
9001, and NEMA. 9001, and NEMA. 9001, and NEMA.

NUCLINE TH/33 NUCLINE TH/45 NUCLINE X-RING/4R NUCLINE X-RING/C
FDA CLEARANCE No No Yes Yes

detector detector detectors detector
SPECT No No Yes Yes

FDG-SPECT No No Yes Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No Optional No
WHOLE BODY No No No Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 26 x 24.6 30 x 30 26 x 24.6 41.3 (16.3) diameter
(10.2 x 9.7) (11.8 x 11.8) (10.2 x 9.7) (23 x 18.5)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 6.5 (1/4); 15.9 9.5 (3/8)
(5/8) optional
Number of PMTs 27 (2"), 6 (1.5") 45 33 37
Diameter, cm (in) 3.8 (1.5), 5 (2) 5 (2) 5 (2) 7.6 (3)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, ADC at summation, ADC at summation, ADC at summation,
digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 23 x 21.5 27 x 27 23 x 21.5 38 (15) diameter
(9.1 x 8.5) (10.6 x 10.6) (9.1 x 8.5)
Max count rate, cps 200,000 220,000 200,000 220,000

Energy range, keV 50-560 50-560 50-560 50-560
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.2 3.2 3 3.9
FWTM, UFOV 6.2 6.2 5.8 7.5
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.7
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.5 15.5 14.9 15.9
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.9% 9.9% 9.7% 10.2%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected 2.5%, corrected
Differential
UFOV 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected 2%, corrected

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.
Cameras, Gamma

COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP,
HEGP, HEHR, pinhole, HEGP, HEHR, pinhole, HEGP, HEHR HEGP, HEHR, pinhole
thyroid Tc, thyroid Tc,
thyroid I-131 thyroid I-131
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA NA NA 0.5-200
Mode NA NA NA Continuous, single
or dual pass
Area, cm NA NA NA 60 x 210
Contouring NA NA NA Computer controlled
Yoke rotation, deg ±90 ±90 NA ±185

Radius, cm (in) Not specified Not specified NA 0-36 (0-14.2)
Detector
rotation, deg -70 to +180 -70 to +180 ±190 -45 to +190
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 21 (8.5) 21 (8.5) 28 (11) 72 (28.4)
Minimum, cm (in) 0 0 NA 0
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density No No Optional Optional
Energy selection
Image rotation
Window selection
Auto uniformity
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction No No No No
COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV,
Processing Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV,
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile,
floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW,

floppy floppy floppy floppy

(gantry only) 350 350 1,000 (500) 750 (500)
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 230 VAC, 4 A; 230 VAC, 4 A; 230 VAC, 6 A; 230 VAC, 6 A;
110 VAC, 8 A 110 VAC, 8 A 110 VAC, 12 A 110 VAC, 12 A

(33.8 x 27.5 x 47.2) (33.8 x 27.5 x 47.2) (70.9 x 41.3 x 41.3) (70.9 x 72.8 x 41.3)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 180 (397) 180 (397) 800 (1,760) 1,100 (2,426)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $80,000-85,000 $90,000-95,000 $220,000-300,000 $130,000-200,000
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts

OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger,
processing processing processing processing
workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM
long-distance long-distance long-distance long-distance
service service service service
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Digitally controlled Digitally controlled Digitally controlled Digitally controlled
PMTs; high-energy PMTs; high-energy PMTs; high-energy PMTs; high-energy
shielding. Meets shielding. Meets shielding; robotic shielding; robotic
requirements of requirements of gantry motions; gantry motions;
IEC 601-1, ISO-9001, IEC 601-1, ISO-9001, iterative fast iterative
and NEMA. and NEMA. reconstruction; reconstruction;
automatic real-time automatic real-time
gantry calibration; gantry calibration;
silent operation. silent operation.
Meets requirements Meets requirements
of IEC 601-1, ISO- of IEC 601-1, ISO-
9001, and NEMA. 9001, and NEMA.
Cameras, Gamma

MODEL MEDISO MEDISO NEUROPHYSICS PHILIPS
NUCLINE X-RING/HR NUCLINE X-RING/R NeuroFOCUS Argus EPIC
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Europe, North Asia, Europe,

America Latin America,
North America
FDA CLEARANCE No No Yes Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Not specified Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 1 single-crystal 1 single-crystal Dedicated neurology 1 single-crystal
detector detector SPECT detector

FDG-SPECT Yes Yes Not specified No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No Not specified No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes No Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 58.6 x 47 58.6 x 47 12.7 x 20 (5 x 8), 52 x 64
(23 x 18.5) (23 x 18.5) 12 detectors (20.5 x 25)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 25.4 (1) 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 24 49 (3"), 6 (2")

Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5 (2)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, ADC at summation, Not specified 1 ADC on each PMT
digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53 x 39 53 x 39 20 (8) 50.8 x 38.1
(20.9 x 15.4) (20.9 x 15.4) (20 x 15)
Max count rate, cps 220,000 220,000 1,200,000 250,000

Dead time, µsec Not specified Not specified Not specified 1.3
Energy range, keV 50-560 50-560 50-400 56-920
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.4 3.9 NA 3.5
FWTM, UFOV 6.5 7.5 NA 6.5
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.5 8.7 3.0 * 8.8
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.5 15.9 NA 16
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 280 280 See footnote * 265
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.7% 10.2% 13.5% 9.8%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.4 0.4 Abs in uniformity 0.5
Differential UFOV 0.2 0.2 Abs in uniformity 0.2
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9%, corrected 2.9%, corrected NA ±2.5%
Differential
UFOV 2.4%, corrected 2.4%, corrected NA ±2%

