3.

Seismic Design Requirements of

ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection

CIE 619
41
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection

CIE 619
42
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection

CIE 619
43
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection
– Combinations of Framing Systems in Different
Directions
• Different seismic force–resisting
force resisting systems permitted resist
seismic forces along each of two orthogonal axes of the
structure.
• Respective R, Cd , and 0 coefficients shall apply to each
system R (E-W), C (E-W) , and  (E-W)
d 0

R (N-S), Cd(N-S) , and 0(N-S)

CIE 619
44
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection

CIE 619
45
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection
– Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same
Direction
• Where different seismic force
force–resisting
resisting systems used in
combination to resist seismic forces in the same
direction, other than those combinations considered as
d al systems,
dual s stems more stringent system
s stem limitation contained
in Table 12.2-1 applies

R1 R2

R2 < R1— R2 applies

CIE 619
46
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection
– R, Cd , and Ω0 Values for Vertical Combinations
• Value of response modification coefficient, R, used for design at any
story shall not exceed lowest value of R used in the same direction
at any story above that story.
• Deflection amplification factor, Cd , and system over strength factor,
0, used at any story shall not be less than largest value of 0 used
in the same direction at any story above that story.
• Exceptions:
– Rooftop structures not exceeding two stories in height and 10 percent
of the total structure weight.
– Other supported structural systems with a weight equal to or less than
10 percent of the weight of the structure.
– Detached one- and two-familyy dwellings g of light-frame
g construction.

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection
– R,
R Cd , and Ω0 Values for Vertical Combinations

R = 7, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 8, Cd = 2.0 , 0 = 4.0
R = 6, Cd = 2.5 , 0 = 5.0
R = 5, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 8, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 7, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
Resulting DesignValues
R = 7, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 7, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 6, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 5, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 5, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5
R = 5, Cd = 3.0 , 0 = 5.5

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural System Selection
– R, Cd , and Ω0 Values for Vertical Combinations
• Two-stage equivalent lateral force procedure permitted for structures
having flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion, provided:
– Stiffness of lower portion at least 10 times the stiffness of upper
portion
– Period of entire structure not greater than 1.1 times period of upper
portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base
– Flexible upper portion designed as a separate structure using
appropriate values of R and ρ
– Rigid lower portion designed as a separate structure using appropriate
values of R and ρ
– Reactions from upper portion determined from analysis of upper
portion amplified by ratio of the R/ρ of the upper portion over R/ρ of
the lower portion
portion. This ratio shall not be less than 1.0.
10
CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Diaphragm Flexibility

• Ri
Rigid
id diaphragm:
di h Torsional
T i l analysis
l i required
i d
• Flexible diaphragm: Design forces proportional to
tributary areas
CIE 619
50
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Diaphragm Flexibility

CIE 619
51
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
52
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
53
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
54
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
55
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
56
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Horizontal Irregularities

CIE 619
57
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
58
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
59
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
60
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
61
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
62
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Structural Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

CIE 619
63
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Redundancy Factor, 
– For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E, or
F, ρ = 1.3 unless one of the following two conditions is met,
whereby ρ is permitted to be taken as 1.0:
• E
Eachh story
t resisting
i ti more thanth 35 percentt off the th base
b shear
h in i the
th
direction of interest shall comply with Table 12.3-3.
• Structures that are regular in plan at all levels provided that the
seismic
i i force–resisting
f i ti systems
t consist
i t off att least
l t two
t bays
b off
seismic force–resisting perimeter framing on each side of the
structure in each orthogonal direction at each story resisting more
than 35 percent of the base shear.
shear The number of bays for a shear
wall shall be calculated as the length of shear wall divided by the
story height or two times the length of shear wall d

