As clay is high plastic soil, so it will settle more than sand and also goes through secondary

Consolidation

During primary consolidation, decrement in volume of soil is equal to volume of water expelled
out. So, during primary consolidation soil will be in saturated state

In honeycombed structure, both electrostatic and gravitational force play equal role.

General shear failure will lead to less settlement and tilting of structure & heaving of soil

Water content - Pycnometer test

Unit weight of soil - Water displacement test

Pile group settles more than a single pile settlement because depth of compacted soil below pile
group is more than that under a single pile

Montmorillonite made up with 1 : 2 formations of 1 octahedral unit and 2 silica tetrahedral unit
with weak water band which leads to high shrinkage, high swelling and high activity.

Capillary action of water in sandy soil results in apparent cohesion. Due to capillary tension as
water rises up , results in development of compressive stress on soil solids which lead to
formation of contact pressure between the solids

Vermicomposting : The waste will be decomposed by the action of microorganisms in about 45

days.

The biomass production rate will always less than food utilisation rate in a biological system
having a mixed culture of microorganism
Looping Plume :
 This plume is associated with clear day time conditions accompanied by strong solar
heating and light winds.
 Unstable atmospheric conditions
 High Degree of Convective Turbulence

Infiltration wells are the shallow wells of dia 3m to 6m constructed in series along the banks of a
river, in order
to collect the river water seeping through their bottoms. Covered at Top and kept open at bottom

Ranney wells are equipped with horizontal radial collectors. They are also known as
radial wells.

Flanged joints are used for pumping stations where it may be necessary to occasionally disjoint
the pipe.
• Joints are rigid, so cannot be used where vibration or deflections are expected.
• Cast iron pipes can be joined as flanged joint easily.
• Rubber washer is used between the flanges to make the joint water tight.

SSF has better efficiency of removal of bacteria than RSF because

Lower cleaning frequency given enough time to standing of Schmutzdecke layer over
filter medium,
which is responsible for carrying out biological changes

MPN Test
The estimated organisms (indicated by the presence of acids or CO2 gas ) are gram
negative.
It is based on Poisson’s distribution.

Screen type tubewells use assembled strainer lengths, which are lowered into borehole and
located opposite to the water bearing formations (Acquiclude) whereas plain pipe lengths are
located opposite to the non water bearing formations (Acquifer)

Anabolism converts part of the food into biomass therefore it represents the constructive phase
of metabolism.
Catabolism is the process of breaking down of living tissues into simpler substances or waste
matter, thereby producing energy this process represents the destructive phase of metabolism.

Viscoelastic material exhibits a mixture of creep and elastic after-effects at room temperature. its
their behavior is time dependent. It does not have small plastic zone
It is not necessary that a section having symmetry about neutral axis to have maximum shear at
neutral axis. (Eg triangular section )

If temperature increases, compressive forces are developed at supports to nullify the elongation.

Stress is a second order tensor.

Alum clubbed with lime if used, leads to removal of excess fluorine known as Nalgonda
techniques.

Mixing of Alum as coagulant reduces the pH of water and increases the turbidity of water .
Mixing of alum as coagulant uses bicarbonate alkalinity present in water.

• If intensity of mixing reduces gradually, then it forms large dense flocs.

In any pipe network, the following two conditions must be satisfied:

1. The algebraic sum of the pressure drop [ Not Pressure Head ] around a closed loop must be
zero i.e. there can be no discontinuity in pressure.

2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving the same junction i.e., law of
continuity must be satisfied.

Continuous noise is an uninterrupted sound level that varies less than 5 dB during the entire
period of observation

In RSF Rate of application of wash water is much higher (around 4-6 times) than the rate of
filtration because the process of washing the filters and removing the dirty water is generally
continued for a period of 3-5 minutes and the wash water has to be passed in this time only.
Therefore rate of application of wash water has to be increased.
In plastic analysis, stress strain curve is bilinear.
In elastic analysis, moment of resistance is dependent only on material and cross section.
Design of steel structures is Stress-Controlled approach

Vertical stiffeners
• They are not designed as columns so the ends are not required to have tight bearing with
flange angles.
• Since they are not designed as columns, they can be joggled and bent to touch the web plate so
filler plate is not required.

Design criteria of the lattice column

1. Buckling of column as whole
2. Buckling of the component column
3. Buckling of lattice member

Block Shear Failure

The total strength equals the fracture strength of the stronger plane plus the yield
strength of weaker plane.

