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International Standard: IEC/IEEE 60076-16
International Standard: IEC/IEEE 60076-16
®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018-09(en)
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THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2018 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
Copyright © 2018 IEEE
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing being
secured. Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either IEC at the address below or IEC’s
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16
®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
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–2– IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 6
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 6
2.1 IEC references ........................................................................................................ 6
2.2 IEEE references ...................................................................................................... 6
2.3 ISO references ........................................................................................................ 7
2.4 CENELEC references ............................................................................................. 7
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 7
4 Use of normative references ............................................................................................ 8
5 Rating.............................................................................................................................. 8
6 Service conditions ........................................................................................................... 8
6.1 Normal service conditions ....................................................................................... 8
6.1.1 General ........................................................................................................... 8
6.1.2 Temperature of external cooling medium ......................................................... 8
6.2 Particular service conditions for transformers installed in a tower or nacelle ........... 9
6.2.1 General ........................................................................................................... 9
6.2.2 Temperature rise correction ............................................................................. 9
6.3 Content of harmonic currents in the transformer .................................................... 10
6.4 Over-excitation ..................................................................................................... 11
6.5 Harmonic distortion of voltage ............................................................................... 11
6.6 Transient voltages ................................................................................................ 11
6.7 Humidity and salinity ............................................................................................. 11
6.8 Level of vibration .................................................................................................. 12
6.9 Corrosion protection ............................................................................................. 12
6.10 Consideration for hermetically sealed transformers ............................................... 12
6.11 Flammability issues with transformers mounted in the tower or nacelle ................. 12
6.12 Thermal cycling of transformer .............................................................................. 12
7 Electrical characteristics ................................................................................................ 12
7.1 Highest voltage for equipment ............................................................................... 12
7.2 Tappings (tap-changer) ......................................................................................... 12
7.3 Connection group .................................................................................................. 13
7.4 Dimensioning of neutral connection ...................................................................... 13
7.5 Short-circuit impedance ........................................................................................ 13
7.6 Insulation levels for high and low voltage windings ............................................... 13
7.7 Overload capability ............................................................................................... 13
7.8 Inrush current ....................................................................................................... 14
7.9 Frequency of energization ..................................................................................... 14
7.10 Ability to withstand short circuit ............................................................................. 14
7.11 Operation with forced cooling ................................................................................ 14
7.12 Over-temperature protection ................................................................................. 14
8 Rating plate ................................................................................................................... 14
9 Tests ............................................................................................................................. 15
9.1 List and classification of tests (routine, type and special tests).............................. 15
9.2 Additional tests for wind turbine transformers ........................................................ 15
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 –3–
IEC/IEEE 2018
9.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 15
9.2.2 Lightning impulse type tests........................................................................... 15
9.2.3 Lightning impulse routine sample tests .......................................................... 15
9.2.4 Partial discharge test for liquid-immersed transformers .................................. 15
9.2.5 Climatic and environmental tests for dry-type transformers ............................ 15
Annex A (informative) Effects of voltage harmonics ............................................................. 16
A.1 Design and specification considerations ................................................................ 16
A.2 Effects of voltage harmonics ................................................................................. 16
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 19
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–4– IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_____________
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation.
IEEE Standards documents are developed within IEEE Societies and Standards Coordinating Committees of the
IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. IEEE develops its standards through a consensus
development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers
representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily
members of IEEE and serve without compensation. While IEEE administers the process and establishes rules
to promote fairness in the consensus development process, IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or
verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards. Use of IEEE Standards documents is
wholly voluntary. IEEE documents are made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers
(see http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html for more information).
IEC collaborates closely with IEEE in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations. This Dual Logo International Standard was jointly developed by the IEC and IEEE under the
terms of that agreement.
2) The formal decisions of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of
opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC
National Committees. The formal decisions of IEEE on technical matters, once consensus within IEEE Societies
and Standards Coordinating Committees has been reached, is determined by a balanced ballot of materially
interested parties who indicate interest in reviewing the proposed standard. Final approval of the IEEE
standards document is given by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board.
