Polynomials

Exercise 2.3 Solutions

Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

1. Question:
Find the value of b if x - b is a factor of the polynomial x5 - b2x3 + 2x + b + 1.

Solution:
As (x - b) is a factor of polynomials f(x) = x5 - bx3 + 2x + b + 1
So, by factor theorem, we have f(b) =0, (1 mark)
b5 - b2(b)3 + 2b + b + 1 = 0
b5 - b5 + 3b + 1 = 0

( 1 mark)

2. Question:
Factorise: (a - b + c)3 + (b - c + a)3 + (-2a)3

Solution:
(a - b + c)3 + (b - c + a)3 + (-2a)3
If A + B + C = 0, then A3 + B3 + C3 = 3ABC
As (a - b + c) + (b - c + a) + (-2a) = 0 (1 mark)
Therefore, (a - b + c)3 + (b - c + a)3 + (-2a)3
= 3 (a - b + c)(b - c + a) (-2a)
= - 6a(a - b + c)(b - c + a) (1 mark)

3. Question:
Use the factor theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of f(x):
(a) f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 3, g(x) = x + 2
(b) f(x) = 2x3 + 4x + 6, g(x) = x + 1
(c) f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12, g(x) = x – 3

Solution:
(a) Using factor theorem, we have,
f(-2) = (-2)3 - 3(-2)2 + 4(-2) - 3
= -8 - 12 - 8 - 3
= -31
Since, f(-2) 0, so g(x) is not a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
(b) Using factor theorem, we have,
f(-1) = 2(-1)3 + 4(-1) + 6
= -2 - 4 + 6
=0
 g(x) is a factor of f(x) (1 mark)
(c) Using factor theorem, we have,
f(3) = (3)3 - 3(3)2 + 4(3) - 12
= 27 - 27 + 12 - 12
=0
g(x) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)

4. Question:
If x2 - 1 is a factor of ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, show that a + c + e = b + d = 0.

Solution:
Let P(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e be the given polynomial.
As (x2 - 1) is a factor of P(x). (Given)

(x + 1)(x -1) is a factor of P(x) (1/2 mark)

 (x + 1) is a factor of P(x)
P(-1) = 0 (1/2 mark)
and (x - 1) is a factor of P(x)
 P(1) = 0 [by factor theorem] (1/2 mark)
Now, when x = 1, we have,
P(1) = a(1)4 + b(1)3 + c(1)2 + d(1) + e
a + b + c + d + e = 0 (i) [since, P(1) = 0] (1 mark)
Further when x = -1, we have,
P(-1) = a(-1)4 + b(-1)3 + c(-1)2 + d(-1) + e
a - b + c - d + e = 0 (ii) [since, P(-1) = 0] (1/2 mark)
Now, adding (i) and (ii), we get,
(a + b + c + d + e) + (a - b + c - d + e) = 0
 2a + 2c + 2e = 0
i.e., a + c + e = 0 (1 mark)
Subtracting (ii) from (i) we get,
(a + b + c + d + e) - (a - b + c - d + e) = 0
2b + 2d = 0
 b + d = 0 (1/2 mark)
Hence, a + c + e = 0 and b + d = 0.
Hence, a + c + e = b + d = 0 (1/2 mark)

5. Question:
If p(x) = x4 - a2x2 + 3x - a and (x + a) is a factor of p(x), find a.
Solution:
Given,
p(x) = x4 - a2x2 + 3x - a
and (x + a) is a factor of p(x)
Then according to the factor theorem,
p(a)= 0 when (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
Since x + a = x - (-a), p(-a) = 0 (1 mark)
Now, p(-a) = (-a)4 - a2(-a)2 + 3(-a) - a

p(-a) = a4 - a4 - 3a - a
 p(-a) = - 4a
Since, p(-a) = 0
-4a = 0
a = 0 (1 mark)

6. Question:
Check whether x3 - 6x2 - 13x + 60 is exactly divisible by (x - 3) without actual division. If not, find the
remainder.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 6x2 -13x + 60 and g(x) = x - 3
According to remainder theorem, if p(x) is divided by g(x) where g(x) = x - a, then the remainder r =
p(a).
Now, g(x) = x - 3 (1 mark)
So, r = p(3)
As, p(3) = (3)3 - 6(3)2 - 13(3) + 60
p(3) = 27 - 54 - 39 + 60
p(3) = 87 - 93
p(3) = -6 (1 mark)

7. Question:
Factorize

Solution:
Let
The factors of the constant term 42 are

Therefore, y - 1 is not a factor of f(y)

Therefore, y - 2 is a factor of f(y). (1 mark)

Therefore, y + 3 is a factor of f(y). (1 mark)
(y - 2) and (y + 3) are factors of f(y)
Therefore, (y - 2)(y + 3) is also a factor of f(y)
i.e., y2 + y - 6 is a factor of f(y) (1/2 mark)
Now, we divide f(y) by to y2 + y - 6 get the other factor

(2 marks)

(1/2 mark)

8. Question:
Divide p(x) by g(x) and find the quotient and remainder when p(x) = 2x3 - 3x + 5 and g(x) = x - a.
Also, find if g(x) is a factor of p(x).

Solution:
Given, p(x) = 2x3 - 3x + 5,
g (x) = x - a
Then, p(x) g(x)

(2 marks)
Therefore, quotient = 2x2 + 2ax + 2a2 - 3
and remainder = 2a3 - 3a + 5
Now, the remainder = 2a3 - 3a + 5 0.
Therefore, g(x) is not a factor of p(x). (1 mark)
 9. Question:
Divide x4 + x3 + x2 - 5x + 10 by x + 1.