For Tension member

For overhanging cliff contour lines area intersect each other

but in case of vertical cliff they overlap each other.

For flat terrain precise levelling, less horizontal equivalent should be taken.
Contour line is intersection of ground surface and level surface.
For small scale map, contour interval is to taken higher than compared to large scale map.

Orienting the plane table is an important operation if table has to be set up at more than one
station.
• Orienting means to keep the table in parallel position at all stations
Concave shape fillet welds are avoided, because on cooling they shrink, and there will be tensile
stress on its surface which eventually leads to cracks.

Friction circle method - Total stress analysis

When branch sewer enters a manhole by more than 0.5 to 0.6 m above the main sewer, then a
down pipe is provided, known as Drop manhole. It reduces the work of excavation.

Conditions favouring disposal by dilution:

• When sewage is comparatively fresh.
• When the diluting water has high D.O.
• When relative stability of sewage is high.
• When outfall sewer of the city or treatment plant is situated near to some natural water having
large volume.
• When diluting water is not used for navigation purposes.

A proportional flow weir is provided in a grit chamber, to maintain constant flow velocity in the
grit chamber over a certain depth range

In general shear failure, stress reaches upto the ground level which resist settlement.

Milestone charts are used in Scheduling Methodologies

A water logged soil warms up slowly and due to lower temperature, action of soil bacteria is
sluggish and plant food available is less
Battens are not recommended for a column subjected to an eccentric load in the plane of the
connecting system.
As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl. 26.5.3.1

In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the load, the

minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete actually required to resist
the direct stress
Mixing length is considered to represent the average distance perpendicular to the
flow a small fluid mass will travel before its momentum is changed.

In rapidly varied flow (RVF). The frictional resistance is relatively

insignificant in such cases and it is usual to regard RVF as a local phenomenon.

In case of Kaplan turbine, vanes are adjustable whose position may be varied with load on the
turbine and hence with the discharge. As the blades are adjusted for a shock entry of flow, a high
efficiency is maintained over a wide range of turbine output.

Boundary layer reduces the velocity from near the wall to centreline. Therefore to keep the
discharge same, the velocity has to increase itself. So there is a increase in maximum velocity at
the centerline of flow.
RC-0 < RC-1 < RC-2 < RC-3 < RC-4 < RC-5 i.e., from 0 to 5 viscosity increases

Distillation test determines relative proportion of bitumen and volatile matter present in bitumen
or cutback.

Bitumen has lesser quantity of carbon content than tar

Higher the penetration value, soften the bitumen and lesser the softening temperature.
Due to battening action, hogging occurs.

When ends of adjoining rail move slightly out, it is known as kink.

When track has gone out of it’s original position or alignment it is known as buckling of rails.

Minute depression of rail surface is known as corrugation, when vehicles pass over such a rail,
a roaring is created, so it is known as roaring rails.
If sufficient time is not given for burning of brick then carbon and sulphur which are present in
brick will not get oxidize properly and results in formation of spongy, swollen structure in

brick and the brick will be decoloured by white patches.

Fat lime slacks in 2-3 hours whereas hydraulic lime slacks in 12-48 hours.
• Kankar lime is impure lime obtained by calcination of kankar dug out from underground

sources.

• Quick lime is lumps as it comes from vertical kilns in calcining limestone.

• A suspension of calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime in water, known as milk of lime

Acid refractory brick consists of silica brick and ganister (ganister: a hard coloured sandstone containing
10% clay and 2% of lime) brick whereas basic brick consists of magnesium and bauxite brick.

Sound absorbing mortar: Portland cement with sand from light weight porous material such as cinders,
pumice etc.

Fire shielding mortar: Aluminous cement with finely powdered fire brick in 1 : 2.
Elongation index of an aggregate is defined by weight of particles present in it whose greatest dimension is
greater than nine-fifth i.e., 1.8 times of their mean dimension.

The object of fineness modulus is to grade the given aggregate for the most economical mix for required
strength and workability with minimum quantity of cement.

So, high FM implies harsh mix and lower FM implies uneconomical mix.

Concrete with slump > 75 mm gets remoulded so quick that time cannot be measured accurately and so
Vee Bee test is not suitable.

In case of very lean concrete one half of cone may slide down the other which is called shear slump or it
may collapse in case of very wet concrete.

