CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRA

EXERCISE 1 Page 4

1. Evaluate 2ab + 3bc - abc when a = 2, b = - 2 and c = 4

When a = 2, b = - 2 and c = 4, 2ab + 3bc - abc = 2(2)(- 2) + 3(- 2)(4) – (2)(- 2)(4)

= - 8 – 24 + 16 = - 16

2
when p = 5 , q = - 2 and r = - 1
2 3
2. Find the value of 5pq r

2 2
5    2   1
2 3

5pq r =  5 
2 3
When p = 5 , q = - 2 and r = - 1,

= (2)(4)(- 1) = - 8

3. From 4x - 3y + 2z subtract x + 2y - 3z

(4x - 3y + 2z) – ( x + 2y - 3z) = 4x – 3y + 2z – x – 2y + 3z

= 3x – 5y + 5z

4. Multiply 2a - 5b + c by 3a + b

(3a + b)(2a - 5b + c) = 6a  15ab  3ac  2ab  5b  bc

2 2

= 6a  13ab  3ac  5b  bc
2 2

1
2 3 3 2
5. Simplify (x y z)(x yz ) and evaluate when x = 2 , y = 2 and z = 3

 x y z   x yz 
2 3 3 2 2  3 31 1 2
= x y z =xyz
5 4 3

5
1 1 24  33 33 33 27
     1
4 3
5 4 3   2 3  5
 5 4
 
When x = 2 , y = 2 and z = 3, x y z = 2 2 2 2 2 13 2

5
 3 /2 3 1/2 1/2
6. Evaluate (a bc )(a b c) when a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2

   
1 1 1
 32 3  12  12      1  31
1
2 2 2 a2 b
 a bc  a b c   a  2 3  2 
b c  a b c 
   c2

a 2 b 32 4 9  2  1
2
 2  
When a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2, c 2 4 ±42

a 2 b  a 3b
2 2
7. Simplify a b

2
The highest common factor of the three terms involved is a b . Dividing each term by this gives:

a 2 b a 3b

a 2 b  a 3b a 2 b a 2 b

a 2b2 a 2 b2 1 a
2
a b = b by cancelling

(a 3b1/2c 1/2 )(ab)1/3

8. Simplify ( a 3 b c)

 3 12  12  1

 a b c   ab  3 1
3 2

1 1 1
 1 3 1 1 1  1   18  2 9  1 3
  a b c 2a 3b3  3          1   
  a  3 2  2 3 2
b c  2 
 a  6  3
b c 2

 3
a bc  3 1
a 2b2c
6
a11 3 b
11 1 3

=a b c
6 3 2
or c3

6
EXERCISE 2 Page 5

1. Simplify 2(p + 3q - r) - 4(r - q + 2p) + p

2(p + 3q - r) - 4(r - q + 2p) + p = 2p + 6q – 2r – 4r + 4q – 8p + p

= - 5p + 10q – 6r

2. Expand and simplify (x + y)(x - 2y)

(x + y)(x - 2y) = x  2xy  xy  2y = x  xy  2y

2 2 2 2

3. Remove the brackets and simplify:

24 p - [2{3(5p - q) - 2(p + 2q)} + 3q]

24p   2  3  5p  q   2  p  2q    3q  24p   2  15p  3q  2p  4q  3q 

=

24p   30p  6q  4p  8q  3q 
=

24p   26p  11q 

= = 24p – 26p + 11q

= 11q – 2p

2 2
4. Factorise 21a b - 28ab

7ab  3ab  4 
21a2b2 - 28ab =

3
5. Factorise 2xy + 6x y + 8x y
2 2

2xy2 + 6x2y + 8x3y =


2xy y  3x  4x 2 

7
6. Simplify 2y + 4  6y + 3  4 - 5y

4
2y + 4  6y + 3  4 - 5y = 2y + 6y + 3  4 - 5y
4
= 2y + 6y + 12 - 5y
2
= 3y + 12 - 3y

