Department of

CE/IT

Object Oriented Unit-1

Java Overview
Programming with OOPJ (01CE0403)

Java

By: Prof. Ankita

Chavda
  B led to C, C evolved into C++, and C++ set the stage for Java.

 James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike

Introduction
Sheridan at Sun Microsystems.
to Java
 It took 8 months to develop the first working version called “Oak”
in 1994, but was renamed "Java" in 1995.
  Java Language Specification:
 The Java language specification is a technical definition
of the Java programming language’s syntax and
semantics.

Java language  API:

Specification,  The application program interface (API) also known as
library, contains predefined classes and interfaces for
API developing Java programs.
 Java SE (Standard Edition) : for Client side programming
 Java EE (Enterprise Edition) : for Server side
programming
 Java ME (Micro Edition) : for Mobile devices
  JDK:
 Java Development Toolkit
 The JDK consists of a set of separate programs, each invoked
from a command line, for developing and testing Java
programs.

JDK, IDE  IDE:

 Integrated Development Environment
 It is used for developing Java programs quickly where Editing,
compiling, building, debugging, and online help are
integrated in one graphical user interface.
 Ex. NetBeans, Eclipse etc.
  Encapsulation: It is a mechanism of wrapping the data
(variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together
as a single unit.

The Three
OOP
Principles
  Inheritance: It is a mechanism in which one class acquires
the property of another class. For example, a child inherits
the traits of his/her parents.

The Three
OOP
Principles
  Polymorphism: It means "many forms", and it occurs when
we have many classes that are related to each other by
inheritance.

The Three
OOP
Principles
  Simple
 Secure
 Portable
 Object-oriented
 Robust
The Java  Multithreaded
Buzzwords  Architecture-neutral
 Interpreted
 High performance
 Distributed
 Dynamic
  Java bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine.

 As soon as a java program is compiled, java bytecode is generated

in the form of a .class file.
Bytecode
 Highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by
the Java run-time system, which is called the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)
Bytecode
Bytecode
Bytecode
  Notepad

 Jcreator
Program
Editors  NetBeans

 Eclipse
 class Example
{
public static void main(String args[])
A First Simple
{
Program
System.out.println(“First Java
Example java program");
}
}
  Compilation:
 D:\Java\>javac Example.java
 javac Path should be Set
 set path=%path%; c:\Program Files\Java\jdk6_\bin
Compiling &
Executing the  Example.java Should be in Current directory
Program
 Execution:
 D:\Java\>java Example
 Example.class should be in current directory
 abstract continue for new switch

assert*** default goto* package synchronized

boolean do if private this

break double implements protected throw
Java byte else import public throws
Keywords case enum**** instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp** volatile
const* float native super while
  Eight simple (or elemental) types of data in four groups:
 Integers: byte, short, int, and long

Data Types  Floating-point numbers: float and double

 Characters: char

 Boolean: boolean
 Datatype Size Description

byte 1 byte Stores whole numbers from -128 to

127
short 2 bytes Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to
32,767
Integers int 4 bytes Stores whole numbers from -
2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long 8 bytes Stores whole numbers from -
9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
 Data type Size Description

float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers.

Sufficient for storing 6 to 7
decimal digits
Floating-Point
Types
double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers.
Sufficient for storing 15
decimal digits
  Java Literals are syntactic representations of boolean,

character, numeric, or string data.

 Literals provide a means of expressing specific values in your

program. Types of literals are:

Literals  Integer Literals

 Floating-Point Literals

 Boolean Literals

 Character Literals
 Escape Description
Sequence

\t Inserts a tab in the text at this point.

\b Inserts a backspace in the text at this point.

Escape \n Inserts a newline in the text at this point.

\r Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point.

Sequence
\f Inserts a form feed in the text at this point.

\' Inserts a single quote character in the text at this point.

\" Inserts a double quote character in the text at this point.

\\ Inserts a backslash character in the text at this point.

  A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java
program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type.