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Redundancy Factor

CIE 619
65
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
– Basic Combinations for Strength Design
• (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + L + 0.2S
• (0.9
(0 9 − 0.2S
0 2SDS)D + ρQE + 1.6H
1 6H
– D = dead load effect
– L = live load effect
– S = snow lload
d effect
ff
– H = load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or
pressure of bulk materials = 0 if counteracts QE
– QE = effects of horizontal seismic forces from V or Fp

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
– Basic Combinations for Strength Design

CIE 619
67
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
– Basic Combinations for Strength Design with
Overstrength Factor
• (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S
• (0.9 − 0.2SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H
– D = dead load effect
– L = live load effect
– S = snow load effect
– H = load due to lateral earth p
pressure,, gground water pressure,
p , or
pressure of bulk materials = 0 if counteracts QE
– QE = effects of horizontal seismic forces from V or Fp

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
– Basic Combinations for Strength Design with
Overstrength Factor

CIE 619
69
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Analysis Procedure Selection

CIE 619
70
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
 3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Seismic Base Shear, V

– Effective Seismic Weight, W

• Total dead load plus following loads:
– In areas used for storage: 25 percent of floor live load
– Total operating weight of permanent equipment.
– 20% percent of design snow load if exceeds 30 psf

CIE 619
71
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Seismic Response Coefficient
Coefficient, Cs

CIE 619
72
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs
– Value of Cs need not exceed the following:

– Cs shall not be less than

– For structures located

l d where
h S1 > 0.6g,
0 6 Cs shall
h ll not be
b less
l
than

CIE 619
73
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination
• Analysis
– Fundamental pperiod,, T,, obtained from analysis
y shall not exceed
product of coefficient for upper limit on calculated period Cu
and approximate fundamental period, Ta

CIE 619
74
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination
• Approximate fundamental period, Ta, in sec

CIE 619
75
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination

CIE 619
76
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination
• Approximate fundamental period, Ta, in sec

CIE 619
77
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination
• Approximate fundamental period, Ta, in sec

CIE 619
78
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Fundamental Period Determination

CIE 619
79
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
• Lateral seismic force, Fx, at any level determined from
the followingg equations:
q

CIE 619
80
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

CIE 619
81
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

CIE 619
82
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Horizontal Distribution of Forces
• Story shear in any story, Vx , determined from:

CIE 619
83
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Story Drift Determination
• Design story drift () computed as the difference of
deflections at centers of mass at topp and bottom of story.
y

CIE 619
84
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Story Drift Determination

CIE 619
85
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Story Drift Determination

CIE 619
86
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Story Drift Limit

CIE 619
87
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

CIE 619
88
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects
• P-delta effects on story shears, moments drifts not
required
q to be considered if stabilityy coefficient ((θ))
equation is less than 0.10

CIE 619
89
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects

CIE 619
90
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects

CIE 619
91
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects

CIE 619
92
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects

CIE 619
93
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– P-Delta
P Delta Effects

CIE 619
94
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• Inertia forces produced by an earthquake act through
centre of mass,, CM,, of the structure
• If structure is not uniform, CM and centre of rigidity,
CR, do not coincide and torsional moments are produced

CM CR

e
CIE 619
95
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• Torsional moment, Tx, on a horizontal plan at a given
floor x must be calculated by:
y
T x = F x  1.0 e  Ax 0.05 Dnx 
• Ax = Amplification factor for accidental eccentricity
• Dnx= Dimension of structure perpendicular to direction
of applied forces
• 0.05 Dnx= “Accidental” eccentricity

CIE 619
96
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects

CIE 619
97
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• Amplification of Accidental Eccentricity
– Structures assigned
g to Seismic Design
g Category
g y C,, D,, E,, or F,,
where Type 1a or 1b torsional irregularity exists as defined in
Table 12.3-1

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• Amplification of Accidental Eccentricity

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• Amplification of Accidental Eccentricity

CIE 619
100
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Effects
• To calculate torsional moments, position of CM and CR
must be evaluated
• Position of CM is easy to evaluate
• Position of CR is complex to determine