On an average, 125 mm slump concrete may lose about 50 mm slump in first one hour. The workability in
terms of compaction factor decrease about 0.10 during the period of one hour from the time of mixing due
to evaporation and absorption by aggregate.

The pozzolanic activity is present in flyash due to the presence of finely divided glassy silica and lime
which produces calcium–silicate hydrate as is produced in hydration of portland cement.

Phosphorus is considered to promote enlargement of grains and thus produce brittleness.

Full annealing consists of heating iron at 20°C-50°C above critical temperature range, holding at that
temperature for required period of time to convert it into austenite followed by slow cooling. This usually
decrease hardness and strength but increase ductility and malleability.
All tensile, compressive and shear strength are increased by increasing percentage of carbon and ratio of
shear to tensile strength for high carbon steel is 0.60.

FRC is modified by random dispersal of short discrete fire fibres and asbestos, steel, glass, pisal, carbon,
nylon, polypropylene etc.

Sodium nitrite, HCA (Hydroxylated Carboxylic Acid) is a retarder.

Lignosulfonates are plasticizer.

Shell lime is pure lime obtained by calcination of shells of sea animal and corals.

High calcium lime expands more in setting and shrink more in drying than magnesium lime.

The lime that sets on absorbing CO2 from atmosphere is lean lime.

If clay is present in 20-30% of lime then lime exhibits excellent hydraulic property. So lime containing 3-5
% of clay do not show any hydraulic property whereas clay is mainly responsible for hydraulic property of
lime.

If nominal maximum size of aggregate in 20 mm then maximum water content is 186 kg but it should be
reduced by 25 kg as aggregates are rounded.

• For each additional 25 mm slump, water content is increased by 3%.

• Granite is silicious rock and igneous rock.

• Basalt is silicious rock and unstratified rock.

At horizontal curve, rear wheels follow the inner path on curve as compared to front wheels.

A\R

Statement (I): When a curved branch track

is diverted in opposite direction from a

curved main track then negative

superelevation in branch track can be

observed.

Statement (II): Outer track of main curved

track and inner track of branch curved track

are same. So automatically inner track of

branch curved track becomes at higher

position than outer track of branch curved

track and this introduces negative

superelevation in branch curved track.

Branch ka outer , main ka inner & vice versa

Visualise the diagram, for who is upper and lower

Main curved track, outer will be at upper level. So Branch ka inner is also at higher elevation. Which
necessiates the need of negative superelevation

A cement with small percentage of C3S and more C2S is recommended for use in hydraulic structure.

BECAUSE

Hydration of C3S produces lesser calcium silicate hydrate and more

Ca(OH)2 as compared to hydration of C2S.

Ca(OH)2 which is soluble in water and leaches out making concrete porous in hydraulic structure.

Working of Superplasticizer

In normal condition, surface of cement grains contain combination of +ve and –ve charge.

• Superplasticizer consists of large molecules dissolved in water to given ions of –ve charge which get
adsorbed on surface of cement particles and forms a monolayer around them to become predominantly –ve
charged.

• Now cement particles repel each other and floc do not form and in doing so, water trapped within original
floc is released and contribute to ability of cement paste to flow and hence increase workability.
Volute casing:

In this type of casing, the area of flow gradually increases from the impeller outlet to the delivery pipe so
as to reduce the velocity of flow. Thus the increase in pressure occurs in volute casing. In other words, the
kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
For Good Masonry - - good arching action hence less load , so angle considered is 45

For Poor Masonry - - -poor arching action hence more load so angle considered is 60

One way slab behaviour is occurs when the ratio of the longer span to shorter span is greater than two or
when a slab is supported only along two opposite sides.

Hot summer afternoon , when large scale thermal eddies are present

High Turbulence
Coning
Plume

Cloudy day\nights

Strong wind velocity > 32 kmph

Plume reaches ground at greater distance than Looping

Lofting SALR up , Inv Down

Most Favourable
Fumiga Inv of Lofting
ting

Inversion state : warmer air lies over the colder air below. Such situation may occur near the earth’s
surface or at higher heights above troposphere. However, near the ground surface it is of very short
duration.

Radiation Inversion Subsidience Inversion

Resulting from unequal cooling rates of earth Associated with high pressure system (anti-
cyclones)
Extends a few 100 m into the friction layer and is
a nocturnal phenomenon , that breaks up with Also called mechanical inversion
the rays of the morning sun
Extends over 1500 m into the friction layer
Also called ground surface inversion

Double Inversion : Radiation + Subsidience

Petrol engines contain greater concentratiomn of HC and CO , while the for stroke diesel engines
contain greater concentration of NO in addition to thick smoke and particulate matter.