7. Simplify 3  y + 2  y - 1

3 2 5
 1 1
3y+2y–1= y y = y

2
8. Simplify a - 3ab  2a  6b + ab

2a
2 2
a - 3ab  2a  6b + ab = a - 3ab  6b + ab

6a 2 b
2
= a - 6b + ab

2 2
= a - a + ab

= ab

8
EXERCISE 3 Page 6

1. Solve the equation: 3x - 2 - 5x = 2x - 4

Since 3x - 2 - 5x = 2x – 4 then 4 – 2 = 2x - 3x + 5x

2 1
i.e. 2 = 4x from which, x = 4 = 2

2. Solve the equation: 8 + 4(x - 1) - 5(x - 3) = 2(5 - 2x)

Since 8 + 4(x - 1) - 5(x - 3) = 2(5 - 2x)

then 8 + 4x – 4 – 5x + 15 = 10 – 4x

i.e. 4x – 5x + 4x = 10 – 8 + 4 – 15

i.e. 3x = - 9

9
from which, x= 3 =-3

1 1 1
3. Solve the equation: 3a  2 + 5a  3 = 0  -8 

1 1 1 1
Since 3a  2 + 5a  3 = 0 then 3a  2 = - 5a  3

Hence, 5a + 3 = - (3a – 2)

i.e. 5a + 3 = - 3a + 2

and 5a + 3a = 2 – 3

i.e. 8a = - 1

1

from which. a= 8

9
 3 t
4. Solve the equation: 1  t = - 6

Multiplying each term by

 1 x  gives:

 1  x  13 xx    1  x  6
i.e.

3 x  6 1  x 
i.e. 3 x  6  6 x

and 6 = 6 x 3 x

i.e. 6= 3 x

Dividing both sides by 3 gives: 2= x

Squaring both sides gives: 4=x or x=4

3(F  f )
5. Transpose y = L for f

3(F  f )
Since y = L then AL = 3(F – f)

i.e. yL = 3F – 3f

and 3f = 3F – yL

3F  yL
from which, f= 3

3F  AL 3F AL AL 3F  yL yL
   F
Since 3 3 3 3 then f = 3 may also be written as f = F - 3


6. Make l the subject of t = 2 g

10
  t 
2 
Dividing both sides of t = g by 2 gives: 2 g
2 2
 t     t 
    
Squaring both sides gives:  2  g or g  2 
2
 t  g t2
g 
 =  2 
2
Multiplying both sides by g gives: or  = 4

L
7. Transpose m = L  rCR for L

L
m
Multiplying both sides of L  r C R by (L + rCR) gives: m(L + rCR) = L

Removing brackets gives: mL + mrCR = L

and rearranging gives: mrCR = L - mL

Factorising gives: mrCR = L( - m)

mrCR
Dividing both sides by ( - m) gives: L = m

x 1 r2
8. Make r the subject of the formula y = 1  r
2

x  1 r2   y  1 r2 
Rearranging by ‘cross-multiplying’ gives:

Removing brackets gives: x  xr 2  y  yr 2

and rearranging gives: x  y  yr 2  xr 2 or yr 2  xr 2  x  y

r2  x  y  x  y
Factorising gives:
xy
r2 
Dividing both sides by (x + y) gives: xy

xy
Taking the square root of both sides gives: r= xy

11
EXERCISE 4 Page 8

1. Solve the simultaneous equations: 8x - 3y = 51

3x + 4y = 14

8x – 3y = 51 (1)
3x + 4y = 14 (2)

4 × (1) gives: 32x – 12y = 204 (3)

3 × (2) gives: 9x + 12y = 42 (4)

246
(3) + (4) gives: 41x = 246 from which, x = 41 = 6

From (1): 48 – 3y = 51

i.e. 48 - 51 = 3y

3
i.e. – 3 = 3y from which, y= 3 =-1

2. Solve the simultaneous equations: 5a = 1 - 3b

2b + a + 4 = 0

Rearranging gives: 5a + 3b = 1 (1)

a + 2b = -4 (2)

5  equation (2) gives: 5a + 10b = -20 (3)

21
(3) - (1) gives: 7b = -21 from which, b= 7 =-3

12
 10
Substituting in (1) gives: 5a - 9 = 1 i.e. 5a = 10 and a = 5 = 2

x 2y 49
3. Solve the simultaneous equations: 5 + 3 = 15
3x y 5
7 - 2 + 7 =0

x 2y 49
(15)  (15)  (15)
Rearranging gives: 5 3 15 i.e. 3x + 10y = 49 (1)

3x y 5
(14)  (14)  (14)  0
and 7 2 7 i.e. 6x - 7y = -10 (2)

2  equation (1) gives: 6x + 20y = 98 (3)