3) IEC/IEEE Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC
National Committees/IEEE Societies in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the
technical content of IEC/IEEE Publications is accurate, IEC or IEEE cannot be held responsible for the way in
which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
(including IEC/IEEE Publications) transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional
publications. Any divergence between any IEC/IEEE Publication and the corresponding national or regional
publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC and IEEE do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC and IEEE are not responsible
for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or IEEE or their directors, employees, servants or agents including individual
experts and members of technical committees and IEC National Committees, or volunteers of IEEE Societies
and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board,
for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect,
or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this
IEC/IEEE Publication or any other IEC or IEEE Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that implementation of this IEC/IEEE Publication may require use of
material covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the
existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. IEC or IEEE shall not be held responsible for
identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal
validity or scope of Patent Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in
connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or
non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent
rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 –5–
IEC/IEEE 2018
International Standard IEC/IEEE 60076-16 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 14:
Power transformers, in cooperation with Performance Characteristics Subcommittee of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society 1, under the IEC/IEEE Dual Logo Agreement between IEC
and IEEE.
This second edition of IEC/IEEE 60076-16 cancels and replaces IEC 60076-16:2011, and
constitutes a technical revision.
The main changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows:
1) relationship between transformer rated power and the output current from the associated
generator is introduced;
2) thermal correction of the effective cooling medium has been introduced;
3) testing regime has been strengthened to ensure transformers are suitable for the harsh
electrical environment to which they are subjected.
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC/IEEE 60076 series, published under the general title Power
transformers, can be found on the IEC website.
The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided that the contents
of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website
under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
___________
1 A list of IEEE participants can be found at the following URL: https://standards.ieee.org/project/60076-16.html
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–6– IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60076 applies to dry-type and liquid-immersed transformers for wind turbine
step-up applications having a winding with highest voltage for equipment up to and including
72,5 kV. This document applies to the transformer used to connect the wind turbine generator
to the wind farm power collection system or adjacent distribution network and not the
transformer used to connect several wind turbines to a distribution or transmission network.
Transformers covered by this document comply with the relevant requirements prescribed in
the IEC 60076 standards or IEEE C57 standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60076-2, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers
IEC 60076-3, Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external
clearances in air
IEC 60076-7, Power transformers – Part 7: Loading guide for mineral-oil-immersed power
transformers
IEC 60076-12, Power transformers – Part 12: Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
IEC 60076-14, Power transformers – Part 14: Liquid-immersed power transformers using
high-temperature insulating materials
IEEE Std C57.12.00™, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed
Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
IEEE Std C57.12.01™, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution
and Power Transformers
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 –7–
IEC/IEEE 2018
IEEE Std C57.12.80™, IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers
IEEE Std C57.91™, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-
Voltage Regulators
IEEE Std C57.96™, IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
IEEE Std C57.110™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-
Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load
Currents
IEEE Std C57.154™, IEEE Standard for the Design, Testing, and Application of Liquid-
Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers Using High-Temperature
Insulation Systems and Operating at Elevated Temperatures
ANSI C84.1, Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings (60 Hz)
ISO 12944 (all parts), Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems
ISO 12944-4, Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective
paint systems – Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation
EN 50588-1:2015, Medium power transformers 50 Hz, with highest voltage for equipment not
exceeding 36 kV – Part 1: General requirements
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
3.1
wind turbine transformer
generator step up transformer connecting the wind turbine to the power collection system of
the wind farm or the adjacent distribution network for single turbine installations
3.2
tower
supporting structure of the wind turbine on top of which the nacelle with generator and other
equipment is located
3.3
nacelle
housing that contains the drive-train and other elements on top of a horizontal-axis wind
turbine tower
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–8– IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
3.4
effective cooling medium
ambient air, either internal or external to the tower or nacelle, or cooling water that comes into
contact with the cooling surface of the transformer
3.5
compartmentalized type transformer
transformer with integral enclosure comprised of multiple independent compartments, usually
with separate entrances into the HV and LV termination compartments
3.6
sealed transformer
transformer which is so constructed that the external atmosphere is not intended to gain
access to the interior
3.7
routine sample test
test which is usually defined as a type test or special test but carried out as an additional
routine test on a random sample of transformers
This standard can be used with either the IEC or IEEE normative references but the
references shall not be mixed. The purchaser shall include in the enquiry and order which
normative references are to be used. If the choice of normative references is not specified,
then IEC standards shall be used except for wind turbine transformers intended for installation
in North America where IEEE standards shall be used.