Solution:

(2 marks)
Dividend p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 - 5x + 10
Divisor g(x) = x + 1
Quotient q(x) = x3 + x - 6
Remainder r(x) = 16
Now, g(x) . q(x) + r(x) = (x + 1)(x3 + x - 6) + 16 (1 mark)

10. Question:
Using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when x3 + x2 - 2x + 1 is divided by x - 3.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 + x2 - 2x + 1
By the remainder theorem, we know that when p(x) is divided by (x - 3), the remainder is equal to
p(3).
Now, p(3) = 33 + 32 - 2 3 + 1 (1 mark)
Þ p(3) = 27 + 9 - 6 + 1
Þ p(3) = 31 (1 mark)
Hence, the remainder is 31.

11. Question:
Find the value of a, such that (x - 5) is a factor of x3 - 3x2 + ax - 10.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + ax - 10
g(x) = x - 5
Since, g(x) is a factor of p(x), then, according to the factor theorem,
p(5) = 0 p(5) = (5)3 - 3(5)2 + a(5) - 10 = 0 (1 mark)
p(5) = 125 - 75 + 5a - 10 = 0 p(5) = 40 + 5a = 0 5a = - 40  a = 8 (1 mark)

12. Question:

If p(x) = 4x3 - 6x2 + 8x + 4 and g(x) = x + , find the remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x).

Solution:

13. Question:
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 6
OR
If (3x - 1)4 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0, then find the value of a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81a0
Solution:
Let f(x) = 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 + 9x - 6 be the given polynomial.
The factors of the constant term -6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
We have,
f(-1) = 2(-1)4 + (-1)3 - 14 (-1)2 - 19(-1) - 6
= 2 - 1 - 14 + 19 - 6
= 21 - 21
=0
(x + 1) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(-2) = 2(-2)4 + (-2)3 - 14(-2)2 - 19(-2) - 6
= 32 - 8 - 56 + 38 - 6
= 70 - 70
=0
(x + 2) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(3) = 2(3)4 + (3)3 - 14(3)2 - 19(3) - 6
= 162 + 27 - 126 - 57 - 6
= 189 - 189
=0
(x - 3) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
To find the other factors, we can divide f(x) by (x + 1)(x + 2) because (x + 1) and
(x + 2) are also factors of f(x).
(x + 1)(x + 2)
x2 + 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x).

(1 mark)
Therefore, 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 6
= (x2 + 3x + 2)(2x2 - 5x - 3)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)[2x2 - 6x + x - 3]
= (x + 1)(x + 2) [2x(x - 3) + 1(x - 3)]
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)(2x + 1) (1 mark)
OR
(3x - 1)4 = [(3x - 1)2]2
= [(3x)2 + (1)2 - 2 3x 1]2
= (9x2 + 1 - 6x)2 (1 marks)
Here, A = 9x2 , B = 1, C = 6x
Therefore, (9x2 + 1 - 6x)2
= (9x2)2 + (1)2 + (6x)2 + 2 9x2 1 - 2 1(6x) - 2(6x) 9x2
[(A + B - C)2 = A2 + B2 + C2 + 2AB - 2BC - 2CA]
= 81x4 + 1 + 36x2 + 18x2 - 12x - 108 x3 (1 marks)
= 81x4 - 108x3 + 54x2 - 12x + 1
= a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0
a4 = 81, a3 = -108, a2 = 54, a1 = -12, a0 = 1 (1.5 marks)
Putting the values in a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81 a0, we get,
= 81 + 3(-108) + 9(54) + 27(-12) + 81(1)
= 81 - 324 + 486 - 324 + 81
= 648 - 648
=0 (1.5 marks)

14. Question:
Find out the remainder when the polynomial p(m) = 6m2 + 17m + 5 is divided by q(m) = 2m + 5. Also,
find the zero of q(m). Is it also the zero of p(m)?

Solution:
Given polynomials are
p(m) = 6m2 + 17m + 5 and
q(m) = 2m + 5
Now, zero of q(m) will be that value of m at which 2m + 5 = 0

(1 mark)
Remainder when P(m) is divided by Q(m) is given by

= -5 + 5 = 0
Hence, the remainder is zero.
So, it is also the zero of P(m). (1 mark)

15. Question:
Find the value of a if x-1 is a factor of a2x2 - 3ax + 3a -1.

Solution:
Let f(x) = a2x2 - 3ax + 3a - 1
Now, (x-1) is a factor of f(x).
Then, according to factor theorem f(1) = 0.
f(1) = a2(1)2 - 3a(1) + 3a - 1 = 0 (1 mark)
a2 - 3a + 3a - 1 = 0
a2 - 1 = 0
a2 = 1
a = 1 (1 mark)

16. Question:
State and prove factor theorem.
Solution:
Let p(x) be a polynomial over the reals. If p(a) = 0 for any real number a, then (x - a) is a factor of
p(x). Conversely, if (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0. (1 mark)
Proof: Let p(x) be a polynomial and a be a real number such that p(a) = 0. Then, we have to show
that (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
Let q(x) be the quotient when p(x) is divided by (x - a). By the remainder theorem, when p(x) is
divided by (x - a), it gives a remainder equal to p(a).
Therefore, p(x) = (x - a) q(x) + p(a)
p(x) = (x - a) q(x) + 0 [Since, p(a) = 0]
p(x) = (x - a) q(x)
(x - a) is a factor of p(x).
Conversely, let (x - a) be a factor of p(x) . Then we have to prove that
p(a) = 0.
Now, (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
p(x) when divided by (x - a) gives the remainder zero. But by the remainder theorem, p(x) when
divided by (x - a) gives the remainder equal to p(a).
Therefore, p(a) = 0. (2 marks)

17. Question:
Show that (x - 3) is a factor of the polynomial x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12 be the given polynomial.
By the factor theorem, (x - a) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) if and only if
p(a) = 0.
Therefore, in order to prove that x - 3 is a factor of p(x), it is sufficient to show that p(3) = 0.
Now, p(3) = 33 - 3  32 + 4  3 - 12 (1 mark)

p(3) = 27 - 27 + 12 - 12
p(3) = 0.
Hence, (x - 3) is a factor of p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12. (1 mark)
Note that x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12 = (x - 3) (x2 + 4)

18. Question:
Polynomial p(x) = x3 - x2 + 2x - 2, find all its integral roots and factorise the polynomial.

Solution:
Note that the coefficient of the highest degree term is one. So, the only possible integral roots are
the divisors of -2. The only possibilities are 1, 2.
We now check each of these possibilities by substitution.
p(1) = 1 - 1 + 2 - 2 = 0
p(-1) = -1 - 1 - 2 - 2  0
p(2) = 8 - 4 + 4 - 2  0
p(-2) = -8 - 4 - 4 - 2  0 (1 mark)
Thus, 1 is the only possible integral root of the given polynomial.
By the factor theorem, we know that (x - 1) is a factor of the given polynomial.
To find the other factors, we divide p(x) by (x - 1) using the long division method and we find that
p(x) = (x - 1)(x2 + 2). (2 marks)
Note that x2 + 2 does not have real linear factors.