108
(3) - (2) gives: 27y = 108 from which, y = 27 = 4

9
Substituting in (1) gives: 3x + 40 = 49 i.e. 3x = 49 - 40 = 9 and x = 3 = 3

4. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation:

2 2
(a) x + 4x - 32 = 0 (b) 8x + 2x - 15 = 0

(a) Since x  4x  32  0 then (x – 4)(x + 8) = 0

2

from which, x–4=0 i.e. x=4

and x+8=0 i.e. x = -8

Hence, if x  4x  32  0 then x = 4 and x = - 8

2

(b) Since 8x  2x  15  0 then

2
(4x - 5)(2x + 3) = 0

5
from which, 4x - 5 = 0 i.e. 4x = 5 and x = 4

3

and 2x + 3 = 0 i.e. 2x = -3 and x= 2

13
5. Determine the quadratic equation in x whose roots are 2 and - 5

If the roots are 2 and - 5 then: (x – 2)( x + 5) = 0

i.e. x 2  5x  2x  10  0

i.e. x 2  3x  10  0

6. Solve the following quadratic equations, correct to 3 decimal places

2 2
(a) 2x + 5x - 4 = 0 (b) 4t - 11t + 3 = 0

5   5   4  2   4   5  57
2
 

2  2 4
(a) If 2x  5x  4  0 then
2
x=
5  57 5  57
= 4 or 4
= 0.637 or - 3.137, correct to 3 decimal
places.

  11   11  4  4   3   11  73
2
 

2 2  4 8
(b) If 4t - 11t + 3 = 0 then x=
11  73 11  73
= 8 or 8
= 2.443 or 0.307, correct to 3 decimal
places.

14
EXERCISE 5 Page 10

1. Divide (2x2 + xy - y2) by (x + y)

2x - y
x  y 2x 2  xy  y 2
2x 2  2xy
2
- xy - y
 xy  y 2
2x 2  xy  y 2
Hence, xy = 2x - y

2. Divide (3x2 + 5x - 2) by (x + 2)

3x - 1
x  2 3x 2  5x  2
3x 2  6x
-x -2
x  2
3x 2  5x  y2
Hence, x 2 = 3x - 1

3. Determine (10x2 + 11x - 6)  (2x + 3)

5x - 2
2 x  3 10 x 2  11x  6
10 x 2  15 x
15
 - 4x - 6
- 4x - 6
10x 2  11x  6
Hence, 2x  3 = 5x – 2

14x 2  19x  3
4. Find 2x  3

7x + 1
2x  3 14x 2  19x  3
14x 2  21x
2x - 3
2x - 3
14x 2  19x  3
Hence, 2x  3 = 7x + 1

5. Divide (x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3) by (x + y)

x 2  2xy  y 2
x  y x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
x3  x2 y
2x 2 y  3xy 2
2x 2 y  2xy 2
xy 2  y3
xy 2  y3
x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
xy = x  2xy  y
2 2
Hence,

6. Find (5x2 - x + 4)  (x - 1)

5x + 4
x  1 5x 2  x  4
5x 2  5x
4x + 4
4x - 4
8
16
 5x 2  x  4 8
Hence, x1 = 5x + 4 + x  1

7. Divide 3x3 + 2x2 - 5x + 4) by (x + 2)

3x 2  4x  3
x  2 3x 3  2x 2  5x  4
3x 3  6x 2
4x 2 - 5x
4x 2  8x
3x + 4
3x + 6
-2

3x 3  2x 2  5x  4 2
3x 2  4x  3 
Hence, x2 = x 2

8. Determine (5x4 + 3x3 - 2x + l)/(x - 3)

5x 3  18x 2  54x  160

x  3 5x 4  3x 3  2x  1
5x 4  15x 3
18x 3
18x 3  54x 2
54x 2  2x
54x 2  162x
160x + 1
160x - 480
481

5x 4  3x 3  2x  1 481
5x 3  18x 2  54x  160 
Hence, x3 = x3

17
EXERCISE 6 Page 12

1. Use the factor theorem to factorise: x2 + 2x - 3

Let f(x) = x2 + 2x - 3

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 2 – 3 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 4 + 4 – 3 = 5

x = 3, f(x) = 9 + 6 – 3 = 12

x = - 1, f(x) = 1 - 2 – 3 = -4

x = - 2, f(x) = 4 - 4 - 3 = - 3

x = - 3, f(x) = 9 - 6 - 3 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

Thus, x2 + 2x - 3 = (x - 1)(x + 3)

