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A Parametric Study On The Exergoeconomic Assessment of A Vertical Ground-Coupled (Geothermal) Heat Pump System
A Parametric Study On The Exergoeconomic Assessment of A Vertical Ground-Coupled (Geothermal) Heat Pump System
A Parametric Study On The Exergoeconomic Assessment of A Vertical Ground-Coupled (Geothermal) Heat Pump System
Abstract
An exergoeconomic model of a vertical ground-source heat pump residential heating system presented in this study uses exergy and
cost energy mass (EXCEM) methods. The data obtained from a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) residential heating system installed at
the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Turkey, are utilized for calculations at different reference temperature values in the range
0–25 1C. The performance of the geothermal heat pump residential heating system is evaluated to indicate how exergoecomic parameter
values change with system. We also undertake a parametric study to investigate how varying reference temperatures will affect the
exergoeconomic analysis of the GSHP system. A correlation between the ratio of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost and reference
state temperature is developed.
r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Geothermal energy; Energy; Exergy; Ground-source heat pump; Renewable energy; Parametric study
0360-1323/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.12.019
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1504 O. Ozgener et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 1503–1509
COP heating coefficient of performance of heat pump e exergy (exergetic or second law) efficiency (%)
(dimensionless) c specific exergy (kW/kg)
E_ energy rate (kW)
_
Ex exergy rate (kW) Subscripts
h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
K capital cost (USD) a accumulation
L_ thermodynamic loss rate (kW) act actual
m_ mass flow rate (kg/s) cond condenser
R ratio of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost comp compressor
(kW/USD) dest destroyed
s specific entropy (kJ/kgK) en energy
T temperature (1C) ex exergy
fc fan-coil
Abbreviations g generation
HP heat pump
AHP analytic hierarchy process HE heat exchanger
EXCEM exergy cost energy mass i input
GHP geothermal heat pump o output
GSHP ground-source heat pump sys system
LCC life cycle cost 0 restricted state
investigators in engineering and other disciplines due to the system, and they consequently assign costs and/or prices to
methodology are being based on the quantities exergy, exergy-related variables.
cost, energy and mass [10,11]. The main objective of the Energy (heating coefficient of performance ‘COP’) and
EXCEM is to investigate capital costs and thermodynamic exergy efficiency values of GSHP applications at various
losses for devices in thermal and power systems. This reference and entering water temperatures have also been
technique is a methodology which can be used at the design reported in the previous studies of the authors [1–6]. The
stage of a heating and air-conditioning facility to determine study differs from the the earlier studies as follows: (i)
the type of the system to be used. The EXCEM method has GSHPs are modelled, analyzed based on EXCEM, and (ii)
been applied to a variety of systems. However, little evaluated parametric exergoeconomically. In this regard,
attention has been given so far to the application of the the system considered here is a GSHP heating system with
EXCEM to the GHP systems, especially to residential a 50 m vertical U-bend ground heat exchanger having a
geothermal heat pump systems utilizing geothermal energy, 32 mm nominal diameter. This system was designed and
although the EXCEM seems to be suitable also for these installed at the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University,
systems. The purpose of this study is to address this Izmir, Turkey. Besides this, we undertake a parametric
problem. study to investigate how the varying reference temperature
In recent years, various exergy-based economic analysis from 0 to 25 1C will affect the exergoeconomic analysis of
methodologies (e.g., exergoeconomics, thermoeconomics, the ground-coupled heat pump system and provide a
second-law costing,) have been applied by many investiga- correlation that can be used for predicting the ratio of
tors [6,10–13]. Among these, EXCEM analysis was thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost.
proposed by Rosen and Scott [14] and was utilized recently Exergy analysis can also indicate the possibilities of
by Rosen and Dincer [10,11] can be useful to investigators thermodynamic improvement of the process under con-
in engineering and other disciplines. The methodology sideration, but only an economic analysis can decide the
provides a comprehensive assessment by accounting for the expediency of a possible improvement [14–18]. This study
quantities exergy, cost, energy and mass. briefly describes an easy-to-follow procedure for exergo-
As pointed out earlier [10,11], cost accounting for energy economic analysis of a ground-source heat pump residen-
conversion devices conventionally considers unit costs tial heating system, installed in Solar Energy Institute, Ege
based on energy. Researchers have developed methods of University, Izmir, Turkey, and how to apply this procedure
performing economic analyses based on exergy. These to assess the heating system performance by calculating
analysis techniques have some common characteristics: (i) exergy destruction, and thus showing the direction for
they combine exergy and economic disciplines to improve improvements. It is observed from the results that the
or optimize economic performance, and (ii) they recognize maximum exergy destructions in the system particularly
that exergy, not energy, is the commodity of value in a occur due to the electrical, mechanical and isentropic
ARTICLE IN PRESS
O. Ozgener et al. / Building and Environment 42 (2007) 1503–1509 1505
efficiencies and emphasize the need for paying close Table 1, where the numbers in parentheses correspond to
attention to the selection of this type of equipment, since these elements as depicted in Fig. 1.
