BRICKS AND

BLOCKS
BLD62003 BUILDING MATERIALS
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS.)

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 HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT

BRICKS

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES

MASONRY CONCRETE BLOCK (CMU)

MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

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Definitions of terms associated with concrete masonry units
MASONRY UNITS
• Blocks made from concrete, cinders/ BRICK SET
other aggregates. • Wide chisel used for breaking masonry
LAYING BLOCKS units.
• The process of mixing mortar, applying MASONRY
it to masonry block, and placing the • Anything constructed of brick, stone,
block to create wall tile, or concrete unit held in place with
MORTAR BED portland concrete.
• A layer of mortar.
LINTEL
CORE • Steel reinforced- concrete beams used
• The hollow space in a masonry block. for support over windows and doors.
• CORNER
E. POLE Pole:
Corner
MORTAR BOARD
• A straight piece of wood or metal held
plumb by diagonal supports. • Board used to hold mortar.
• COURSE
F. Course: A HOLLOW CORE BLOCK
• Masonry block with two or three
• row of masonry units.
holes per block.
FOOTINGS
• A continuous slab of concrete which CONCRETE SILLS
provides a solid, level foundation for block • Used under windows and doors.
or brick BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS
TYPES OF BLOCK STRETCHER

STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

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TYPES OF BLOCK
CORNER
STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

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TYPES OF BLOCK
SASH
STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

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TYPES OF BLOCK
JAMB
STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

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TYPES OF BLOCK JAMB

JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.

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TYPES OF BLOCK HALF

STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS

TYPES OF BLOCK HALF

STRETCHER
Used in straight wall sections.
CORNER
One flat end to create attractive walls at
corners.
SASH
Has special grooves, can be laid to receive
window.
JAMB
Use to make door ways so the openings
are attractive and secure.
HALF
Used to prevent cutting of blocks when
only half a block is needed.
L-BLOCK
Used as top course of block on a poured
floor.

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TYPES OF BLOCK

STRETCHER
CORNER
SASH
JAMB
HALF
L-BLOCK

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ESTIMATING BLOCK LAYING BLOCKS PROCEDURE
•
Lay several stretcher blocks in place by
• Standard blocks are 8 working away from the end or corner block.
inches or 2/3 foot high and • Use the end of the trowel handle to tap the
16 inches or 1 1/3 foot block until each block is plumb, level, and the

PROCEDURE
long when they are laid course is straight.
with a 3/8 inch mortar • Apply a mortar bed on top of the first course
joint. in preparation for the second course.
• One foot is 3/4 the length • If extra strength is needed in the wall, install
of one block, therefore, BRIKS & reinforcement in the mortar bed.
• As the block laying progresses, cut off excess
when estimating the BLOCKS mortar with the trowel.
number of blocks needed • Use a line to keep the courses
for a job, the length of the straight. line is positioned to be level
wall in feet can be PROCEDURE along the top of block.
multiplied by 3/4; this gives • When a block must be cut, use a
• Spread a layer of mortar called masons hammer and make multiple
the number of a mortar bed as the footer.
blocks per course. strikes along the line to cut; then
• Position the block on the make one sharp strike on the web.
• One foot is 3/2 of the mortar bed so that its outside • Check the height to be sure each
height of a block, therefore,corner rests where the outside new course is an additional 8 inches
the corner of the wall should be.
height of the wall in high.
feet can be multiplied by Level the block by first placing • After the mortar dries and hardens
3/2 to determine the the level across the block and slightly, finish the joints by rubbing it
number of courses needed. then lengthwise along the with a broken piece of block.
block. • If a joint other than a flush joint is
• Turn several stretcher
blocks on end and apply desired, use a jointer to compress
mortar to the ears with a the mortar and create a watertight
wiping or swiping stroke of joint. Tools are available to
the trowel. create joints that are concave, v-
BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS shape, flush or raked.
 BRICKS& BLOCKS
COMMON CONCRETE BLOCK USED IN CONSTRUCTION

COMMON METHOD OF PICKING UP AND SETTING CONCRETE

BLOCKS

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 BRICKS & BLOCKS
NOTE#
• Door openings will have 2"
jambs on both sides and top.
• Door will be a standard height
(44" x 6'8").
• Door sill will accommodate a
concrete floor inside. A building laid by using whole and half blocks
• Window openings will
accommodate standard size
windows.
• Space above the top of the door
will accommodate appropriate
trim under the eaves of the roof.
• Reinforced concrete lintels carry
the weight over door and window
openings.
• There are no cut block in the
wall. Therefore, the wall can
be built with a minimum of
cost and labor.