Catalytic converters help in oxidiging CO and HC to CO2 ; they also reduce NO to nitrogen

Soot and carbon monoxide are by products of combustion at low oxidation while carbon dioxide is a
by product of combustion in presence of sufficient oxygen
Main Solvents for effective removal of SO2 are aqueous solutions of alkalis and alkaline earths

Unsat Hydrocarbons + No2 (Sunlight) = Smog

Density of Fog > Mist.

Major sources of H2S is Kraft Pulp industry.

Maercaptans are compounfds of Sulphur.

HF is more dangerous to vegetation and animals than to humans

Only Nitric oxide ( NO ) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) are pollutants

CO is classified as Asphyxiant

Smog causes damage to vegetation and cracking of rubber

Ozone and PAN are most important constituents

Methane capacity to absorb heat is about 25 X more than that of CO2 but its Conc is small.

[ N2O is Nitrous oxide ; also called Laughing gas . It has 230 times more capacity than CO2 ]

Major Green House gases :

1) CO2

2) CH4

3) N2O

4) CFC

All the top 2 gases increses temperature by absorbing the heat , but CFC does not work that way. It
punctures the ozone layer and conseqent happenings.

CFCl3 + (UV) = Cl . This Cl reacts with ozone . But Methane and NO2 are helpers , they
react with Cl , and helps to prevent the depletion of ozone layer.

Now HFC are replacements to CFC , because they don’t contain Cl

Due to Coriolois Force all winds are deflected to Right in Northern Hemisphere, opp in Southern
Hem.

Control DEvices

Gravitational Settling Chamber Gas flow should be uniformly maintained at less

than 0.3 m\s
Centrifugal Gas collectors Two types : Cyclone collectors

Dynamic Precipitators

(more efficient)

Wet Scrubbers (Collectors) Acc to contact power theory , collecteion

efficiency is a function of the energy consumed
in th air-to-water contact process. The energy
consumed is directly proportional to the
pressure drops,

Generally collectors operating at very low

pressure loss will remove only medium to coarse
size particles, while collectors operating at
higher pressure losses will be highly efficient at
removing fine particles.

Types

(1) Spray Towers

(1) Very little pressure loss

(2) Can handle large volume of

gases

(1) Wet Cyclone Scrubbers

(1) Higher Efficiency

(1) Venturi Scrubbers

(1) They can remove gaseous as well

as particulate contaminants

ESP
Automobiles : CO (max) then HC , Nox

Vanadium Peroxide : For removing S02

Platinum - For removing Nox

Activated Alumina : For removing Hydrocarbons

Moisture introduces capillary effect in sandy soil and leading to apparent increase in angle of
internal friction - - FALSE

Shear strength of soil decrease when compacted wet of optimum as compared to when copacted
dry of optimum

A swelled soil sample , when compacted to same dry density, once at dry side of optimum and once
at wet side of optimum, and then soaked in water ttill full saturation, may exhibit almost similar
shear strength in both the cases.

When a very High compactive effort is applied , even the water content wet of optimum is pretty
low. As a flocullated structure is obtained for soil , that are compacted dry of optimum , in such
cases compaction at wet of optimum (but pretty dry overall) may result in flocullated structure.

Ans : (a)

Laterite soil : Residual soil from Basalt

Talus soil : Formed due to gravitational force in Hilly area

Bentonite soil : Fomed due to chemical weathering of Volcanic ash

Grit Chamber : 2 minutes

Primary Sedimentation: 2 hrs

ASP : 6 hrs

Sludge Digestion : 20 Days

SO2 and NO2 are NOT released in Landfill.

Particulates : Causes Respiratory illness

Sulphur Dioxide : Irritation of Mucous membrane of Respiratory tract

Photochemical Oxidants : Cause coughing, shortness of breath and headache

Anticyclones cause clockwise wind circulations in the northern hemisphere.

A front is the interface between two distinct air masses.

The ascending warmer air is responsible for formation of clouds and precipitation.

If the canal offtakes from the outer side of a curved reach of a river, it draws much less sediment

than the one offtaking from the inner side. This is due to the secondary flow which develops along

the curved reach of a river.