* 660,000 counts/sec/µCimL, NPC high-resolution collimator with 3-dimensional reconstruction. three pages covering
the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, High sensitivity LEGP, LEHR, LEHS,
HEGP, HEHR, pinhole HEGP, HEHR, pinhole (point focus), MEGP, HEGP, pinhole,
general purpose HEHR
(point focus),
HR (point focus)
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 0.5-200 0.5-200 NA 1-190
Mode Continuous, single Continuous, single NA Single pass
pass pass
Area, cm 53 x 210 53 x 210 NA 51 x 206
Contouring Yes Yes NA Manual
Yoke rotation, deg ±185 ±185 None ±370

Radius, cm (in) 0-36 (0-14.2) 0-36 (0-14.2) NA 1.3-34.3 (0.5-13.5)
Detector
rotation, deg -45 to +190 -45 to +190 12 at 30° apart +70 to -100
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 72 (28.4) 72 (28.4) 29 (11.4) 130 (51)
Minimum, cm (in) 0 0 Not specified 61 (24)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes NA Yes
Anatomic marker Yes Yes Yes No
Time readout Yes Yes No Yes
Information density Optional Optional No Whole body
Energy selection
Automatic Yes Yes No Yes
Image rotation
control Yes Yes 1° increments Yes
Window selection
Automatic Yes Yes No Yes
Auto uniformity
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction No No Not specified No
COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, Macintosh Sun SPARC based
2 GHz 2 GHz
Processing Intel Pentium IV, Intel Pentium IV, G4 Sun Blade 1000
2 GHz 2 GHz
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet, Interfile, Ethernet Interfile 3.3,
floppy, DICOM 3.0 floppy, DICOM 3.0 Ethernet, floppy
DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Not specified Yes

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.
Cameras, Gamma

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Display matrix 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 Not specified 1152 x 900
Storage 40 GB HD, CD-RW, 40 GB HD, CD-RW, Not specified 20 GB hard disk,

floppy floppy 1.3 GB optical disk,
1.5 MB tape, 1.44 MB
floppy, CD drive
(gantry only) 750 (500) 750 (500) 4,300 6,500
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 4 4 2.8 2.8
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 50-80% 45-75%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 230 VAC, 6 A; 230 VAC, 6 A; 120/240 VAC, 20/10 A 208-240 VAC, 30 A
110 VAC, 12 A 110 VAC, 12 A
(70.9 x 72.8 x 41.3) (70.9 x 72.8 x 41.3) (88 x 99 x 30) (108 x 81 x 36)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,200 (2,640) 1,200 (2,640) 1,588 (3,500) 1,588 (3,500)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $170,000-240,000 $150,000-220,000 $550,000 $253,000
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 1 year 1 year

OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, Collimators, color None specified
processing processing printer, optical
workstation, MODEM workstation, MODEM drive
long-distance long-distance
service service
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Digitally controlled Digitally controlled Uses an array of Open cantilevered
PMTs; high-energy PMTs; high-energy point-focus, large- gantry design with
shielding; robotic shielding; robotic angle collimators EPIC digital
gantry motions; gantry motions; for 3-D sampling detector; Pegasys
computer-controlled computer-controlled of brain volume; workstation;
body contouring; body contouring; transaxial, coronal, MacroVision/
automatic detector automatic detector sagittal, and ProVision
spirit leveling; spirit leveling; oblique programming; non-
fast iterative fast iterative reconstructions. circular standard;
reconstruction; reconstruction; extended arm reach;
automatic real-time automatic real-time direct radial drive;
gantry calibration; gantry calibration; robotic-controlled
silent operation. silent operation. motions; predefined
Meets requirements Meets requirements protocols; high-
of IEC 601-1, ISO- of IEC 601-1, ISO- energy shielding;
9001, and NEMA. 9001, and NEMA. intuitive motion
controls; real-time
uniformity correc-
tion. ETL listed;
GMP compliant.

MODEL PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS
AXIS Cardio 60 CardioMD Forte
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Asia, Europe, Asia, Europe, Asia, Europe,

Latin America, Latin America, Latin America,
North America North America North America
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes Yes
detectors with detectors, fixed at detectors, fixed at detectors, variable
variable-angle geo- 90° 90° angle
metry, VT technology

FDG-SPECT Yes No No Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Yes No No No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes No Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 47 x 59 52 x 64 39 x 23.4 52 x 64
(18.5 x 23) (20.5 x 25) (15.4 x 9.2) (20.5 x 25)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8), 19 (3/4) 9.5 (3/8) 8.5 (1/3) 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 10 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 24 49 (3"), 6 (2")

Diameter, cm (in) Not specified 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5 (2)
Digital detectors 1 high-precision 1 ADC on each PMT Yes 1 ADC on each PMT
ADC/PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53.3 x 39.4 50.8 x 38.1 36 x 20.4 50.8 x 38.1
(21 x 15.5) (20 x 15) (14.2 x 8) (20 x 15)
Max count rate, cps 310,000 250,000 200 250,000

Dead time, µsec Programmable 1.3 0.7 1.3
Energy range, keV 50-511 56-920 60-170 56-920
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.3 thin, 4.1 thick 3.4 3.7 3.4
FWTM, UFOV 6.3 thin, 7.8 thick 6.65 7.6 6.65
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.4 thin, 8.9 thick 8.8 7.7 (LEHR) 8.8
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.1 thin, 15.8 thck 16 NA 16
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 233 thin, 257 thick 285 277 265
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.5% thin, 9.6% thck 9.6% 9.4% 9.6%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ±3.5%, corrected ±2.5% ±2.5% ±2.5%
Differential
UFOV ±2.5%, corrected ±2% ±1.5% ±2%