2. Use the factor theorem to factorise: x3 + x2 - 4x - 4

Let f(x) = x  x  4 x  4
3 2

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 1 – 4 – 4 = - 6

x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 4 – 8 – 4 = 0 hence, (x – 2) is a factor

x = 3, f(x) = 27 + 9 – 12 – 4 = 20

x = -1, f(x) = -1 + 1 + 4 – 4 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

x = -2, f(x) = -8 + 4 + 8 – 4 = 0 hence, (x + 2) is a factor

Thus, x  x  4x  4 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 2)

3 2

18
3. Use the factor theorem to factorise: 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7

Let f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7

If x = 1, f(x) = 2 + 5 – 4 – 7 = - 4

x = 2, f(x) = 16 + 20 – 8 – 7 = 21

x = 3, f(x) = 45 + 12 – 7 = 50

x = - 1, f(x) = - 2 + 5 + 4 – 7 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

x = - 2, f(x) = - 16 + 20 + 8 – 7 = 5

x = - 3, f(x) = - 54 + 45 + 12 – 7 = - 4

Since the first term dominates, there are no further factors.

2x 2  3x  7
x  1 2x 3  5x 2  4x  7
2x 3  2x 2
3x 2 - 4x
3x 2  3x
- 7x - 7
- 7x - 7

Thus, 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 7 = (x + 1)

 2x 2
 3x  7 

3
4. Use the factor theorem to factorise: 2x - x2 - 16x + 15

Let f(x) = 2x  x  16x  15

3 2

If x = 1, f(x) = 2 – 1 – 16 + 15 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 16 – 4 – 32 +15 = -5

x = 3, f(x) = 54 – 9 – 48 + 15 = 12

x = -1, f(x) = – 1 – 1 + 16 + 15 = 29

x = -2, f(x) = -16 – 4 + 32 + 15 = 27

x = -3, f(x) = -54 – 9 + 48 + 15 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

19
2x 3  x 2  16x  15 2x 3  x 2  16x  15

(x  1)(x  3) x 2  2x  3
2x - 5
x  2x  3 2x 3  x 2  16x  15
2

2x 3  4x 2  6x
5x 2  10x  15
5x 2  10x  15

Hence, 2x  x  16x  15 = (x – 1)(x + 3)(2x – 5)

3 2

5. Use the factor theorem to factorise x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 and hence solve the cubic equation
x3 + 4x2 - x - 6 = 0

Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 - x - 6

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 4 + 1 – 6 = 0 hence, (x - 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 16 – 2 – 6 = 16

x = -1, f(x) = - 1 + 4 - 1 – 6 = - 4

x = -2, f(x) = - 8 + 16 - 2 – 6 = 0 hence, (x + 2) is a factor

x = -3, f(x) = - 27 + 36 - 3 – 6 = 0 hence, (x + 3) is a factor

Thus, x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 = (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)

If x3 + 4x2 - x - 6 = 0 then (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0

from which, x = 1, x = - 2 or x = - 3

6. Solve the equation: x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0

Let f(x) = x  2x  x  2
3 2

If x = 1, f(x) = 1 – 2 – 1 + 2 = 0 hence, (x – 1) is a factor

x = 2, f(x) = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 = 0 hence, (x – 2) is a factor

x = 3, f(x) = 27 – 18 – 3 + 2 = 8

x = -1, f(x) = -1 – 2 + 1 + 2 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor

Hence, x  2x  x  2 = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 1)

3 2

20
If x  2x  x  2  0 then (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
3 2

from which, x = 1, x = 2, or x = - 1

EXERCISE 7 Page 13

1. Find the remainder when 3x2 - 4x + 2 is divided by

(a) (x - 2) (b) (x + 1)

(a) Remainder is ap  bp  c where a = 3, b = - 4, c = 2 and p = 2

2

3  2   ( 4)(2)  2
2

i.e. the remainder is: = 12 – 8 + 2 = 6

(b) Remainder is ap  bp  c where a = 3, b = - 4, c = 2 and p = -1

2

3  1  (4)(1)  2
2

i.e. the remainder is: =3+4+2=9

2. Determine the remainder when x3 - 6x2 + x - 5 is divided by

(a) (x + 2) (b) (x - 3)