5 Rating
The transformer rating specified by the purchaser shall take into account the maximum
current delivered to the transformer by the associated wind turbine generator system
irrespective of the operating voltage and power factor.
6 Service conditions
6.1.1 General
The normal service conditions detailed in IEC 60076-1 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 for
liquid-immersed transformers or the normal service conditions in IEC 60076-11 or
IEEE Std C57.12.01 for dry-type transformers shall apply unless otherwise stated in this
document or specified by the purchaser.
If the transformer is installed external to the tower or nacelle, the normal conditions specified
in IEC 60076-1 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 for liquid-immersed transformers and IEC 60076-11 or
IEEE Std C57.12.01 for dry-type transformers shall apply, unless otherwise specified. If the
transformer is installed within the tower or nacelle then particular conditions apply as shown
in 6.2.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 –9–
IEC/IEEE 2018
6.2 Particular service conditions for transformers installed in a tower or nacelle
6.2.1 General
Where the transformer is installed in a tower or nacelle then higher temperatures of the
cooling medium local to the transformer may be expected.
Based on the ambient conditions of the installation, the purchaser shall specify the yearly
average and maximum temperature of the effective cooling medium (e.g. air or water). If the
yearly average or maximum temperature of the cooling medium exceeds the relevant value in
the respective standard, the difference between the values and the “normal service conditions”
values shall be subtracted from the temperature rise limits specified in IEC 60076-2,
IEC 60076-11 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 as follows:
K av = T av ecm − T av std
where
K max is the temperature correction for the maximum ambient temperature;
K av is the temperature correction for the yearly average ambient temperature;
T max ecm is the maximum temperature of the effective cooling medium;
T max std is the maximum ambient temperature of the effective cooling medium according to
the relevant standard;
T av ecm is the average temperature of the effective cooling medium;
T av std is the yearly average ambient temperature of the effective cooling medium
according to the relevant standard.
K av can be used in determining the temperature rise limit of average winding and winding
hot-spot temperatures in all transformers. In liquid-immersed transformers K max can be used
in determining the temperature rise limit for the top liquid temperature.
If the only available information is the maximum ambient temperature, the increase of the
yearly average ambient temperature can be assumed to be the same as the increase of the
maximum ambient temperature, making K av and K max equal.
For example, for a transformer using insulation material of thermal class 105 (regular kraft
paper immersed in mineral oil) installed in an environment where the average temperature is
32 °C and the maximum ambient temperature is 48 °C, the corrected temperature rise limits
based on IEC 60076-2 would be:
K av = (32 − 20) = 12 K
∆ θ w = 65 − K av = 65 − 12 = 53 K
∆ θ h = 78 − K av = 78 − 12 = 66 K
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– 10 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
∆ θ o = 60 − K max = 60 − 8 = 52 K
Another example, for a transformer using thermally upgraded insulation material (thermally
upgraded kraft paper immersed in mineral oil) with similar conditions to the previous example,
the corrected temperature rise limits based on IEEE Std C57.12.00 would be:
K av = (32 − 30) = 2 K
∆ θ w = 65 − K av = 65 − 2 = 63 K
∆ θ h = 80 − K av = 80 − 2 = 78 K
∆ θ o = 65 − K max = 65 − 8 = 57 K
where,
∆θw is the average winding temperature rise;
∆θh is the winding hot-spot temperature rise;
∆θo is the top liquid temperature rise.
For the transformers installed in a tower or nacelle, the purchaser shall carefully consider the
influence on the temperature of the enclosure, heat generated by other equipment and by the
transformer itself, and the cooling system / air renovation system, if applicable. As reference,
if no better information is available, the thermal loading of the transformer, in kilowatts, can
be estimated as 1,5 % of its rated power (kVA).