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.
Cameras, Gamma

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR LEGP, LEHR, LEHS,
UHR fanbeam, MEGP, HEGP, HEHR, VXHR, MEGP, HEGP, HEHR,
HEGP, pinhole, VXGP, LEHS, HEGH, pinhole, fanbeam,
axial filter, open fanbeam VXHR, VXGP
frame, LED
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 3-300 5-190 Not specified 5-190
Mode Single pass Dual pass Not specified Single pass
Area, cm 53.3 x 198 51 x 206 Not specified 51 x 206

Contouring Manual, automatic Manual Automatic Manual, automatic
LearnMode
Yoke rotation, deg 480 370 (±185) 180 (CCW, CW) 370 (±185)
Radius, cm (in) 10.8-37.4 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6) 39.9-80 (15.7-31.5) 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6)
(4.2-14.8), LEGP
Detector
rotation, deg -60 to +420 0, fixed at 90 -45 to +45 supine, 0-195
-45 to +135 prone
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 74.9 (29.5) 74.7 (29.4) * 102.8 (40.5) 74.7 (29.4) *
Minimum, cm (in) 24.7 (9.7) 22.4 (8.8) * 59.7 (23.5) 22.4 (8.8) *
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker No No No No
Information density No Whole body No Whole body
Energy selection
Image rotation
Window selection
Auto uniformity
correction Yes Yes Not required Yes
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction Optional point Optional line source No Optional line source
source
COMPUTER
Acquisition Not specified Sun SPARC based Mobile acquisition Sun SPARC based
console
Processing Odyssey LX, Pentium Sun Blade 1000 Pegasys Ultra HT Sun Blade 1000
IV
Data transfer DICOM, Ethernet, Interfile 3.3, DICOM, Ethernet, Interfile 3.3,
TCP/IP Ethernet, floppy TCP/IP Ethernet, floppy

* Between detectors (LEGP). three pages covering
the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 40 GB, optional 40 20 GB hard disk, 20 GB hard disk, 20 GB hard disk,

GB; 12-24 DDS tape, 1.3 GB optical disk, 1.3 GB optical WORM, 1.3 GB optical disk,
opt 4.3 GB optical 1.5 MB tape, 1.44 MB 150 MB tape, 1.44 MB 1.5 MB tape, 1.44 MB
disk, 1.44 MB floppy floppy, CD drive floppy, CD drive floppy, CD drive
(gantry only) 3,400 avg, 6,800 max 6,500 <4,800 6,500
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 3 2.8 3 2.8
HUMIDITY 45-80% noncondensing 45-75% 20-80% 45-75%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 208/220/240 VAC, 208-240 VAC, 30 A 115 VAC, 12 A, 208-240 VAC, 30 A
50/60 Hz, 20 A, 50/60 Hz
single phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 170 x 147 x 193 186 x 168 x 439 Not specified 186 x 168 x 439
(66.9 x 57.9 x 76) * (73 x 66 x 173) (73 x 66 x 173)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 2,454 (5,400) 1,964 (4,330) 1,100 (2,426) 1,960 (4,300)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $451,000-491,000 $395,250 $350,000 $607,450
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year

OPTIONAL FEATURES B/W and color Vantage Attenuation AUTOQUANT, CardiaQ, Vantage Attenuation
printers, optical Correction Emory Toolbox Correction
disk, extra display
stations, DICOM,
FUSION, QGS+, QPS,
Emory Toolbox,
GammaPETAZ,
pediatric accesso-
ries, UNITE WB
tomography
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Rapid Acquisition EPIC digital Integrated gantry/ EPIC digital
Sequence SPECT detectors with table; self-tuning detectors with
hardware/software; remote diagnostics; detector; LV remote diagnostics;
digital detector 90° detector software programs. 90 cm open-ring
design; remote configuration; gantry; MacroVision/
monitoring and semiautomatic ProVision visual
service diagnostics; exchanger; software- programming;
19 mm (3/4") upgradable detector; software-
crystals available; robotic-controlled upgradable detector;
software upgradable; motions. ETL listed; robotic-controlled
IV pole; accessory GMP compliant. motions. ETL listed;
tray. Meets GMP compliant.
requirements of
IEC 601-1, ISO 9001,
and UL 544.

* Dimensions include whole-body table travel and height of persistence scope above gantry.
Cameras, Gamma

Forte MCD Genesys IRIX Meridian
WHERE MARKETED Asia, Europe, Asia, Europe, Worldwide Worldwide

Latin America, Latin America,
North America North America
SYSTEM TYPE 2 single-crystal 1 single-crystal 3 single-crystal Single-crystal
detectors, variable detector (RFOV) detectors with detector
angle variable-angle geo-
metry, VT technology

FDG-SPECT Yes No Yes No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Yes No Yes Yes
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 52 x 64 52 x 64 47 x 59 40.2 x 55.8
(20 x 25) (20 x 25) (18.5 x 23) (15.8 x 22)
Thickness, mm (in) 15.9 (5/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8), 19 (3/4) 8.5 (1/3)
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 10 (2") 48

Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) Not specified Not specified
Digital detectors 1 ADC on each PMT 1 ADC on each PMT 1 high-precision Yes
ADC/PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 50.8 x 38.1 50.8 x 38.1 53.3 x 39.4 52 x 37
(20 x 15) (20 x 15) (21 x 15.5) (20.5 x 14.6)
Max count rate, cps ≥250,000 * 250,000 310,000 320,000