19. Question:
Using factor theorem, find out if g(x) is a factor of f(x), when
f (x) = 3x3 + x2 - 20x + 12 and g(x) = 3x - 2.

Solution:
Given, f(x) = 3x3 + x2 - 20x + 12
g (x) = 3x - 2
According to the factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of f(x), where g(x) = x - a, only if f (a) = 0.

Since, g(x) = 3x - 2 =

g(x) is a factor of f(x) if is a factor of f(x) (1.5 mark)

Now,

Therefore, g(x) is a factor of f(x).(1.5 mark)

20. Question:
Find the values of m and n in the polynomial 2x3 + mx2 + nx - 14, such that (x - 1) and (x + 2) are its
factors.

Solution:
Let f(x) = 2x3 + mx2 + nx - 14
Now, (x - 1) and (x + 2) are the factors of f(x)
Then, according to the factor theorem, f(1) = 0
and f(-2) = 0 [since x + 2 = x - (-2)] (1 mark)
Now, f(1) = 2(1)3 + m(1)2 + n(1) - 14 = 0
2 + m + n - 14 = 0
m + n - 12 = 0
m + n = 12
m = 12 - n (i) (1 mark)
And f(-2) = 2(-2)3 + m(-2)2 + n(-2) - 14 = 0
-16 + 4m - 2n - 14 = 0
-30 + 4m - 2n = 0
4m - 2n = 30
2m - n = 15 (ii) (1 mark)
Substituting the value of m from (i) in (ii), we get,
2(12 - n) - n = 15
24 - 2n - n = 15
24 - 3n = 15
-3n = 15 - 24
-3n = -9
n = 3 (1 mark)
Substituting the value of n in (i), we get,
m = 12 - 3
m = 9 (1 mark)
Hence, m = 9 and n = 3.

21. Question:
For what value of ''a'', (x - 2) is a factor of 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + a?

Solution:
Since, (x - 2) is a factor of given polynomial, therefore, by Factor theorem,
2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + a = P(x) [say],
P(2) = 0 (1/2 mark)

 2(2)3 - 6(2)2 + 5X 2 + a = 0 (1/2 mark)

2x8 - 6x4 + 10 + a = 0
 16 - 24 + 10 + a = 0
26 - 24 + a = 0
 a = -2 (1 marks)

22. Question:
Find the value of k, if x + 3 is a factor of 3x2 + kx + 6.

Solution:
Let f(x) = 3x2 + kx + 6
Now, (x + 3) is a factor of f(x)
Then, according to factor theorem,
f(-3) = 0 [Since, x + 3 = x - (-3)] (1 mark)
f(-3) = 3(-3)2 + k(-3) + 6 = 0
27 - 3k + 6 = 0
33 = 3k
 k = 11 (1 marks)
 23. Question:
Factorise: 2y2 - 5y2 - 19y + 42

Solution:
Let 2y2 - 5y2 - 19y + 42
The factors of the constant term 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7

f(1) = 2 13- 5 13 - 19 1 + 42 = 2 - 5 - 19 + 42 0
Therefore, y - 1 is not a factor of f(y)
f(+2) = 2 23 - 5 22 - 19 2 + 42
= 16 - 20 - 38 + 42
= 58 - 58 = 0
Therefore, y - 2 is a factor of f(y). (1 mark)

Therefore, y + 3 is a factor of f(y). (1 mark)

 (y - 2) and (y + 3) are factors of f(y)
Therefore, (y - 2)(y + 3) is also a factor of f(y)
i.e., y2 + y - 6 is a factor of f(y) (1/2 mark)
Now, we divide f(y) by to y2 + y - 6 get the other factor

24. Question:
If x - 4 is a factor of each of the following polynomials, then find the value of a in each case:
(a) x2 - 3x + 6a
(b) x3 - 2ax2 + ax - 1
(c) x5 - 3x4 - ax3 + 3ax2 + 2ax + 4

Solution:
(a) By factor theorem, we have,
(4)2 - 3(4) + 6a = 0
16 - 12 + 6a = 0
6a = -4

(1 mark)
(b) By factor theorem, we have,
(4)3 - 2a(4)2 + a(4) - 1 = 0
64 - 32a + 4a - 1 = 0
28a + 63 = 0

(1 mark)

(c) By factor theorem, we have,

(4)5 - 3(4)4 - a(4)3 + 3a(4)2 + 2a(4) + 4 = 0
1024 - 768 - 64a + 48a + 8a + 4 = 0
1024 - 764 = 8a
8a = 260

(1 mark)

25. Question:
Find the value of a if x + a is a factor of the polynomial:
(a) x3 + ax2 - 2x + a
(b) x4 - a2x2 + 5x - 6a

Solution:
(a) By factor theorem, we have,
(-a)3 + a(-a)2 - 2(-a) + a = 0
-a3 - a3 + 2a + a = 0
-2a3 + 3a = 0
-a(2a2 - 3) = 0

a = 0 or
(b) (-a)4 - a2(-a)2 + 5(-a) - 6a = 0
a4 - a4 - 5a - 6a = 0
a = 0 (1 mark)