The sediment concentration is relatively lesser in the top layers of the stream.
Canal fall Controls supply level in canal due differences in
slopes of ground and

canal

Distributary head regulator Controls the supply to an offtaking

channel from the parent channel.

Cross regulator Controls water level of a channel.

Canal escape Controls disposal of excess supplies

may be due to heavy rains.

Creep is greater on curves than on straight railway track.

Creep in new rails is more than that in old rails

Creep is less on steep gradients than on level track.

Wire claw to clean the ballast

Jim crow to pack the ballast under sleeper

Beater to bend the rails

Mallet to sound the sleeper for packing

For very slender column, collapse load is not affected by residual stress as they buckle elastically.

The effect of residual stress is much felt in columns having intermediate slenderness ratio.

The design criteria of stiffener

d/t less than 85 ,no stiffener is provided

if 85 to 200 only vertical stiffeners provided
if greater than 200 then both stiffener is provided.
if greater than 400 then should be redesigned

Purlin is a roof beam supported by roof trusses.

Rafter is a roof beam supported by the purlins.

Sprandal is a beam provided at the outer most wall of a building supporting the floor and wall.

Girder is called stringer beam . Main steel member along the longitudinal direction is called
stringer beam .

Use of this to convert distributive load to point load.

The load may be a floor or roof in a building, in which case the beam is called a floor joist or a
roof joist. n a bridge deck the lightly loaded longitudinal beams are the stringers; the heavier,
transverse members are called floor beams.
line of balance (LOB) diagram:

The line-of-balance technique of

programming and control of projects was originated by the Good Year company is the early
1940s.

The technique assumes the rate of production for an activity as uniform.

The extra space provided in the sewers counteracts the following,

Safeguard against lower estimation of the quantity of waste water to be collected at the end
of design period.

Large scale infiltration of storm water through wrong or illegal connection

Unforeseen increase in population or water consumption and the consequent increase in

sewage production.

Air stripping method of nitrogen removal:

It consists of converting ammonium to

gaseous phase and then dispersing the

liquid in air.

Counter current spray tower is used

for air stripping.

Regarding theory of sedimentation:

1. Warm water favours the process of sedimentation.

2. As the specific gravity increases, more easily the partial settles down.

3. The size of particles affects the settling rate.

cation-exchange process (Or Ion -Exchange Method) for removing hardness:

There is no problem of sludge deposition in this process.

The process is NOT suitable for boiler feed water. [ Zeolite process leaves sodium
bicarbonate in water, which causes priming and foaming in boiler feed water.]

It is costlier for treating water containing iron and manganese.

Marble is metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite.

Sandstone formed by cementation of same size grains of feldspar into rock.

Granite is a natural stone that has low porosity

Balast is a stone formed by volcanic activity.

Fly ash in bricks

1. Reduce drying shrinkage

2. Developed strength on firing

3. Reduce chancing of bloating or black coring in fired product

The fly ash contains amorphous glassy material, mullite, haematite, magnetite, etc. and shows a

chemical composition similar to brick earths. These silicates also help towards strength development

in clay bodies on firing, when mixed in optimum proportion, depending on the physio-chemical

and plastic properties of soils to be used for brick making. The proportion of fly ash mixed as an

additive to the brick earth should be optimum to reduce drying shrinkage, check drying losses

and to develop strength on firing without bloating or black coring in fired product.

Lime wash is used as an external and internal wall coating whose durability can be improved by
adding small amount of glue, common salt or stearates.

Due to high thermal expansion and consequent poor resistance to spalling of basic refectory

bricks, they are having limited use in copper metallurgy and basic open health.
C4AF hydrates rapidly but no contribution in overall strength of cement i.e. curve-4.

C3A reacts fast with water and may lead to immediate stiffening of paste known as flash set,

shown in curve-3.

C3S and C2S contribute almost equally to eventual strength of cement with only the difference

that C3S results in rapid hardening with early gain in strength i.e. curve-1.

Whereas C2S results in slow hardening.

For same water content, high alumina cement is more workable than portland cement.

Expansive cement dose not shrink while hardening and thereafter.

Significance of resistance to crushing is, in high strength concrete, aggregate low in crushing

value will not give high strength even through cement strength is higher.

Absorption and surface moisture affects the mix proportions, thereby need to control water

content to maintain water cement ratio and water cement ratio finally affects workability of

concrete.

Bulk density is useful as a check on uniformity of aggregates.