Dead time, µsec 1.3 ** 1.3 Programmable 0.7
Energy range, keV 56-920 50-600 50-511 60-400
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9 3.5 3.3 thin, 4.1 thick 3.7
FWTM, UFOV 7.6 6.5 6.3 thin, 7.8 thick 7.6
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 7.6 (LEHR) *** 8.8 8.4 thin, 8.9 thick 9.7
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 16 (LEHR) *** 16 15.1 thin, 15.8 thck 16.7
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
†
counts/min/µCi 180 (LEHR) 265 233 thin, 257 thick 300
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
††
FWHM, 140 keV ≤9.8% 9.8% 9.5% thin, 9.6% thck 9.4%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV ≤0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5
Differential UFOV ≤0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ±2.5% ±2.5% ±3.5%, corrected ±3.5%
Differential
UFOV ±2% ±2% ±2.5%, corrected ±2.5%

* ≥200,000 cps input 20% count rate loss, ≥160,000 cps output 20% count rate loss, ≥2,400,000 cps max singles count rate three pages covering
per detector, 13,000 cps max trues coincidence rate, and ≤0.8 mm multiple-window spatial registration for MCD. the above model(s).
** ≤5% point source singles dead time at 1,000,000 cps for MCD. These specifications
*** 4.8 mm FWHM and 10.5 mm FWTM system-reconstructed spatial resolution for MCD. continue onto the
†
100,000 cps/µCi/cc system sensitivity for MCD. next two pages.
††
≤15% energy resolution, 511 keV FWHM @ 2,000,000 cps for MCD.

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR,
MEGP, HEGP, HEHR, MEGP, HEGP, pinhole, UHR, MEGP, HEGP, MEGP, pinhole
pinhole, fanbeam, HEHR, fanbeam pinhole, axial
VXHR, VXGP filter, open frame,
LED
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 5-190 1-190 3-300 0.04-80
Mode Single pass Single pass Single pass Dual pass
Area, cm 51 x 206 51 x 206 53.3 x 198 52 x 192

Contouring Manual, automatic Manual, automatic Manual, automatic LearnMode
LearnMode
Yoke rotation, deg 370 (±185) 380 (±190) 480 -10 to +180
Radius, cm (in) 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6) 12.7-30.5 (5-12) 10.8-37.4 13.7-33.8
(4.2-14.8), LEGP (5.4-13.3)
Detector
rotation, deg 0-195 -235 to +90 -60 to +420 -270 to +270
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 74.7 (29.4) * 61 (24) 74.9 (29.5) 67.2 (26.4)
Minimum, cm (in) 22.4 (8.8) * 25.4 (10) 21.5 (8.5) 27 (10.6)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker No Yes No No
Ratemeter Yes No Yes Yes
Information density Whole body Whole body No No
Energy selection
Image rotation
Window selection
Auto uniformity
correction Yes Yes Yes Not required
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction Optional line source No Optional point No
source
COMPUTER
Acquisition Sun SPARC based Sun SPARC based Not specified Mobile Acquisition
Console
Processing Sun Blade 1000 Sun Blade 1000 Odyssey LX, Pentium Odyssey LXP, Pentium
IV IV
Data transfer Interfile 3.3, Interfile 3.3, DICOM, Ethernet, DICOM, Ethernet,
Ethernet, floppy Ethernet, floppy TCP/IP TCP/IP

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.
Cameras, Gamma

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 20 GB hard disk, 20 GB hard disk, 40 GB, optional 40 40 GB, optional 40

1.3 GB optical disk, 1.3 GB optical WORM, GB; 12-24 DDS tape, GB; 12-24 DDS tape,
1.5 MB tape, 1.44 MB 150 MB tape, 1.44 MB opt 4.3 GB optical opt 4.3 GB optical
floppy, CD drive floppy, CD drive disk, 1.44 MB floppy disk, 1.44 MB floppy
(gantry only) 6,500 6,500 3,400 avg, 6,800 max 3,400 avg, 6,800 max
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 2.8 2.8 3 3
HUMIDITY 45-75% 45-75% 45-80% noncondensing 45-80% noncondensing
POWER REQUIREMENTS 208-240 VAC, 30 A 208-240 VAC, 30 A 208/220/240 VAC, 100-240 VAC, 20 A
50/60 Hz, 20 A,
single phase
(73 x 66 x 173) (68 x 41 x 36) (66.9 x 57.9 x 76) * (59.1 x 98.4 x 51.2)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,960 (4,300) 1,588 (3,500) 3,112 (6,862) 1,100 (2,426)
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $822,450 $232,750 $645,300-714,300 $250,000-255,000
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year

OPTIONAL FEATURES Vantage Attenuation None specified B/W and color B/W and color
Correction printers, optical printers, optical
disk, extra display disk, extra display
stations, DICOM, stations, DICOM,
FUSION, QGS+, QPS, FUSION, QGS+, QPS,
Emory Toolbox, Emory Toolbox,
GammaPETAZ, 4DM-SPECT,
pediatric accesso- iterative
ries, UNITE WB reconstruction
tomography
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS EPIC digital EPIC digital Rapid Acquisition Integrated gantry/
detectors with detector with Sequence SPECT table design; self-
diagnostics; 90 cm remote diagnostics; hardware/software; tuning detector;
open-ring gantry; open dual-ring digital detector IV pole upright;
MacroVision/ gantry design; design; remote gurney imaging;
ProVision visual MacroVision/Pro- monitoring and predefined
programming; soft- Vision visual service diagnostics; acquisition
ware-upgradable programming; 19 mm (3/4") protocols.
detector; robotic- software-upgradable crystals available;
controlled motions; detector; robotic- software upgradable;
Molecular controlled motions. IV pole; accessory
Coincidence ETL listed; tray. Meets
Detection (MCD) with GMP compliant. requirements of
15 nsec coincidence IEC 601-1, ISO 9001,
timing window, and UL 544.
≤20% photopeak
scatter fraction,
and ≤30% photopeak
Compton scatter
fraction.
ETL listed;
GMP compliant.