26. Question:
Find the value of a, such that (x - 4) is a factor of 5x3 - 7x2 - ax - 28.

Solution:
Let p(x) = 5x3 - 7x2 - ax - 28
and g(x) = x - 4
Then, according to factor theorem, since (x - 4) is a factor of p(x),
then, p(4) = 0
p(4) = 5(4)3 - 7(4)2 - a(4) - 28 = 0 (1 mark)
p(4) = 5 64 - 7  16 - 4a - 28 = 0
p(4) = 320 - 112 - 4a - 28 = 0
180 - 4a = 0
a = 45 (1 mark)

27. Question:
Find the value of a if (x - 2) is a factor of x5 - 3x4 - ax3 + 3ax2 + 2ax + 4.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x5- 3x4 - ax3 + 3ax2 + 2ax + 4
and g(x) = x - 2.
According to factor theorem, if g(x) is a factor of p(x), where g(x) = x - a, then p(a) = 0.
Since, g(x) = x - 2,

p(2) = 0 (1 mark)
 p(2) = (2)5 - 3(2)4 - a(2)3 + 3a(2)2 + 2a(2) + 4 = 0
 p(2) = 32 - 3 16 - a 8 + 12a + 4a + 4 = 0
 p(2) = 32 - 48 - 8a + 12a + 4a + 4 = 0
 p(2) = -12 + 8a = 0 (1 mark)
 8a - 12 = 0

a =

Therefore, a = (1 mark)

28. Question:
If p(x) = x4 - a2x2 + 3x - a and (x + a) is a factor of p(x), find a.

Solution:
Given,
p(x) = x4 - a2x2 + 3x - a
and (x + a) is a factor of p(x)
Then according to the factor theorem,
p(a)= 0 when (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
Since x + a = x - (-a), p(-a) = 0 (1 mark)
Now, p(-a) = (-a)4 - a2(-a)2 + 3(-a) - a
p(-a) = a4 - a4 - 3a - a
p(-a) = -4a
Since, p(-a) = 0
-4a = 0
a=0 (1 mark)

29. Question:
Divide -3y2 + y3 + 4y + 2 by -1 + y.

Solution:
To perform this division, we go through the following steps:
Step 1: We write the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of powers of y. Thus,
we write -3y2 + y3 + 4y + 2 as y3 - 3y2 + 4y + 2 and
-1 + y as y - 1.
(1/2 mark)
Step 2: We divide the first term (y3) of the dividend by the first term (y) of the divisor and obtain y2 as
the first term of the quotient.
Step 3: We multiply the divisor (y - 1) by the first term (y2) of the quotient and subtracting the result
(y3 - y2) from the dividend (y3 - 3y2 + 4y + 2), we get the remainder as,
-2y2 + 4y + 2.

(1/2 mark)
Step 4: We treat (-2y2 + 4y + 2) as the new dividend and repeat step 2 to obtain the second term of
the quotient that is we divide (-2y2) by y and obtain (-2y) as the second term of the
quotient. (1/2 mark)
Step 5: We multiply the divisor (y - 1) by the second term (-2y) of the quotient and subtracting the
result (-2y2 + 2y) from the new dividend (-2y2 + 4y + 2), we get,
(2y + 2) as the remainder.

(1/2 mark)
Step 6: Now, we treat 2y + 2 as the new dividend and repeat step 2 to obtain the third term of the
quotient i.e. we divide 2y by y and obtain +2 as the third term of the quotient.
Step 7: We multiply the divisor (y - 1) by the third term (+2) of the quotient and subtracting the
result (2y - 2) from the new dividend (2y + 2), we get, 4 as the remainder.

(1 mark)
Note that the degree of the remainder 4 is 0 which is less than that of divisor (y - 1), whose degree is
1.
Therefore, we stop the division process and y2 - 2y + 2 is the quotient and 4 is the remainder.

30. Question:
Find the remainder when x5 - 3x2 + 2x - 1 is divided by (x + 2).

Solution:
Let p(x) = x5 - 3x2 + 2x - 1
When p(x) is divided by x + 2, then remainder = p(-2) (1 mark)
= (-2)5 - 3 X (-2)2 + 2 X (-2) - 1
= -32 - 12 - 4 - 1
= -49 (1 mark)

31. Question:

If f(x) = 4x3 - 12x2 + 14x - 3 and g(x) = x - , then using remainder theorem, find the remainder when
f(x) is divided by g(x) and verify by actual division.

Solution:
 32. Question:
Find the remainder, using remainder theorem, when f(x) is divided by g(x),where g (x) = x + 3 and
f(x) = 3x4 - 6x3 + 9x2 - x + 12.

Solution:
f (x) = 3x4 - 6x3 + 9x2 - x + 12,
g (x) = x + 3
According to the remainder theorem, if f(x) is divided by g(x), where
g(x) = x - a, then the remainder r = f(a).
Now, g(x) = x + 3 = x - (-3)
 r = f(-3) (1 mark)
 r = 3(-3)4 - 6(-3)3 + 9(-3)2 - (-3) + 12
 r = 243 + 162 + 81 + 3 + 12
 r = 501 (1 mark)

33. Question:
p(x) = x6 - x5 + x4 - x3 + x2 - x + 1 and g(x) = x - 1, find, using factor theorem, if g(x) is a factor of f(x).

Solution:
Given, p(x) = x6 - x5 + x4 - x3 + x2 - x + 1 and g(x) = x - 1
Then, according to the factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x), where g(x) = x - a, only when p(a) = 0.
Since, g(x) = x -1
a = 1 (1 mark)
p(a) = p(1)
p(1) = 16-15 + 14 - 13 + 12- 1 + 1
p(1) = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
p(1) = 1 p(1) 0
Therefore, (x -1) is not a factor of p(x). (1 mark)

34. Question:
Divide p(x) by g(x) when p(x) = x5 + 5x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 4x + 2. Find the quotient and
remainder. Also find if g(x) is a factor of p(x).