The effect of external direct solar radiation should be taken into account by the purchaser
when calculating the temperature of the effective cooling medium. Methods for determining
the effect are given in IEC 60721-3-4.
The purchaser shall evaluate the magnitude and frequency of the harmonic currents supplied
to the transformer.
Where total harmonic content is less than 5 % of rated current no additional information is
required.
Where total harmonic content is greater than 5 % the purchaser shall specify the magnitude
and frequencies of all harmonic currents supplied to the transformer. The manufacturer shall
calculate the additional losses at rated power caused by these currents using the method
given in IEC 61378-1 or IEEE Std C57.110 or as agreed between the purchaser and
manufacturer.
During the temperature rise test the transformer shall be supplied with an additional current to
represent the additional harmonic losses for the purpose of determining the temperature rises.
A method to calculate the impact of the harmonic currents on the design of the transformer is
given in IEC 61378-1 or IEEE Std C57.110.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 11 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
6.4 Over-excitation
When supply voltage harmonics are expected to be in excess of 5 % of rated voltage the
purchaser shall specify the magnitude and frequency of any harmonic voltages present in the
supply. The transformer shall be designed to withstand the specified condition or 5 % of rated
voltage, whichever is higher, without damage.
The purchaser shall define the maximum levels of humidity and salinity to which transformers
will be exposed.
Levels of humidity and salinity associated with coastal or off-shore applications have led to
issues on transformers. These can include:
• salt spray;
• excessive moisture and humidity;
• dripping water;
• condensation.
The effects of these issues will affect different transformer technologies in different ways
(e.g. liquid immersed vs dry type).
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– 12 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
a) increased and more comprehensive maintenance cycles;
b) avoidance of air insulated terminals and exposed conductors, for example, by applying
bushing covers or elbow connectors;
c) increased creepage distances.
Vibrations of the structure where the transformer is to be installed shall be taken into account
when designing the transformer.
The purchaser shall specify the vibration spectrum at the enquiry stage. The procedure of
vibration test, if any, should be agreed at enquiry stage between purchaser and manufacturer.
Depending on the kind of installation, the purchaser shall specify a protection class defined in
ISO 12944 (all parts), IEEE Std C57.12.28, IEEE Std C57.12.29 or otherwise agreed between
purchaser and manufacturer. Unless specified otherwise, level C4 (ISO 12944-4) shall be
used except for coastal or off-shore installation where level C5-M (ISO 12944-4) or higher
may be appropriate.
Wind turbine transformers are exposed to significant thermal cycling leading to mechanical
weakening of the tank in liquid-immersed transformers or in damage to the winding coils in
cast resin dry-type transformers. Purchasers should consider an increase in the number of
cycles required during endurance testing, particularly where forced air cooling is applied.
NOTE Thermal cycling is usually assumed to be related to the level of load, but during constant load at rated
power frequent thermal cycles can be experienced when using switched forced air cooling.
7 Electrical characteristics
The highest voltage for equipment shall be specified in accordance with IEC 60076-3 and
ANSI C84.1.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 13 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
Where a transformer is provided with tappings on a winding these shall all be full-power
tappings. When specified, tappings other than full-power tappings may be provided, and this
shall be stated on the nameplate.
NOTE The provision of tappings on a transformer can increase size, weight and cost and can decrease reliability
and therefore are only generally used where specifically required.
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the connection group for a two winding three-
phase transformer shall be Dyn11 or LV lagging HV by 330 degrees. Other combinations of
windings shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
The neutral connection shall be capable of carrying full phase rated current unless otherwise
specified by the purchaser.
Commonly recognized minimum values for the short-circuit impedance of transformers at the
rated current (principal tapping) are given in Table 1. If lower values are required, the ability
of the transformer to withstand short circuit shall be subject to agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
For auxiliary windings when the combined impedance voltage of the tertiary winding and the
system result in short-circuit current levels for which the transformer cannot feasibly or
economically be designed to withstand, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall mutually
agree on the maximum allowed over-current. In this case, provision should be made by the
purchaser to limit the over-current to the maximum value determined by the manufacturer and
shall be stated on the rating plate.