* Dimensions include whole-body table travel and height of persistence scope above gantry.

MODEL PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS SIEMENS
Skylight Vertex 60 Vertex MCD E.CAM 180
WHERE MARKETED Asia, Europe, Asia, Europe, Asia, Europe, Worldwide

Latin America, Latin America, Latin America,
North America North America North America
FDA CLEARANCE Not specified Yes Yes Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Not specified Yes Yes Yes
detectors, gantry detectors, variable detectors, variable rectangular
free variable angle angle (RFOV) angle (RFOV) detectors

FDG-SPECT No No No Optional
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No Yes Yes Optional
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 52 x 64 52 x 64 52 x 64 59.1 x 44.5
(20 x 25) (20 x 25) (20 x 25) (23.3 x 17.5)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 15.9 (5/8) 9.5 (3/8), 15.9
(5/8)
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 53 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 50.8 x 38.1 50.8 x 38.1 50.8 x 38.1 53.3 x 38.7
(20 x 15) (20 x 15) (20 x 15) (21 x 15.25)
Max count rate, cps 250,000 250,000 ≥250,000 * ≥240,000

Dead time, µsec 1.3 1.3 1.3 ** Not specified
Energy range, keV 56-920 56-920 56-920 50-511
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.4 3.5 3.5 ≤3.9, ≤4.6
FWTM, UFOV 6.65 6.5 7.6 ≤7.7, ≤8.9
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 7.4 (LEHR) 8.8 7.4 (LEHR) *** ≤7.4, ≤7.8 LEHR
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 16 (LEHR) 16 16 (LEHR) *** ≤14.1, ≤14.9 LEHR
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
† ††
counts/min/µCi 180 (LEHR) 285 180 (LEHR) ≥202, ≥225 LEHR
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
†††
FWHM, 140 keV ≤9.6 9.8% 9.8% ≤9.9%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV ≤0.5 0.5 ≤0.5 ≤0.7, ≤1
Differential UFOV ≤0.2 0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ±2.5% ±2.5% ±2.5% ≤3.7%
Differential
UFOV ±2% ±2% ±2% ≤2.7%

* ≥200,000 cps input 20% count rate loss, ≥160,000 cps output 20% count rate loss, ≥2,400,000 cps max singles count rate three pages covering
per detector, 13,000 cps max trues coincidence rate, and ≤0.8 mm multiple-window spatial registration for MCD. the above model(s).
** ≤5% point source singles dead time at 1,000,000 cps for MCD. These specifications
*** 4.8 mm FWHM and 10.5 mm FWTM system-reconstructed spatial resolution for MCD. continue onto the
†
100,000 cps/µCi/cc system sensitivity for MCD. next two pages.
††
Per detector.
†††
≤15% energy resolution, 511 keV FWHM @ 2,000,000 cps for MCD.
Cameras, Gamma

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEHS, LEHR, LEHS, MELP,
HEGP, pinhole, MEGP, HEGP, HEHR, MEGP, HEGP, HEHR, HEGP, fanbeam,
VXGP, VXHR, VXUR pinhole, fanbeam, pinhole, fanbeam, pinhole, LEAP,
UHGP, VXHR, VXGP UHGP, VXHR, VXGP LEUHR, extra-HE
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 2-180 5-190 5-190 0.1-240
Mode Single pass Single pass Single pass Single pass
Area, cm 51 x 206 51 x 206 51 x 206 38.7 x 203.2

Contouring Manual, automatic Manual, automatic Manual, automatic Fully automated
Yoke rotation, deg 405 370 (±185) 370 (±185) 470

Radius, cm (in) Not specified 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6) 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6) 14 min-67 max
LEHR collimator
Detector
rotation, deg 225 -60 to +200 -60 to +200 -30 to +440
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 73.7 (29) 74.7 (29.4) * 74.7 (29.4) * 67 (26.4) LEHR
Minimum, cm (in) 0 22.4 (8.8) * 22.4 (8.8) * 9.0 (3.5) HE
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Information density Whole body Whole body Whole body Yes
Energy selection
Image rotation
PHA window capacity 16 peaks 3 peaks 3 peaks Yes
Window selection
Auto uniformity
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction No Optional line source Optional line source No
COMPUTER
Acquisition Jetstream mobile or Sun SPARC based Sun SPARC based e. soft A
wall mount console
Processing Sun Blade 1000 Sun Blade 1000 Sun Blade 1000 e. soft P
Data transfer Interfile 3.3, Interfile 3.3, Interfile 3.3, Ethernet, FTP
Ethernet, floppy Ethernet, floppy Ethernet, floppy w/TCP/IP, direct
DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Yes Standard

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.

COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 20 GB hard disk, 20 GB hard disk, 20 GB hard disk, 36.7 GB internal,

1.3 GB optical WORM, 1.3 GB optical WORM, 1.3 GB optical WORM, CD-R, 1 GB RAM
150 MB tape, 1.44 MB 150 MB tape, 1.44 MB 150 MB tape, 1.44 MB
floppy, CD drive floppy, CD drive floppy, CD drive
(gantry only) 6,220 6,500 6,500 6,800
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 6 2.8 2.8 4.4
HUMIDITY 20-75% 20-75% 20-75% 15-80%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 208-240 VAC, 30 A 208-240 VAC, 30 A 208-240 VAC, 30 A 200-240 ±10% VAC,
3 kVA, 20 A, single
phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 411 x 361 x 274 152 x 155 x 279 152 x 155 x 279 193 x 159.4 x 167.6
(161.8 x 142 x 108) (60 x 60.5 x 110) (60 x 60.5 x 110) (76 x 62.8 x 66)
gantry *
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 2,774 (6,117) 2,050 (4,500) 2,050 (4,500) 1,533 (3,380) gantry *
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $940,000 $506,750 $721,750 $750,000-830,000+ **
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 yr; 3 yr, crystal

OPTIONAL FEATURES None specified Vantage Attenuation Vantage Attenuation ECG gate, whole-body
Correction, color Correction, color SPECT, coincidence
printers printers imaging, dynamic
SPECT, pediatric and
scintimammography
pallets, upgradable
to variable angle,
upgradable to
coincidence
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Detectors with Detectors with Detectors with Fixed 180°
3
remote diagnostics; remote diagnostics; remote diagnostics; detectors; HD
MacroVision/ 90 cm open-ring 90 cm open-ring energy-independent
ProVision visual gantry; Macro- gantry; MacroVision/ digital detectors;
programming; Vision/ProVision ProVision visual open-gantry design;
software-upgradable visual programming; programming; soft- 0.1" imaging pallet
detector; robotic- software- ware-upgradable for patients up to
controlled motions; upgradable detector; detector; robotic- 181 kg (400 lb);
gantry-free dual robotic-controlled controlled motions; AUTOCONTOUR
head imaging. motions. ETL listed; Molecular automatic infrared
ETL listed; GMP compliant. Coincidence body contour system;
GMP compliant. Detection (MCD) with integrated source
15 nsec coincidence holder for QC;
timing window, connectivity to HIS/
≤20% photopeak RIS and PACS via
scatter fraction, DICOM; multimodality
and ≤30% photopeak viewing compati-
Compton scatter bility with syngo-
fraction. based e. soft
ETL listed; computer. ISO 9001
GMP compliant. certified.

* 109.2 x 88.9 x 251.5 cm (43 x 35.4 x 99 in) patient bed; 105.4 x 55.9 x 52.3 cm (41.5 x 22 x 20.6 in) electronics enclosure;
253 kg (562 lb) patient bed; 99 kg (220 lb) electronics enclosure.
** Pricing is derived from ECRI's in-house information resources. See “About the Chart Specifications” for details.
Cameras, Gamma

MODEL SIEMENS SIEMENS SIEMENS SIEMENS
E.CAM (Duet) E.CAM (Single) E.CAM (Variable) E.CAM MULTI ANGLE

(Cardiac)

SYSTEM TYPE 2 pixelated single- 1 single-crystal 2 single-crystal 2 single-crystal
crystal rectangular rectangular rectangular rectangular
detectors detector detectors detectors

FDG-SPECT Yes NA Optional NA
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional NA Optional Optional
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 59.1 x 44.5 59.1 x 44.5 59.1 x 44.5 59.1 x 44.5
(23.3 x 17.5) (23.3 x 17.5) (23.3 x 17.5) (23.3 x 17.5)
Thickness, mm (in) 25.4 (1) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8), 15.9 9.5 (3/8)
(5/8)
Number of PMTs 53 (3"), 6 (2") 53 (3"), 6 (2") * 53 (3"), 6 (2") * 53 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 52.8 x 37.7 53.3 x 38.7 53.3 x 38.7 53.3 x 38.7
(20.8 x 14.8) (21 x 15.25) (21 x 15.25) (21 x 15.25)
Max count rate, cps ≥160,000 ≥240,000 ≥240,000 ≥240,000

Energy range, keV 50-511 50-511 50-511 50-511
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV ≤5.6 ≤3.9 ≤3.9, ≤4.6 ≤3.9
FWTM, UFOV ≤10.6 ≤7.7 ≤7.7, ≤8.9 ≤7.7
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm ≤8.5 with LEHR ≤7.4 LEHR ≤7.4, ≤7.8 LEHR ≤7.4 LEHR
FWTM at 10 cm, mm ≤16 with LEHR ≤14.1 LEHR ≤14.1, ≤14.9 LEHR ≤14.1 LEHR
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 230 LEHR absolute ** ≥202 LEHR absolute ≥202, ≥225 LEHR ** ≥202 LEHR **
Intrinsic energy absolute
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV ≤9.9% ≤9.9% ≤9.9% ≤9.9%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 1.5 absolute UFOV ≤0.7 ≤0.7, ≤1 ≤0.7
Differential UFOV 0.35 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ≤3.7% ≤3.7% ≤3.7% ≤3.7%
Differential
UFOV ≤2.7% ≤2.7% ≤2.7% ≤2.7%

* Per detector. three pages covering
** Per detector. the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.