Solution:
Given,
p(x) = x5 + 5x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3
g(x) = x2 + 4x + 2
Then p(x) g(x)
 (2 marks)
Therefore, quotient = x3 - 4x2 + 19x - 65
and remainder = 227x + 133
Now, the remainder or r = 227x + 133 0
Therefore, g(x) is not a factor of p(x). (1 mark)

35. Question:
Divide f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 10 by g(x) = x – 2.

Solution:

(2 marks)
Remainder = -6 (1 mark)

36. Question:
Find the remainder when p(x) = 4x3 - 3x2 + 4x + 5 is divided by:
(a) x - 1 (b) x - 2 (c) x + 1/2 (d) x + 2
Solution:
(a) By remainder theorem, the remainder is
p(1) = 4(1)3 - 3(1)2 + 4(1) + 5
=4-3+4+5
= 10 (1 mark)
(b) By remainder theorem, the remainder is
p(2) = 4(2)3 - 3(2)2 + 4(2) + 5
=4?8-3?4+8+5
= 32 - 12 + 8 + 5
= 33 (1 mark)
(c) x + 1/2
So, by remainder theorem, the remainder is
(2 marks)
(d) x + 2 = x - (-2)
By remainder theorem, remainder is
p(-2) = 4(-2)3 - 3(-2)2 + 4(-2) + 5
= 4 ? - 8 - 3 ? 4 + 4 ? -2 + 5
= -32 - 12 - 8 + 5
= -47 (1 mark)

37. Question:
If p(x) = 3x3 - 5x2 + 2x - 1 and g(x) = x - 4, find the remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x).

Solution:
Given,
p(x) = 3x3 - 5x2 + 2x - 1,
g(x) = x - 4
According to remainder theorem, since g(x) = x - 4, r = p(4)
 r = 3(4)3 - 5(4)2 + 2(4) - 1 = p(4) (1 mark)
= 3  64 - 5  16 + 8 - 1
= 192 - 80 + 7
= 119 (1 mark)

38. Question:
Show that (x - 2), (x +3) and (x - 4) are the factors of x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 24.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 24
g(x) = x - 2
h(x) = x + 3 = x - (-3)
i(x) = x - 4
Then, according to factor theorem (x - a) is a factor of p(x), only if p(a) = 0
g(x), h(x) and i(x) are factors of p(x), only if p(2) = 0, p(-3) = 0 and p(4) = 0
Now, p(2) = (2)3 - 3(2)2 - 10(2) + 24

p(2) = 8 - 12 - 20 + 24
p(2) = 0 (1 mark)
And p(-3) = (-3)3 - 3(-3)2 - 10(-3) + 24
p(-3) = -27 - 27 + 30 + 24
p(-3) = 0 (1 mark)
And p(4) = (4)3 - 3(4)2 - 10(4) + 24
 p(4) = 64 - 48 - 40 + 24
p(4) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Therefore, (x - 2), (x + 3) and (x - 4) are the factors of p(x). (1/2 mark)

39. Question:
Find the value of p and q so that, x4 + px3 + 2x2 - 3x + q is divisible by (x2 - 1).

Solution:
Let p(x) = x4 + px3 + 2x2 - 3x + q
g(x) = x2 - 1 = (x + 1) (x - 1)
As g(x) or (x + 1) and (x - 1) are the factors of p(x), then according to the factor theorem, p(-1) = 0
[Because x + 1 = x - (-1)]
and p(1) = 0
p(-1) = (-1)4 + p(-1)3 + 2(-1)2 - 3(-1) + q = 0
p(-1) = 1 - p + 2 + 3 + q = 0
-p + q + 6 = 0
q = p - 6 (i) (1 mark)
And p(1) = (1)4 + p(1)3 + 2(1)2 - 3(1) + q = 0
p(1) = 1 + p + 2 - 3 + q = 0
p + q = 0 (ii) (1 mark)
Now, substituting the value of q from (i) in (ii), we get,
p + (p - 6) = 0
2p - 6 =0
p = 3
Now, substituting the value of p in (i), we get,
q = 3 - 6
q = -3 (1/2 mark)
Therefore, p = 3 and q = -3. (1/2 mark)

40. Question:
Show that (x + 4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are the factors of x3 - 6x2 - 19x + 84.
Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 6x2 - 19x + 84
Then, according to the factor theorem
(x + 4) or x - (-4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are the factors of p(x) only if
p(-4) = 0
p(3) = 0 and
p(7) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Now,

p(-4) = (-4)3 - 6(-4)2 - 19(-4) + 84 (1/2 mark)

p(-4) = -64 - 96 + 76 + 84
 p(-4) = 0 (1/2 mark)
p(3) = (3)3 - 6(3)2 - 19(3) + 84
p(3) = 27 - 54 - 57 + 84
p(3) = 0 (1/2 mark)
p(7) = (7)3 - 6(7)2 - 19(7) + 84
 p(7) = 343 - 294 - 133 + 84
 p(7) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Hence,
p(-4) = p(3) = p(7) = 0
Therefore, (x + 4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are factors of p(x). (1/2 mark)

41. Question:
x – 2 is a factor of 4kx2 –√4x + 8.

Solution:
Let p(x) = 4kx2- √4x + 8
If (x – 2) is a factor of p(x)
If p(2) = 0
Therefore, 4k(2)2 = √4 X 2 + 8 = 0
=>16k – 2 √4 + 8 = 0
=> 16 k – 2√2 X 2 + 8 = 0
=> 16k – 4 + 8 = 0
=> 16k + 4 = 0
=> k = -4/16
=> k = 1/4

42. Question:
Find the remainder when the polynomial p(y) = 3y2 + 10y + 9 is divided by y + 2.

Solution:
 (2 marks)
So, its remainder is 1. (1 mark)

43. Question:
Divide 8x3 + 32x2 + 16x + 4 by 2x2 + x + 1.

Solution:

4x+14
2x2+x+1√8x3 +32x2+16x+4
8x3+ 4x2 + 4x
28x2 + 12x + 4
28 x2 + 14x + 14
-2x – 10
Thus, 8x3 + 32x2 +16x +4
= (2x2 + x + 1)(4x +14) + (-2x – 10)
Hence, the remainder = -2x – 10

44. Question:
Divide f(x) by g(x) and find the quotient and remainder when f(x)= x4 + 1 and
g(x) = x - 1.

Solution:
Given, f(x) = x4 + 1
and g(x) = x - 1
Then, f(x) g(x)
 (2 marks)
Now, quotient = x3 + x2 + x + 1
and remainder = 2 (1 mark)

45. Question:
Find out whether the following polynomials can be expressed as the product of linear factors.
(i) 12y2 - 7y + 1
(ii) x2 - 6x + 8

Solution:
(i) Given polynomial is 12y2 - 4
It possible we need to find out the integers p and q such that
p + q = -7
pq = 12
As p + q is negative so at least one of p, q has to be negative but pq is positive so p, q both has to
be positive or p, q has to be negative.
So, considering only negative factors.
pq = -1 -12
pq = -4  -3
pq = -2  6
So, the factor are -4, -3 hence the polynomial can be expressed as the product of linear factors. (1.5
marks)
(ii) x2- 6x + 8
p + q = -6
pq = 8
To find the values of p, q which are integers such that they satisfy the above equation
As pq is positive and p + q is negative so
So, p, q both has to be negative
pq = -2  - 4, -1  -8
So, -2, -4 are the required factors. (1.5 marks)
Hence, the polynomial can be expressed as the product of linear factors.
 46. Question:
Obtain the remainder when 2x3 + 7x2 - x + 2 is divided by 2x + 3.

Solution:

47. Question:
Find the value of a when the polynomials ax3 + 3x2 - 3 and 2x3 - 5x + a leave the remainders R1 and
R2 respectively when divided by (x - 4) and R1+ R2 = 0.

Solution:
Let p(x) = ax3 + 3x2 - 3
q(x) = 2x3 - 5x + a
g(x) = x - 4
Now, R1= remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x).
R1 = p(4) [According to the remainder theorem]
R1 = a(4)3 + 3(4)2 - 3
R1 = 64a + 48 - 3
R1 = 64a + 45 (1 mark)
R2 = remainder when q(x) is divided by g(x).
R2 = q(4) [According to the remainder theorem]
R2 = 2(4)3 - 5(4) + a
R2 = 128 - 20 + a (1 mark)
Since R1+ R2 = 0
64a + 45 + (108 + a) = 0
65a + 153 = 0

a= (1 mark)
 48. Question:
Show that (x + 4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are the factors of x3 - 6x2 - 19x + 84.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 - 6x2 - 19x + 84
Then, according to the factor theorem
(x + 4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are the factors of p(x) only if
p(-4) = 0
p(3) = 0 and
p(7) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Now,
p(-4) = (-4)3 - 6(-4)2 - 19(-4) + 84 (1/2 mark)
p(-4) = -64 - 96 + 76 + 84
p(-4) = 0 (1/2 mark)
p(3) = (3)3 - 6(3)2 - 19(3) + 84
p(3) = 27 - 54 - 57 + 84
p(3) = 0 (1/2 mark)
p(7) = (7)3 - 6(7)2 - 19(7) + 84
p(7) = 343 - 294 - 133 + 84
p(7) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Hence,
p(-4) = p(3) = p(7) = 0
Therefore, (x + 4), (x - 3) and (x - 7) are factors of p(x). (1/2 mark)

49. Question:
If x3 + ax2 + bx + 6 is exactly divisible by x - 2 and leaves 3 as the remainder when divided by x - 3,
find the values of a and b.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 6
g(x) = x - 2
and h(x) = x - 3
Let R1 = remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x).
Now, R1 = 0, as g(x) is divisible p(x). (1/2 mark)
According to factor theorem, if p(x) is divisible by g(x), where g(x) = x - a, then

p(a) = 0.
p(2) = 0 [Since, g(x) = x - 2] (1/2 mark)
(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2) + 6 = 0
8 + 4a + 2b + 6 = 0
4a + 2b + 14 = 0
2a + b = -7
b = -7 - 2a (i) (1.5 marks)
Let R2 = remainder when p(x) is divided by h(x)
According to the remainder theorem, if p(x) is divided by h(x), where h(x) = x - a, then R2 = p(a).
 p(3) = R2 [Since h(x) = x - 3]
p(3) = (3)3 + a(3)2 + b(3) + 6
p(3) = 27 + 9a + 3b + 6
As p(3) = 3 (Given)
33 + 9a + 3b = 3
9a + 3b = -30
3a + b = -10 (ii) (1.5 marks)
From (i) and (ii), we get,
3a + (-7 - 2a) = -10
3a - 7 - 2a = -10
a = -3 (1/2 mark)
Substituting the value of a in (i), we get,
b = -7 - 2(-3)
b = -7 + 6
b = -1 (1/2 mark)
Hence, a = -3, b = -1.

50. Question:
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial x4 + x3 - 7x2 - x + 6.

Solution:
Let f(x) = x4 + x3 - 7x2 - x + 6
The factors of the constant term in f(x) are 1,  2,  3, and  6.
Now, f(1) = (1)4 + (1)3 - 7(1)2 -(1) + 6
=1+1-7-1+6
=8-8
=0
(x - 1) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(-1) = (-1)4 + (-1)3 -7(-1)2 + 6
= 1 - 1- 7 + 1 + 6 (1.5 marks)
=8-8
=0
 (x + 1) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(2) = (2)4 + (2)3 -7(2)2 - 2 + 6
= 16 + 8 - 28 - 2 + 6
= 30 - 30
=0
 (x - 2) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(-2) = (-2)4 + (-2)3 -7(-2)2 + 2 + 6
= 16 - 8 - 28 +2 + 6
= - 12
(x + 2) is not a factor of f(x).
f(-3) = (-3)4 + (-3)3 - 7(-3)2 - (-3) + 6
= 81 - 27 - 63 + 3 + 6
= 90 - 90
=0
 (x + 3) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
Since, f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4, it cannot have more than 4 linear factors.
Thus, the factors of f(x) are (x - 1), (x + 1), (x - 2), (x + 3)
x4 + x3 -7 x2 - x + 6 = k(x - 1)(x + 1)(x-2)(x + 3)
6 = k(-1)(1)(-2)(3)
 k = 1 (1 mark)
Substituting, k = 1, we get,
x4 + x3 + 7x2 - x + 6
= (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 3)

51. Question:
Using factor theorem, show that a - b, b - c and c - a are the factors of
a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2).