components of inferior performance can considerably
reduce the overall performance of the system. It is expected 2.2. Modelling and assesment
that the results of analysis presented here will be beneficial
to those who deal with exergoeconomic (a combination of Here, we apply the model and assessment methodology
exergy and economy) assessment of GSHP systems. outlined earlier by Rosen and Dincer [10,11] to a GSHP
residential heating system. Actual local cost data are used.
The exergetic equivalents of the capital and labor costs
2. Application of EXCEM to the geothermal heat pump have been evaluated based on data available for Turkey.
residential heating system The balance equations are written for mass, energy and
exergy flows in the system and its components as they are
2.1. Description of the system studied considered steady-state steady-flow control volume sys-
tems, and the appropriate energy and exergy equations are
Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of the experimental derived for this system and its components. Analysis of
set-up. To avoid freezing the water under the working GSHP residential heating system is described in this paper.
condition and during the winter, a 10% ethyl-glycol More detailed description of the system and how energy
mixture by weight was used. The refrigerant circuit was and exergy calculations are done, can be find in the
built on the closed-loop copper tubing (1–4 lines). The authors’ previous works [1–6].
working fluid is R-22. The GSHP residential heating A mass flow rate balance for a system may be written as
system is an air/refrigerant vapor compression heat pump _i m
m _o ¼ m
_ a. (1)
and consists mainly of a compressor with a capacity of
1.4 kW, a 6.66 kW-condenser, a 8.2 kW-evaporator, an Like mass, energy is subject to a conservation law
expansion device equipped with a series of capillary tubes (neglecting nuclear reactions) and can be neither generated
with a length of 1.5 m and an inside diameter of 0.0015 m. nor consumed. Exergy is subject to a nonconservation law
Besides this, the system has three separate circuits, namely: and can be consumed during a process due to irreversi-
(i) the ground-coupling circuit (brine circuit or water– bilities. Consequently, rate balances for energy and exergy,
antifreeze solution circuit), (ii) the refrigerant circuit (or a respectively, can be written as
reversible vapor compression cycle) and (iii) the fan-coil E_ i E_ o ¼ E_ a , (2)
circuit for resident heating (water circuit). The main
characteristics of the elements of the system are given in Ex _ o L_ ex ¼ Ex
_ i Ex _ a. (3)
The balance equation for cost, a nonconserved quantity,
can be written as Cost is an increasing, nonconserved
1 2 quantity. The cost balance equation can be written as
I [10,11]
5
8 K i þ K g K o ¼ K a. (4)
IV GSHP unit II
V
6a 6
Energy losses can be identified directly from Eq. (2). For
Space
convenience, the energy loss rate for a system is denoted in
heating the present analysis as L_ en . Exergy losses can be identified
4 IIII 3
Pump II Eq. (3), and are of two types: external (i.e., the loss
7 VI associated with exergy that is emitted from the system, or
Pump I
waste exergy output) and internal (i.e., the exergy losses
VIII I Compressor
7a within the system due to process irreversibilities, or exergy
II Condenser consumption). These two exergy losses sum to the total
Ground level
III Capillary tube exergy loss. The loss rate based on exergy is denoted L_ ex .