(Cardiac)
COLLIMATORS LEHS, LEUHR, LEHR, LEHR, LEHS, MELP, LEHR, LEHS, MELP, LEHR, LEHS, MELP,
LEAP, MELP, HEGP, HEGP, fanbeam, HEGP, fanbeam, HEGP, fanbeam,
EHE, pinhole, pinhole, LEAP, pinhole, LEAP, pinhole, LEAP,
fanbeam LEUHR, extra-HE LEUHR, extra-HE LEUHR, extra-HE
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 0.1-240 0.1-240 0.1-240 NA
Area, cm 58.2 x 201.2 38.7 x 203.2 38.7 x 203.2 NA

Contouring Fully automated Fully automated Fully automated Fully automated
Yoke rotation, deg 470 470 470 470

Radius, cm (in) 14 min-67 max 14 min-67 max 14 min-67 max Not specified
(with LEHR) LEHR collimator LEHR collimator Not specified
Detector
rotation, deg -30 to +440 -30 to +440 -30 to +440 * -120 to +350
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 67 (26.4) with LEHR 67 (26.4) LEHR 67 (26.4) LEHR 67 (26.4) LEHR
Minimum, cm (in) 9.0 (3.5) with HE 9.0 (3.5) HE 9.0 (3.5) HE 9.0 (3.5) HE
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Information density Yes Yes Yes Yes
Energy selection
Image rotation
PHA window capacity Yes Yes Yes Yes
Window selection
Auto uniformity
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction Opt PROFILE w/Gd-153 No Opt PROFILE w/Gd-153 Opt PROFILE w/Gd-153
multiple-line array multiple-line array multiple-line array
COMPUTER
Acquisition e. soft A e. soft A e. soft A e. soft A
Processing e. soft P e. soft P e. soft P e. soft P
Data transfer Ethernet, FTP Ethernet, FTP Ethernet, FTP Ethernet, FTP
with TCP/IP with TCP/IP, direct with TCP/IP, direct w/TCP/IP, direct
DICOM 3.0 Standard Standard Standard Standard

* Fan beam, fast sequential scan with ML-EM reconstruction. three pages covering
the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.
Cameras, Gamma


(Cardiac)
COMPUTER (cont'd)
Storage 36.7 GB internal, 36.7 GB internal, 36.7 GB internal, 36.7 GB internal,

CD-R, 1 GB RAM CD-R, 1 GB RAM CD-R, 1 GB RAM CD-R, 1 GB RAM

(gantry only) 6,800 6,800 6,800 6,800
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
HUMIDITY 15-80% 15-80% 15-80% 15-80%
POWER REQUIREMENTS 240 VAC 200-240 ±10% VAC, 200-240 ±10% VAC, 200-240 ±10% VAC,
50/60 Hz, 3kVA, 50/60 Hz, 3kVA, 50/60 Hz, 3kVA, 3 kVA, 20 A, single
20 A, single phase 20 A, single phase 20 A, single phase phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 193 x 159.4 x 167.6 193 x 159.4 x 167.6 193 x 159.4 x 167.6 193 x 159.4 x 167.6
(76 x 62.8 x 66) (76 x 62.8 x 66) (76 x 62.8 x 66) (76 x 62.8 x 66)
gantry * gantry * gantry * gantry *
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,533 (3,380) gantry * 1,059 (2,335) gantry * 1,533 (3,380) gantry * 1,533 (3,380) gantry *
PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $750,000-850,000 ** $750,000-830,000+ ** $750,000-830,000+ ** $750,000-830,000+ **
Warranty 1 yr; 3 yr, crystal 1 yr; 3 yr, crystal 1 yr; 3 yr, crystal 1 yr; 3 yr, crystal
OPTIONAL FEATURES PROFILE attenuation ECG gate, whole-body PROFILE attenuation ECG gate, PROFILE
correction, SPECT, pediatric and correction, attenuation
ECG gate, whole-body scintimammography ECG gate, whole-body correction, dynamic
SPECT, coincidence pallets, upgradable SPECT, coincidence SPECT, cardiac
imaging, dynamic to dual detector, imaging, dynamic quantification
SPECT, pediatric and upgradable to SPECT, pediatric and software, upgradable
scintimammography profile, upgradable scintimammography to variable angle,
pallets to coincidence pallets upgradable to
coincidence
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Variable-angle Single Variable-angle Cardiac multiangle

3
detectors; PET-based detectors; HD (76°, 90°, 76° and
coincidence imaging energy-independent and 180°) 90° detector;
3 3
with measured random digital detectors; detectors; HD HD energy-
correction; open- open-gantry design; energy-independent independent digital
gantry design; 0.1" 0.1" imaging pallet digital detectors; detectors;
imaging pallet for for patients up to open-gantry design; open-gantry design;
patients up to 181 kg (400 lb); 0.1" imaging pallet 0.1" imaging pallet
181 kg (400 lb); AUTOCONTOUR for patients up to for patients up to
AUTOCONTOUR automatic infrared 181 kg (400 lb); 181 kg (400 lb);
automatic contouring body contour system; AUTOCONTOUR AUTOCONTOUR
in SPECT and whole- integrated source automatic infrared automatic infrared
body modes; source holder for QC; body contour system; body contour system;
holder for QC; connectivity to HIS/ integrated source integrated source
connectivity to HIS/ RIS and PACS via holder for QC; holder for QC;
RIS and PACS via DICOM; multimodality connectivity to HIS/ connectivity to HIS/
DICOM; multimodality viewing compati- RIS and PACS via RIS and PACS via
viewing compatibility with syngo- DICOM; multimodality DICOM; multimodality
bility with syngo- based e. soft viewing compatibili- viewing compati-
based e. soft computer. ISO 9001 ty w/syngo-based bility w/syngo-based
computer. ISO 9001 certified. e. soft computer. e. soft computer.
certified. ISO 9001 certified. ISO 9001 certified.

* 109.2 x 88.9 x 251.5 cm (43 x 35.4 x 99 in) patient bed; 105.4 x 55.9 x 52.3 cm (41.5 x 22 x 20.6 in) electronics enclosure;
253 kg (562 lb) patient bed; 99 kg (220 lb) electronics enclosure.
** Pricing is derived from ECRI's in-house information resources. See “About the Chart Specifications” for details.