Solution:
a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2) is the given polynomial
By factor theorem, (a - b) will be a factor of the given polynomial, if on substituting b for a (i.e., when
a - b = 0), the given polynomial becomes zero.
Now, putting a = b in the given polynomial, we get,
= b(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - b2) + c(b2 - b2)
= b(b2 - c2) - b(b2 - c2) + c 0
=0
a - b is a factor of a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2) (1 mark)
Now, putting b = c in the given polynomial, we get,
= a(c2 - c2) + c(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - c2)
= a 0 + c(c2 - a2) - c(c2 - a2)
=0
 (b - c) is a factor of a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2) (1 mark)
Now, putting c = a in the given polynomial, we get,
= a(b2 - a2) + b(a2 - a2) + a(a2 - b2)
= a(b2 - a2) + b 0 - a(b2 - a2)
=0
(c - a) is a factor of a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2) (1 mark)
Therefore, (a - b), (b - c) and (c - a) are the factors of
a(b2 - c2) + b(c2 - a2) + c(a2 - b2)

52. Question:
Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 + hx + 6. Find the value of h and k so that (x + 1) and (x - 2) are factors of f(x).

Solution:
Since, x + 1 is a factor of f(x), therefore, f(-1) = 0
 (-1)3 + k(-1)2 + h(-1) + 6 = 0
-1 + k - h + 6 = 0
 k - h + 5 = 0 (i) (1 mark)
Since, (x - 2) is a factor of f(x), therefore, f(2) = 0
 (2)3 + k(2)2 + h(2) + 6 = 0
 8 + 4k + 2h + 6 = 0
 4k + 2h + 14 = 0
 2k + h + 7 = 0 (ii) (1 mark)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
3k + 12 = 0
3k = -12
 k = -4 (1/2 mark)
Putting the value of k in (i), we get,
k-h+5=0
 -4 - h + 5 = 0
-h + 1 = 0
h=1
Hence, h = 1 and k = -4 (1/2 mark)

53. Question:
Find the value of k for which x – 2 is a factor of 4kx2 – √4x + 8.

Solution:
Let p(x) = 4kx2–√4x + 8
If (x – 2) is a factor of p(x)
If p(2) = 0
Therefore, 4k(2)2 = √4 X 2 + 8 = 0
= 16k – 2 √4 + 8 = 0
= 16 k – 2√2 X 2 + 8 = 0
= 16k – 4 + 8 = 0
= 16k + 4 = 0
= k = -4/16
= k = 1/4

54. Question:
If ax4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + bx is divided by (x + 1), the remainder is 2. If it is divided by (x - 1), the remainder
is 12. Find the remainder if it is divided by (x + 2).

Solution:
Let p(x) = ax4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + bx
When p(x) is divided by (x + 1), the remainder can be given by
p(-1) = a X (-1)4 + 3 X (-1)3 + 4 X (-1)2 + b X (-1)
=a-3+4-b
=a-b+1
The remainder is 2.
Therefore, a - b + 1 = 2
a - b = 1 (i) (1 mark)
When p(x) is divided by (x - 1), the remainder is
p(1) = a X 14 + 3 X 13 + 4 X 12 + b X 1
=a+3+4+b
=a+b+7
The remainder is 12
Therefore, a + b + 7 = 12
a + b = 5 (ii) (1 mark)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get,
a = 3, b = 2 (1 mark)
Therefore, p(x) = 3x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + 2x (1 mark)
When it is divided by (x + 2), the remainder = p(-2)
= 3 X (-2)4 + 3 X (-2)3 + 4(-2)2 + 2 X (-2)
= 48 + (-24) + 16 - 4
= 36 (1 mark)

55. Question:
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial f(x) = x4 - 2x3 - 7x2 + 8x + 1.

Solution:
The constant term in the given polynomial f(x) is 12, whose factors are (2, 6), (-2, -6),
(-3, -4), (3, 4), (1, 2), (1, 12) and (-1, -12).
By hit and trial method, if we put x = -1 in f(x), we get,
f(-1) = (-1)4 - 2(-1)3 - 7(-1)2 + 8(-1) + 12
= 1 + 2 - 7 - 8 + 12 (1 mark)
= 15 - 15 = 0
Therefore, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x).
Again, putting x = 2 in f(x), we get,
f(2) = (2)4 - 2(2)3 - 7(2)2 + 8(2) + 12
= 16 - 16 - 28 + 16 + 12
= 28 - 28 = 0

(x - 2) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)

Putting x = -2 in f(x), we get,
f(-2) = (-2)4 - 2 (-2)3 -7 (-2)2 + 8(-2) + 12
= 16 + 16 - 28 - 16 + 12
= 28 - 28 = 0
 (x + 2) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
Putting x = 3 in f(x), we get,
f(3) = (3)4 - 2(3)4 - 7(3)2 + 8(3) + 12
= 81 - 54 - 63 + 24 + 12
= 117 - 117 = 0
 (x - 3) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
Therefore,
f(x) = x4 - 2x3 - 7x2 + 8x + 12
= k(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2)(x - 3)
Put x = 0, we get,
12 = k(1)(-2)(2)(-3)
12 = 12k
k = 1, where k is a constant.
Since, f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4, it cannot have more than 4 linear factors.
Hence, x4 - 2x3 - 7x2 + 8x + 12
= (x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2)(x - 3). (1 mark)