 It is known as a name of memory location.

Variables  Syntax:

type variable = value;

 Example:

int marks = 50;

 Automatic Conversion: Also called widening conversion
 The two types are compatible
 The destination type is larger than the source type

Java's
Automatic
Conversions
 class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 100;

Java's // automatic type conversion

long l = i;
Automatic // automatic type conversion
float f = l;
Conversions System.out.println("Int value "+i);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Float value "+f);
}
}
  Narrowing conversion is needed when you convert from a
larger size type to a smaller size.
Casting  The casting / conversion is not done automatically, you need
Incompatible to convert explicitly using the cast operator “( )” explicitly.
Types
 Syntax:

(target-type) value
 class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double d = 100.04;
//explicit type casting
Casting long l = (long)d;
//explicit type casting
Incompatible int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Double value "+d);
Types //fractional part lost
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("Int value "+i);
}
}
  Operators are used to perform operations on variables and
values.

 Java divides the operators into the following groups:

Operators  Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Bitwise operators
 Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds together x+y

two values
- Subtraction Subtracts one x-y
value from
another
* Multiplication Multiplies two x*y
values
Arithmetic / Division Divides one x/y
Operators value by another
% Modulus Returns the x%y
division
remainder
++ Increment Increases the ++x
value of a
variable by 1
-- Decrement Decreases the --x
value of a
variable by 1
 Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3

Assignment /= x /= 3 x=x/3

Operators %= x %= 3 x=x%3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
 Operator Name Example

== Equal to x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

Comparison < Less than x<y
Operators >= Greater than or x >= y
equal to

<= Less than or equal x <= y

to
 Operator Name Description Example

&& Logical and Returns true if x < 5 && x < 10

both statements
are true

Logical || Logical or Returns true if x < 5 || x < 4

one of the
Operators statements is
true

! Logical not Reverse the !(x < 5 && x < 10)

result, returns
false if the result
is true
 Operator Description Example Same as Result Decimal

& AND - Sets 5&1 0101 & 0001 0001 1

each bit to 1 if
both bits are 1
| OR - Sets each 5 | 1 0101 | 0001 0101 5
bit to 1 if any of
Bitwise the two bits is 1

Operators ~ NOT - Inverts ~5 ~0101 1010 10

all the bits
^ XOR - Sets 5^1 0101 ^ 0001 0100 4
each bit to 1 if
only one of the
two bits is 1
 Operator Description Example Same as Result Decimal

<< Zero-fill left shift - Shift 9 << 1 1001 << 1 0010 2

left by pushing zeroes in
from the right and letting
the leftmost bits fall off

>> Signed right shift - Shift 9 >> 1 1001 >> 1 1100 12

Bitwise right by pushing copies of
the leftmost bit in from
Operators the left and letting the
rightmost bits fall off

>>> Zero-fill right shift - Shift 9 >>> 1 1001 >>> 0100 4

right by pushing zeroes in 1
from the left and letting
the rightmost bits fall off
  ternary (three-way) operator
 expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
The ?
Operator  Example:

 String result = (marks > 40) ? "pass" : "fail";

 Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr--
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
Operator equality == !=
Precedence bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ?:
= +, = -, = *, = /, = %, = &, = ^, = |, = <<, = >>,
assignment
= >>>
  Wrapper class methods:

 Byte.parseByte()
Command  Short.parseShort()
Line  Integer.parseInt()
Argument  Long.parseLong()
 Float.parseFloat()
 Double.parseDouble()
  Scanner class methods:

 nextByte() - reads an integer of the byte type.

 nextShort() - reads an integer of the short type.
 nextInt() - reads an integer of the int type.
Scanner class  nextLong() - reads an integer of the long type.
methods  nextFloat() - reads a number of the float type.
 nextDouble() - reads a number of the double type.
 next() -reads a word
 nextLine() -read a whole Line
  Java’s Selection Statements
 if
 switch
 Iteration Statements
 while
 do-while
Control  for
Statements  Some for Loop Variations
 Nested Loops
 Jump Statements
 Using break
 Using continue
 return
  The Java if statement tests the condition. It executes the if
block if condition is true.