(a) Remainder is ap  bp  cp  d where a = 1, b = - 6, c = 1, d = - 5 and p = - 2

3 2

Hence, remainder = 1(2)  6(2)  1(2)  5 = - 8 – 24 – 2 – 5 = - 39

3 2

(b) When p = 3, remainder = 1(3)  6(3)  1(3)  5 = 27 – 54 + 3 – 5 = - 29

3 2

3. Use the remainder theorem to find the factors of x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6

Remainder is ap  bp  cp  d where a = 1, b = - 6, c = 11, d = - 5 and p = a, say

3 2

If a value for p is chosen which makes the remainder zero, then a factor (x – a) would exist.

21
If p = 1, then remainder = 1(1)  6(1)  11(1)  6 = 1 – 6 + 11 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 1) is a factor
3 2

If p = 2, then remainder = 1(2)  6(2)  11(2)  6 = 8 – 24 + 22 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 2) is a factor

3 2

If p = 3, then remainder = 1(3)  6(3)  11(3)  6 = 27 – 54 + 33 – 6 = 0; hence, (x – 3) is a factor

3 2

Hence, x3 - 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)

4. Determine the factors of x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 and hence solve the cubic

equation x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 = 0

Remainder is ap  bp  cp  d where a = 1, b = 7, c = 14, d = 8

3 2

Let p = 1, then remainder = 1(1)  7(1)  14(1)  8 = 30

3 2

Let p = - 1, then remainder = 1( 1)  7( 1)  14( 1)  8 = - 1 + 7 – 14 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 1) is a

3 2

factor

Let p = - 2, then remainder = 1(2)  7(2)  14( 2)  8 = - 8 + 28 – 28 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 2) is a

3 2

factor

Let p = - 3, then remainder = 1( 3)  7( 3)  14( 3)  8 = - 27 + 63 – 42 + 8 = 2

3 2

Let p = - 4, then remainder = 1(4)  7(4)  14( 4)  8 = - 64 + 112 – 56 + 8 = 0, hence (x + 4) is

3 2

a factor

Hence, x  7 x  14 x  8 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)

3 2

If x  7 x  14 x  8  0 then (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0

3 2

from which, x = - 1, x = - 2 or x = - 4

5. Determine the value of 'a' if (x + 2) is a factor of (x3 - ax2 + 7x + 10)

If (x + 2) is a factor then x = - 2

Hence, (- 2)3 - a(- 2)2 + 7(- 2) + 10 = 0

i.e. - 8 - 4a – 14 + 10 = 0

from which, - 8 – 14 + 10 = 4a
22
i.e. 4a = - 12

and a = - 12/4 = - 3

6. Using the remainder theorem, solve the equation 2x3 - x2 - 7x + 6 = 0

Remainder is ap  bp  cp  d where a = 2, b = -1, c = -7, d = 6

3 2

Let p = 1, then remainder = 2(1)  ( 1)(1)  ( 7)(1)  6 = 2 - 1 – 7 + 6 = 0, hence (x - 1) is a

3 2

factor

Let p = 2, then remainder = 2(2)  (1)(2)  (7)(2)  6 = 16 - 4 – 14 + 6 = 4

3 2

Let p = -1, then remainder = 2(1)  (1)(1)  (7)( 1)  6 = -2 - 1 + 7 + 6 = 10

3 2

Let p = -2, then remainder = 2(2)  ( 1)(2)  ( 7)(2)  6 = -16 - 4 + 14 + 6 = 0, hence (x + 2)

3 2

is a factor

Let p = -3, then remainder = 2( 3)  (1)(3)  (7)( 3)  6 = -54 - 9 + 21 + 6 = -36
3 2

2x 3  x 2  7x  6 2x 3  x 2  7x  6

The third root can be found by division, i.e.  x  1)(x  2  x2  x  2

2x - 3
x  x  2 2x 3  x 2  7x  6
2

2x 3  2x 2  4x
3x 2  3x  6
3x 2  3x  6

Hence, 2x  x  7x  6 = (x – 1)(x + 2)(2x – 3)

3 2

If 2x  x  7x  6  0 then (x – 1)(x + 2)(2x – 3) = 0

3 2

from which, x = 1, x = - 2 or x = 1.5

23