CIE 619
101
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
 3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Position of the Centre of Rigidity (CR)
• Relative Stiffness Criterion (Blume at al. 1961)
n
– Position of CR can evaluated in a similar fashion as p position of
K yi Xi centre of gravity of a section
X CR =
i=1
n – Kxi and Kyi lateral stiffness of the n lateral load resisting
K i=1
yyi elements in the x and y directions,, respectively
p y
– Requires same type of resisting elements over the entire height
n – CR is, in theory, constant over the entire height
K
i=1
xi Yi
Y CR = n

K
i=1
xi

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Position of the Centre of Rigidity (CR)
• No Rotation of All Floors Criterion (Stafford-Smith and
Vezina 1985 )

  V - V yi, r -1  X i 
n

yi, r
i=1
X CR, r =
F y, r

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Position of the Centre of Rigidity (CR)
• Shear Centre Criterion (Tso 1990)

CIE 619
104
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Analysis without Determining the
Position of the Centre of Rigidity
• Goel and Chopra (1993) showed that torsion could be
t k into
taken i t accountt without
ith t directly
di tl calculating
l l ti position
iti
of CR
• Consider design eccentricity ex worst case of:
e x =  e   D nx
or
ex =  e   Dnx
• Dnx=Dimension of structure perpendicular to direction
of applied forces
Note for ASCE 7-05: =  =1.0;  = 0.05 Ax
CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Analysis without Determining the Position of the
Centre of Rigidity
• Step 1:
– Building analysed with seismic lateral loads applied to CM of each
floor, but the floors are not allowed to rotate. Results (deflections and
internal forces) represented by r1
• Step 2:
– Same analysis as step 1 is but with floors allowed to rotate
rotate. Results
represented by r2
• Step 3
– Buildingg analyzed
y when subjected
j onlyy to accidental torsional
moments, Tx, applied to the CM of each level x and given by:

T x =  D nx F x
– Results represented by r3
CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
– Torsional Analysis without Determining the Position of the
Centre of Rigidity
• Step 4:
– Total effect of the lateral loads and the torsional moments, rc, are
obtained by combining the results of the three previous analyses with
one of the two equations which will produce the most unfavorable
effect in the members.

r c = 1    r 1 +  r 2 + r 3
or
r c = 1    r1 +  r 2 - r 3

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
– Number of Modes
• At least 90 percent of actual mass in each orthogonal horizontal
direction
– Modal Response
p Parameters
• Design Response Spectrum of ASCE 7-05
• Design modal force response parameters divided by R/I
• Displacement
p and drift qquantities multiplied
p by
y Cd/I
– Combined Response Parameters
• Sum of the squares method (SRSS) or complete quadratic
combination method (CQC
• CQC method shall be used for closely spaced modes that have
significant cross-correlation of translational and torsional response

CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Response History Procedures
– Linear Response History Procedure
• Ground Motions
– Suite of not less than three appropriate ground motions
– 2D Analysis:
» scaled such that average 5% damped response spectra not less
than design response spectrum for periods ranging from 0.2T to
1.5T where T is fundamental natural period of the structure
– 3D Analysis:
» pair of motions scaled such that each period between 0.2T and
1.5T , average of SRSS spectra from all horizontal component
pairs does not fall below1.3 times corresponding ordinate of
design response spectrum
– Response Parameters
» force response parameters divided by R/I
» If 3 ground motions are used: design for maximum response
» If 7 ground motions are used: design for average response
CIE 619
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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Response History Procedures
– Linear Response History Procedure
• Ground Motions

CIE 619
110
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Response History Procedures
– Linear Response History Procedure
• Ground Motions

CIE 619
111
Chapter 5 – Seismic Design
3. Seismic Design Requirements of
ASCE 7-05 for Building Structures
• Seismic Response History Procedures
– Nonlinear Response History Procedure
• Dead and Live Loads
– 100% dead load;; at least 25% live load
• Design review required by independent team

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Chapter 5 – Seismic Design