56. Question:
Using the factor theorem, factorise the polynomial x3 + 2x2 - x - 2.

Solution:
Let p(x) = x3 + 2x2 - x - 2
x - a will divide p(x) when a divides -2.
So, a can be 1 or -1 or 2 or -2.
Putting x = 1 in p(x), we get,
p(1) = 13 + 2 12 - 1 - 2
p(1) = 1 + 2 - 1 - 2
p(1) = 0
Therefore, by the factor theorem, (x - 1) is a factor of p(x). (1/2 mark)
Putting x = -1 in p(x), we get,
p(-1) = (-1)3 + 2(-1)2 - (-1) - 2
p(-1) = -1 + 2 + 1 - 2
p(-1) = 0
Therefore, by the factor theorem, (x + 1) is also a factor of p(x). (1/2 mark)
Putting x = 2 in p(x), we get,
p(2) = 23 + 2  22 - 2 - 2
p(2) = 8 + 8 - 2 - 2
p(2) = 12 (1/2 mark)
Therefore, by the factor theorem, (x - 2) is not a factor of p(x). (1/2 mark)
Putting x = -2 in p(x), we get,
p(-2) = (-2)3 + 2  (-2)2 - (-2) - 2
p(-2) = -8 + 8 + 2 - 2
p(-2) = 0 (1/2 mark)
Therefore, by the factor theorem, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x). (1/2 mark)
Since p(x) is a polynomial of degree three, it cannot have more than three linear factors.
Hence, x3 + 2x2 - x - 2 = k(x - 1)(x + 1)(x + 2).
Substituting x = 0 on both sides
-2 = -2k
k=1
Therefore, p(x) = 1 (x - 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
= (x - 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)

57. Question:
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial x4 + 2x3 - 13x2 - 14x + 24.
Solution:
Let f(x) = x4 + 2x3 - 13x2 - 14x + 24 be the given polynomial.
The factors of the constant term 24 in the given polynomial are 1, 2, 3,  4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.
We have,
f(1) = (1)4 + 2(1)3 - 13(1)2 - 14(1) + 24
= 1 + 2 - 13 - 14 + 24 = 0

(x - 1) is a factor of f(x) (1 mark)

f(3) = (3)4 + 2(3)3 - 13(3)2 - 14(3) + 24
= 81 + 54 - 117 - 42 + 24
= 159 - 159 = 0
(x - 3) is a factor of f(x) (1 mark)
f(-2) = (- 2)4 + 2(- 2)3 - 13(- 2)2 - 14(- 2) + 24
= 16 - 16 - 52 + 28 + 24
= 52 - 52 = 0
(x + 2) is a factor of f(x) (1 mark)
f(-4) = (- 4)4 + 2(- 4)3 - 13(- 4)2 - 14(- 4) + 24
= 256 - 128 - 208 + 56 + 24
= 336 - 336 = 0
 (x + 4) is a factor of f(x) (1 mark)
Since, f(x) is a polynomial of degree four, it cannot have more than four linear factors.
Hence, f(x) = k(x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)(x + 4), where k is a constant
or, x4 + 2x3 - 13 x2 - 14 x + 24
= k(x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)(x + 4)
Putting x = 0 on the both sides, we get,
24 = k( -1)(2)(-3 )(4) = 24
k=1
Hence, x4 + 2x3 - 13 x2 - 14 x + 24
= (x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)(x + 4) (1 mark)

58. Question:
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 6.
OR
If (3x - 1)4 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0, then find the value of a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81a0.

Solution:
Let f(x) = 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 + 9x - 6 be the given polynomial.
The factors of the constant term -6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
We have,
f(-1) = 2 (-1)4 + (-1)3 - 14 (-1)2 - 19 (-1) - 6
= 2 - 1 - 14 + 19 - 6
= 21 - 21
=0
 (x + 1) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
f(-2) = 2 (-2)4 + (-2)3 - 14 (-2)2 - 19 (-2) - 6
= 32 - 8 - 56 + 38 - 6
= 70 - 70
=0
 (x + 2) is a factor of f(x). (1/2 mark)
f(3) = 2(3)4 + (3)3 - 14(3)2 - 19(3) - 6
= 162 + 27 - 126 - 57 - 6
= 189 - 189
=0
 (x - 3) is a factor of f(x). (1 mark)
To find the other factors, we can divide f(x) by (x + 1)(x + 2) because (x + 1) and (x + 2) are also factors of
f(x).
(x + 1)(x + 2)
 x2 + 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x). (1/2 mark)

Therefore, 2x4 + x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 6

= (x2 + 3x + 2)(2x2 - 5x - 3)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)[2x2 - 6x + x - 3]
= (x + 1)(x + 2) [2x(x - 3) + 1(x - 3)]
= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)(2x + 1) (1 mark)
OR
(3x - 1)4
= [(3x - 1)2]2
= [(3x)2 + (1)2 - 2  3x  1]2
= (9x2 + 1 - 6x)2 (1 mark)
Here, A = 9x2 , B = 1, C = 6x
Therefore, (9x2 + 1 - 6x)2
= (9x2)2 + (1)2 + (6x)2 + 2 9x2  1 - 2 1(6x) - 2(6x) 9x2
[(A + B - C)2 = A2 + B2 + C2 + 2AB - 2BC - 2CA]
= 81 x4 + 1 + 36x2 + 18x2 - 12x - 108 x3 (1.5 marks)
= 81x4 - 108x3 + 54x2 - 12x + 1
= a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0
 a4 = 81, a3 = - 108, a2 = 54, a1 = -12, a0 = 1 (1 mark)
Putting the values in
a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81 a0, we get,
= 81 + 3(-108) + 9(54) + 27(-12) + 81(1)
= 81 - 324 + 486 - 324 + 81
= 648 - 648
= 0 (1.5 marks)