The insulation level for the high voltage and low voltage windings shall be in accordance with
IEC 60076-3 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 and IEEE Std C57.12.01. Insulation levels may be
increased as detailed in 6.6.
The maximum sustained power output (including reactive power) of the wind turbine shall not
be considered an overload condition for the transformer and shall be provided for in the
nominal rating. The maximum sustained and peak loading cycle(s) including the worst case
power factor shall be defined by the purchaser.
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– 14 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
The principles in the appropriate loading guides shall be applied to the defined loading cycle:
Transformer connections and any switches (e.g. de-energized tap changer) shall be suitably
rated to carry peak overloads.
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the short-circuit apparent power of the system
shall be assumed to be in accordance with IEC 60076-5:2006, 3.2.2.4. Any limitations in the
peak value of inrush current or the duration of such current shall be specified by the
purchaser.
Where the frequency of energization is in excess of 24 events per year, the expected value
shall be given by the purchaser.
Transformers shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60076-5, IEEE Std C57.12.00 or
IEEE Std C57.12.01.
When additional cooling by means of fans or pumps is provided, the nominal rated power with
and without forced cooling shall be in accordance with IEC 60076-1 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 for
liquid-immersed transformers or with IEC 60076-11 or IEEE Std C57.12.01 for dry-type
transformers unless otherwise agreed by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
For dry-type transformers forced air cooling should not affect temperature of sensors. Direct
air flow on the sensors should be avoided.
Control of the forced cooling equipment for liquid-immersed transformers should be by means
of winding temperature monitoring and/or top oil temperature monitoring by either direct
methods or simulation.
Unless otherwise specified, for transformers mounted in the tower or nacelle, the
manufacturer shall provide a suitable over-temperature detector that can provide an alarm or
trip signal.
8 Rating plate
Rating plate requirements are detailed in IEC 60076-1 or IEEE C57.12.00 for liquid-immersed
transformers or in IEC 60076-11 or IEEE C57.12.01 for dry-type transformers.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 15 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
9 Tests
9.1 List and classification of tests (routine, type and special tests)
The lists and classification of tests are detailed in IEC 60076-1 or IEEE Std C57.12.00 for
liquid-immersed transformers or in IEC 60076-11 or IEEE Std C57.12.01 for dry-type
transformers.
9.2.1 General
Due to the harsh operating environment for wind turbine transformers, a number of tests in
addition to the standard tests applied shall be carried out.
Transformers shall be subjected to full lightning impulse type testing including chopped wave.
Chopped wave tests are not required on transformers specified to IEEE standards where
separable high voltage connectors are fitted.
A lightning impulse test, comprising full wave tests only, shall be applied to a minimum 10 %
sample of the contract chosen on a random basis, unless otherwise agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer. Chopped wave lightning impulse tests may be applied
together with the routine lightning impulse tests where specified by the purchaser.
Where specified by the purchaser, a partial discharge test in accordance with the method
specified in IEC 60076-11 or IEEE Std C57.12.01 shall be carried out. The maximum
acceptable level of partial discharge shall be 100 pC.
NOTE 1 The test specified here is in the document for dry-type transformers but for the purposes of this clause is
applied to liquid-immersed transformers.
NOTE 2 This test has been specified in accordance with the dry-type routine test method due to the impractical
nature of a full partial discharge test to IEC 60076-3 or IEEE Std C57.12.01 being applied to multiple units in
production.
The following additional tests shall be performed when specified by the purchaser at time of
enquiry when no relevant test evidence is available:
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– 16 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
Annex A
(informative)
Special consideration needs to focus on the effects of a rapid ramp-up of power due to a rapid
increase of current during a quick change of wind speed to which the blade pitch motors are
slow to react. IEC 60076-14:2013, Annex B refers to bubbling effect that can be caused by
rapid ramp-up effect and needs to be considered. Additionally, consideration should be given
to the following:
Further consideration needs to be given for power flow reversal, heat rise during LVRT, and
harmonic loading due to power factor control equipment.