MODEL TOSHIBA
T.CAM E :
T.CAM/CardioV
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE Yes

CE MARK (MDD) Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 2 single-crystal
rectangular
detectors
SPECT Yes
FDG-SPECT Optional
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional : Yes
WHOLE BODY Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions,
cm (in) 59.1 x 44.5
(23 x 17.4)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 53 (3"), 6 (2")

Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors ADC on each PMT
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53.3 x 38.7
(21 x 15.25)
Max count rate, cps 240,000

Dead time, µsec Not specified
Energy range, keV 50-511
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9
FWTM, UFOV 7.7
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 7.4 LEHR, CFOV
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 14.1 LEHR, CFOV
System sensitivity,
LEAP,
counts/min/µCi 202 LEHR
Intrinsic energy
resolution,
FWHM, 140 keV 9.9%
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.7 absolute
Differential UFOV 0.2
Intrinsic
uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 3.7%
Differential
UFOV 2.7%

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next two pages.
Cameras, Gamma

MODEL TOSHIBA
T.CAM E :
T.CAM/CardioV
COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, LEHS,
LEUR, FB, MEGP,
MEHR, HEHR, UHE,
pinhole, 511 keV :
LEHR, LEGP
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 1-224
Mode Single pass
Area, cm 5-202
Contouring Automatic
Yoke rotation, deg -30 to +440

Radius, cm (in) 4.2 (2.7) with
HE collimator
Detector
rotation, deg -30 to +440
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 67 (26.4) LEHR
Minimum, cm (in) 8.4 (5.4) HE
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes
Zoom control Yes
Anatomic marker Yes
Ratemeter Yes
Scaler Yes
Time readout Yes
Information density Yes
Energy selection
Automatic Yes
Manual Yes
Auto peaking Yes
Image rotation
control Yes
PHA window capacity 6 peaks
Window selection
Automatic Yes
Manual Yes
Auto uniformity
correction Yes
Nonuniform attenua-
tion correction PROFILE attenuation
correction
COMPUTER
Acquisition e.soft
Processing Sun UltraSPARC :

e.soft
Data transfer Ethernet
DICOM 3.0 Yes

the above model(s).
continue onto the
next page.

MODEL TOSHIBA
T.CAM E :
T.CAM/CardioV
COMPUTER (cont'd)
Display matrix 1280 x 1024
Storage 9 GB hard disk,

floppy, optical disk

(gantry only) 6,800
STABILITY (max °C
change per hour) 4.4
HUMIDITY Not specified
POWER REQUIREMENTS 200-240 ±10% VAC,
3 kVA, 20 A, single
phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 167.6 x 159.4 x 193
(66 x 62.8 x 76)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,755 (3,900)

PLANNING & PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration $590,000 : $530,000
Warranty 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES Collimators,
phantoms, film
imagers, B/W & color
printer, optical
disk, PROFILE
attenuation,
R-wave triggers
OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Variable-angle

dual-head SPECT
system with
3
HD digital
detectors, BiCORE
collimators, ultra-
thin table, and open
gantry. Meets
requirements of IEC,
ISO, NEMA, and UL.

Gamma Camera

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Gamma Camera

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June 2002

Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera

175173 5200 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462-1298, USA

FDG, a radiopharmaceutical used for PET studies,

Stage of development Research into cardiac SPECT and brain SPECT is

Howarth DM, Forstrom LA, O’Connor MK, et al. Patient-

NeuroPhysics Siemens Canada Ltd [174735]

System sensitivity, LEAP, counts/min/µCi: The ability to UHR — Ultrahigh resolution

Other abbreviations: PET — Positron emission tomography

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

2020tc Imager Nucline TH Mobile Transcam

WHERE MARKETED Canada, Japan, USA Worldwide Asia, Europe,

Minimum, cm (in) 48 (19) 75 (29.5) 75 (29.5)

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

2020tc Imager Nucline TH Mobile Transcam

Display processor Not specified TVGA 9680, 4 MB NA

Array processor NA Not specified NA

Display matrix 1024 x 768 800 x 600 VGA, SVGA

Floppy disk 1.44 (3.5") 1.44 1.44

Software Complete image Image processing, Pegasys

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the second of

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

2020tc Imager Nucline TH Mobile Transcam

Battery run time

PLANNING & PURCHASE

Delivery time, ARO 30 days 2 to 3 months Not specified

Fiscal year January to December January to December October to September

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS Solid-state, single- All system Built-in ECG gate

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

DSTi DST-XLi DSXi Hawkeye V3

WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Not specified

FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes Not specified

Max count rate, cps >220,000 >220,000 >220,000 >480,000

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

DSTi DST-XLi DSXi Hawkeye V3

DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the second of

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

DSTi DST-XLi DSXi Hawkeye V3

Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year Not specified

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

Millennium MG Millennium MPR Millennium MPS NUCLINE CARDIOSPECT

FDA CLEARANCE Not specified Not specified Not specified Yes

SPECT Yes Yes Yes Yes

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the first of

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

Millennium MG Millennium MPR Millennium MPS NUCLINE CARDIOSPECT

Area, cm 51 x 190 51 x 190 37 x 190 NA

Yoke rotation, deg ±270 ±270 ±270 Not specified

DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. This is the second of

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

Millennium MG Millennium MPR Millennium MPS NUCLINE CARDIOSPECT

Storage 1 GB formatted disk; 1 GB formatted disk; 1 GB formatted disk; 40 GB HD, CD-RW,

HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr

Warranty 1 year 1 year Not specified 3 years, parts

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

NUCLINE SPIRIT DH NUCLINE SPIRIT DH-V NUCLINE SPIRIT NUCLINE TH/22