IV Evaporator The exergy rate is calculated from the following equation:
Fan coil unit
V
in the space heating _ ¼ m½ðh
Ex _ h0 Þ T 0 ðs s0 Þ. (5)
Ground
heat VI Circulating pump II
The exergy destructions in the heat exchanger and pump
50 m
Table 1
Main characteristics of the ground-source heat pump resident heating system
Refrigerant circuit (1–4) Compressor (I) Type: hermetic; reciprocating; manufacturer: Tecumseh; model: TFH
4524 F; volumetric flow rate: 7.5 m3/h; speed: 2900 rpm; the rated power
of electric motor driving: 2 HP (1.4 kW); refrigerant: R-22; capacity:
4.134 kW (at evaporating/condensing temperatures of 0/45 1C);
Heat exchanger (II) Manufacturer: Alfa Laval; model: CB 26–24; capacity: 6.66 kW; heat
transfer surface: 0.55 m2
condenser for heating
evaporator for cooling
Capillary tube (III) Copper capillary tube; 1.5 m long; inside diameter: 1.5 mm
Heat exchanger (IV) Manufacturer: Alfa Laval; model: CB 26–34; capacity: 8.2 kW; heat
transfer surface: 0.80 m2
evaporator for heating
condenser for cooling
Fan-coil circuit (5–6a) Fan-coil unit (V) Manufacturer: Aldag; type: SAS 28; Cooling/heating capacities: 3.25/
9.3 kW, air flow rate: 600 m3/h
Laboratory (space heating) 65 m2
Water circulating pump (VI) Manufacturer: Marina; type: KPM 50; range of volumetric flow rate:
0.36–2.4 m3/h; pressure head: 41–8 m of water column; power: 0.37 kW;
speed: 2800 rpm
Ground-coupling circuit (7–8) Ground heat exchanger (VII) Vertical-single U-bend type; bore diameter: 105 mm; diameter of U-bends:
32 mm; of a bore diameter with a boring depth of 50 m; boring depth:
50 m; material: polyethylene
Brine circulating pump (VIII) Manufacturer: Marina; type: KPM 50; range of volumetric flow rate:
0.36–2.4 m3/h; pressure head: 41–8 m of water column, power: 0.37 kW;
speed: 2800 rpm
(d) Measurement of condenser and evaporator pressures value of the ambient temperatures in Izmir measured
by Bourdon-type manometers. during the past five years for the day of January 2nd to
(e) Measurement of ambient atmospheric pressure by a reflect the actual situation [19]. The exergy rate results
barometer. given in Table 2 indicate that the compressor produces an
(f) Measurement of outdoor and laboratory air tempera- increase in exergy rate due to its work input, while all other
tures and humidities by using multi-channel cable free components result in a decrease in exergy rate due to their
thermo-hygrometer. irreversibilities. The highest irreversibility on a system basis
(g) Measurement of electrical power input to the compres- occurs in the resident fan-coil unit, followed by the
sor and circulating pump by a wattmeter. compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator,
(h) Measurement of inlet water temperature to and exit subregions I and V for the GSHP unit and the whole
water temperature from fan-coil unit by copper–con- system, respectively. In addition to this, the remaining
stantan thermocouples. system components have a relatively low influence on the
(i) Measurement and monitoring on a LCD display of overall efficiency of the whole system. Since the compressor
instantaneous power consumptions of the heat pump power depends strongly on the inlet and outlet pressures,
compressor, the pumps and all electrical parameters by any heat exchanger improvements that reduce the tem-
using electronic energy analyzer. perature difference will reduce the compressor power by
(j) The tests were conducted on the system under steady- bringing the condensing and evaporating temperatures
state conditions in the heating mode in 2004/2005 heat- closer together. From a design standpoint, compressor
ing season. Daily average values of 37 measurements irreversibility can be attacked independently. In recent
from 8.30 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. with an interval of 15 min. years, it has been reduced substantially by improving
motors, valves, lubrication etc. [1–6]. The only way to
The total uncertainties of the measurements are esti- eliminate throttling loss would be to replace the capillary
mated to be 73.33% for the refrigerant temperatures, tube (the expansion device) with an isentropic turbine (an
71.59% for the water temperatures, 73.32% for pres- isentropic expander) and to recover some shaft work from
sures, 71.51 for power inputs to the compressor and the pressure drop. A comparison of the irreversibilities
circulating pumps. Uncertainty in reading values of the associated with the heat transfer processes in the evapora-
table is assumed to be 70.20. Total uncertainties tor and the ground heat exchanger will show that although
associated with mass flow rates of the refrigerant and the mean temperature difference in the former is smaller,
brine are found to be 71.51 and 73.02, respectively [3]. the relative magnitudes of their irreversibilities are in the
reverse order.
3. Results and discussion Table 3 illustrates device parameter values for the GSHP
system studied. The costs given in this table are in 2005 US
In this study, the reference state was taken to be 11.4 1C dollars and were obtained based on the 2005 Turkish–$US
and the atmospheric pressure 101.32 kPa for the GSHP exchange rate.
residential heating system. The exergy losses in the overall In the analysis, thermodynamic quantities were obtained
GSHP resident system are quantified and illustrated using using actual data from the experimental setup. The
Table 2 for this reference state temperature for comparison coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency of
purposes. This reference temperature is taken as an average the overall system were determined to be 2.38% and
Table 2
Exergy destruction, energy and exergy efficiency for one representative unit of the GSHP resident heating investigated
Item no. Component Exergy destruction rate (kW) Exergy efficiency (%) Energy efficiency (%) or COP
Table 3
Device parameter values for the GSHP greenhouse heating system (based on US dollars)
Device no. Device K (USD) Len (kW) Ren (kW/USD) Lex (kW) Rex (kW/USD)
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