NOTE IEEE Std C57.12.00 requires these transformers to be considered to be a hybrid transformer which is a
Class 1 compartmentalized type power transformer with step-up capabilities and never energized from the LV
terminals.
The following example of the voltage harmonic order in Table A.1 highlights this issue.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 17 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
Table A.1 – Example of voltage harmonic order
Root mean square (RMS) voltage is the square root of the sum of (Vh/V1) 2 .
The consequences of this high voltage distortion (THD < 5 % is considered to be practically
sinusoidal) are not considered significant as flux density is distorted much less than voltage.
Magnetic flux density is time integral of voltage and thus each harmonic flux density
component is inversely proportional to the harmonic order. The increase in RMS flux value is
close to zero, therefore no correction is needed for the measured no load losses in regard to
voltage harmonics.
The following parameters are also related to the design of the transformer under
non-sinusoidal voltage:
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IEC/IEEE 2018
NOTE The harmonic frequency flux density components are increased mainly by eddy current no load losses.
With grain oriented core materials, this accounts for approximately 50 % of total no load losses. Hysteresis losses
also accounts for approximately 50 % of total no load losses and is influenced by an increase in hysteresis loop
area and frequency. In practical cases this influence is negligible.
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 19 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
Bibliography
IEC references
IEEE references
IEEE Std 1584™, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations
IEEE Std C57.12.28™, IEEE Standard for Pad-Mounted Equipment – Enclosure Integrity
IEEE Std C57.12.29™, IEEE Standard for Pad-Mounted Equipment – Enclosure Integrity for
Coastal Environments
IEEE Std C57.12.51™, IEEE Standard for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA
and Larger, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 V to 34 500 V; Low-Voltage 208Y/120 V to
4160 V – General Requirements
___________
2 Withdrawn.
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– 20 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
IEEE Std C57.12.52™, IEEE Standard for Sealed Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA
and Higher, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to 34500 Volts, Low-Voltage 208Y/120 to
4160 Volts – General Requirements
ANSI C57.12.55™, American National Standard for Transformers – Used in Unit Installations,
Including Unit Substations – Conformance Standard
IEEE Std C57.12.59™, IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration
IEEE Std C57.12.91™, IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Transformers
IEEE Std C57.12.90™, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers
IEEE Std C57.18.10™, IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power
Rectifier Transformers
IEEE Std C57.94™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and
Maintenance of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers
IEEE Std C57.104™, IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed
Transformers
IEEE Std C57.105™, IEEE Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-Phase
Distribution Systems
IEEE Std C57.106™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Mineral Oil in
Electrical Equipment
IEEE Std C57.111™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulating Fluid and Its
Maintenance in Transformers
IEEE Std C57.113™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Partial Discharge Measurement in
Liquid-Filled Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors
IEEE Std C57.116™, IEEE Guide for Transformers Directly Connected to Generators
IEEE Std C57.120™, IEEE Guide for Loss Evaluation of Distribution and Power Transformers
and Reactors
IEEE Std C57.121™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less-Flammable
Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers
IEEE Std C57.124™, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Detection of Partial Discharge and
the Measurement of Apparent Charge in Dry-Type Transformers
IEEE Std C57.127™, IEEE Guide for the Detection and Location of Acoustic Emissions from
Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 – 21 –
IEC/IEEE 2018
IEEE Std C57.142™, IEEE Guide to Describe the Occurrence and Mitigation of Switching
Transients Induced by Transformers, Switching Device, and System Interaction
IEEE Std C57.147™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Ester Fluids in
Transformers
IEEE Std C57.152™, IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Fluid-Filled Power
Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors
Gas Pressure Calculations for Sealed Transformers under Varying Load Conditions
T.V. Oommen, IEEE Power Engineering Review, volume PER-3, Issue 5, dated 1983
D Herfati et al. CIRED International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Vienna, 21-24 May
2007, Paper 309
___________
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