 Syntax:

if(condition)
if Statement
{

//code to be executed

}
 class IfStatement
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 10;
// checks if number is greater than 0

if Statement if (number > 0) {

System.out.println("The number is positive.");
Example }
System.out.println("Statement outside if
block");
}
}
  The Java if-else statement also test the condition. It executes the if
block if condition is true otherwise else block is executed.
 Syntax:
if(condition)

If-else {
//code to be executed
Statement }
else
{
//code to be executed when condition fails
}
 class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 10;
// checks if number is greater than 0
if (number > 0) {

If-else System.out.println("The number is positive.");

}
Statement // execute this block if number is not greater than
Example else {
System.out.println("The number is not positive.");
}
System.out.println("Statement outside if...else block");
}
}
  The if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from
multiple statements.
 Syntax:
if(condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}else if(condition2){
//code to be executed if condition2 is true
The if-else-if }
Ladder else if(condition3){
//code to be executed if condition3 is true
}
...
else{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}
 class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 0;
if (number > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive.");

if-else-if }
else if (number < 0) {
Ladder
System.out.println("The number is negative.");
Example }
else {
System.out.println("The number is 0.");
}
}
}
  The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple
conditions, and its like if-else-if ladder statement.

 The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long, enum types,
String.

 Syntax:
switch(expression){
Switch case case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
 class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int expression = 2;
// switch statement to check size
switch (expression) {
case 1:
Switch case System.out.println("Case 1");
// matching case
Example case 2:
System.out.println("Case 2");
case 3:
System.out.println("Case 3");
default:
System.out.println("Default case");
}
}
}
  Iteration statements create loops in the program.

 It repeats the set of statements until the condition for

termination is met. Iteration statements in Java are for,

Iteration while and do-while.

Statements  There are three types of loops in Java:

 for loop

 while loop

 do-while loop
  The Java while loop is a control flow statement that
executes a part of the programs repeatedly on the basis of
given boolean condition.

 Syntax:
while
while(condition)

//code to be executed

}
 class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// declare variables
int i = 1, n = 5;
// while loop from 1 to 5
while while(i <= n) {
System.out.println(i);
Example i++;
}
}
}
  If the number of iteration is not fixed and you must have to
execute the loop at least once, it is recommended to use the
do-while loop.

 Syntax:

do-while do

// body of loop

} while (condition);
 class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 1, n = 5;
d0-while do {
Example System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while(i <= n);
}
}
  The Java for loop is a control flow statement that iterates a
part of the programs multiple times.

 If the number of iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use

for loop.

for  Syntax:

for(initialization; condition; iteration)

// body

}
 class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n = 5;
for loop // for loop
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
Example System.out.println("Java is fun");
}
}
}
  The jumping statements are the control statements which
transfer the program execution control to a specific
statements.
Jump
Statements  Three types :break, continue, and return.

 These statements are used in any of the three types of

loops.
  When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the
loop is immediately terminated and the program control
resumes at the next statement following the loop.
break  The Java break statement is used to break loop or switch
statement.
 It can be used as a “civilized” form of goto.
 class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)

{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
break if (i == 5) {
Example break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
  The Java continue statement is used to continue the loop.
 It continues the current flow of the program and skips the
remaining code at the specified condition.
 In case of an inner loop, it continues the inner loop only.
continue  while and do-while
 Control transferred directly to the conditional
expression
 In a for loop
 Control goes first to the iteration portion
 class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// for loop
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
// if value of i is between 4
continue // and 9 continue is executed
if (i > 4 && i < 9)
Example {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
  A return statement causes the program control to transfer
back to the caller of a method.

 Every method in Java is declared with a return type and it is

return
mandatory for all java methods.

 When used, the program control transferred back to the

caller of the method.
Thank you