Flyash, silica fume, surkhi are minerals or supplementary additives or pozzolonas which are

fine grained siliceous inorganic material which, as such, do not possess any cementing

properties but reacts chemically with Ca(OH)2 released from the hydration of cement to form

compound of low solubility having cementing properties.

The softwood have distinct annual rings while that of hardwood are less distinct and narrow. But it is
reverse in case of medullary rays.

Hardwood have closed cell structure, while softwood have open cell structure which affects timber’s
permeability.
 Star shake Split from bark to center of stem

Cup shake Curved split between successive annual

rings

Heart shake Split from pith to sap wood

Ring shake Split of full circumference of an annual

ring

In a two hinged arch, an increase in temperature induces Maximum bending at the crown. (Because
H increases as temp increases ]

In a concrete beam subjected to prestress, dead and live loads, the pressure line shifts uniformly
towards the top of beam as load increases.

The transmission length of the tendon towards the top of a unit is usually greater than that at the
bottom

A mixture of sand, silt and clay containing organic matter like humus is known as loam.

Sticky, plastic dark coloured clay is gumbo.

Very fine grained, calcium carbonated soil of marine origin is marl.

Small grained slighty cemented volcanicash, that has been transported by wind or water is known as
Tuff
Caliche" is a shallow layer of soil or sediment in which the particles have
been cemented together by the precipitation of mineral matter in their
interstitial spaces. The cement is usually calcium carbonate;
Desiccated clay is stronger because desiccation induces pre compressive
forces in soil structure.

Due to curvature of earth , Object is appearing lower than it is . Opp for

Refraction

The curvature of earth’s surface is taken into account only if extent of

survey is more than 195.5 km2.
Difference in length of an arc and its subtended chord on earth’s surface for
a distance of 90 km is 0.5 cm.
For a survey to be classed as plane survey, difference between sum of
angles of spherical triangle and that of plane triangle is only one second at
earth’s mean surface for an area of 250 km2

In prismatic compass, graduations are inverted and are in clockwise

direction having 0° at south.
In case of telescopic alidade, the horizontal line should be parallel to
alidade ruler/scale.
Least count of main scale of theodolite is 20 minutes
Cross hairs in telescope are provided in front of eyepiece.

Main features of Macadam construction are:

1. It was suggested that heavy foundation stones are not at all
required to be placed at the bottom layer.
 2. Subgrade was compacted and prepared with cross slope of 1 in
36.
3. Total thickness was kept uniform from edge to centre to a
minimum value of 25 cm.

The head loss due to sudden expansion is greater than the loss due to a corresponding contraction.

This is because, diverging paths of the flow tend to encourage the formation of eddies with the

flows.

Porosity of mortar is a very important aspect as it is cannot set or serve its function without

access to atmosphere air.

Cementing action of lime is based on carbonation of calcium hydroxide in which it combines

with CO2 from air and forms CaCO3 which provides cementing property,
 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

Sand is added in lime to make mortar porus so that air can circulate freely through mortar

mass to assist carbonation. Moreover sand makes mortar bulky.

Loss in weight occurs as the moisture and CO2 which are present in combination with free

lime or magnesia evaporate.

The loss in ignition test is carried on portland cements to determine loss of weight when

sample is heated at 900°C-1000°C for a minimum of 15 minutes.

• Loss in weight occurs as the moisture and CO2 which are present in combination with free

lime or magnesia evaporate.

• Since hydroxide and carbonate of lime and magnesium have no cementing property, they are

termed as inert substances.

• So, lesser the loss on ignition, lesser the quantity of these inert substances and better is the

cement.

Flexural bond develops as a result of change of force in the bar due to the varying moment

resisted by it.

The anchorage bond develops in the anchorage zone at the ends of a beam or at cutoff point

of a bar within a span of a beam. It causes slippage of the bar at the ends causing cracking. The

load that causes the limiting value of slip for serviceability requirements gives the measure of

anchorage bond between the concrete and steel.

Base isolation system should essentially be able to support a structure. with adequate strength and
stiffness in the vertical direction, and at the same time, provide required flexibility in the lateral
direction.

The base isolation in structure will increase natural period of the structure.

It does not give idea of physical and financial progress. .Hence it is the disadvantage of Gantt Char
Gonic = declination
FALSE
Looping Event occur more than once

Dangling More than one finished event

Wagon Wheel Network shows the precedence relationship

which Does not exist
Crashing Means : An increase in Direct Cost

Decrease in Indirect Cost