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 BRICKS & BLOCKS
PLACEMENT OF CORNER POLES FOR CONSTRUCTIONG A BLOCK WALL

PROCEDURE OF LAYING CONCRETE BLOCK WALLS

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 BRICKS & BLOCKS

Usual practice of applying mortar

to concrete blocks
(right hand side)

Method of laying concrete blocks. Good

workmanship is requires straight courses
with face of the wall plumb and true
(left hand side)

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 BRICKS & BLOCKS

Showing detail of joining an interior and

exterior wall in concrete block 8" x 8" x 16" Concrete Block Corner
construction.(left bottom) in the Running Bond (right bottom)

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 BRICKS & BLOCKS

typical 3/8" joint

Concave joint V-Joint Flush Joint Raked

Joint
8" x 8" 16" block

Types of joint finishes used on block Types of joint finishes used on

walls block walls

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DEFINITION FUNCTIONS
• Laying of bricks bonded
together with mortar is
known as brick masonry.

BASIC TERM MORTAR BASICS

MORTAR
• HEADER
• STRETCHER.

TYPES OF BRICKS

Types of Bricks

Modular Conventional
Bricks Bricks

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: KING CLOSER

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: QUEEN CLOSER

1/2

1/2

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: MITRED CLOSER

Angle 45° to 60°

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: BEVELLED CLOSER

1/2

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: BAT 1/2 CLOSER

1/2

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: BAT 3/4 CLOSER

3/4

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: BEVELLED BAT

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 TYPES OF CLOSE: BEVELLED BAT

Stretcher Bond
Types of
Bond Header Bond
English Bond

Flemish Bond

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 TYPES OF BOND : STRETCHER BOND

Stretcher Bond
Header Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
PICTURE NOTATION ( next slides)
1. Brick/Block Machine
CBM240M/CBM240MA TYPES OF MACHINES
2. Brick/Block Machine • 2 Types
CBM240M/CBM240MA TYPE I : EGG –LAYING TYPE
3. Brick/Block Machine CEMENT
CBM60 TYPE II:STATIONARY TYPE
4. Brick/Block Machine
BRICK &
CBM180/CBM180A CONCRETE
RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED
5. Brick/Block Machine MAKING
CBM300/CBM300A Cement
6. Material hopper Sand
7. Pan Mixer Gravels
Water
8. Brick/ block machine CBM40 PRODUCTION PROCESS
9. Belt conveyor 1. Raw Materials Mixing
10. Auto pallet feeder 2. Brick/Block Moulding
11. Gantry cranes 3. Vibrating & Compacting
12. Moulds 4. Curing/Drying
13. Brick/Block Machine
5. Brick/Block Packing
CBM180S/CBM180SA ( Layout )
14. PLC Controller
15. Brick/Block Machine
CBM180/CBM180A
( Layout )
BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS
1 2

3 4 5
6 7

8 9 10
11 12

13 14 15
END PRODUCT: BRICKS

End Product : Bricks

END PRODUCT: BLOCKS

End Product : Blocks

END PRODUCT: PAVERS

End Product : Pavers

METHOD MACHINE WORKS

Method Machine Works

 HISTORY
“A brick is a block or a single
unit of a kneaded clay-bearing MORTAR
soil, sand and lime, or concrete
material, fire hardened or air GROUT
dried, used in masonry
construction.”
BRICKS

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES

MASONRY CONCRETE BLOCK (CMU)

MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

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PROPERTIES TYPES
• May be solid or hollow • 2 Types
core (holes called “cells”) TYPE I : SOLID
• Cells should not exceed 25
% of the volume of the TYPE II: WITH HOLES
unit
• Bricks vary in size, color,
shape, and texture. BRICKS TYPE I : SOLID
CLASSES OF BRICKS • Solid brick used where holes may
• Adobe – sun-dried clays and be unsightly (steps or window sills
a binder TYPE II : WITH HOLES
• Kiln-burned – natural sand
• Holes in Brick:
and clay or shale (most
• Help units fire properly
widely used)
• Promote bonding with
• Sand-lime – pearl-grey in
mortar
color, dolomite lime is mixed
• Reduce overall weight
with clean sand, pressed,
• Make units easier to handle
and allowed to harden in
closed vessels under steam
pressure
• Concrete – portland cement
and suitable aggregate,
formed in molds BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS
BRICK TYPES/ SIZES
(III) GLAZED FACE BRICKS
• Bricks sprayed with a
ceramic glaze and fired
at high temperature to
fuse glaze to the brick
• Finishes may appear
dull, satin, or glossy
(IV) FIRE BRICKS
• Made of clays with a
large amount of
alumina, silica, flint, and
feldspar
• These bricks are used in
fireplaces, chimney
stacks, incinerators, and
many industrial settings
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BRICK TYPES/ SIZES BRICK TYPES/ SIZES
(V) PAVING BRICKS (II) FACE BRICKS
• Bricks are burned at • Made from clay, shale, fire
much higher clay, or a mixture, under
temperatures to make controlled conditions
them resist water and • Meets ASTM C216 standard
wear from traffic • Appearance types:
• FBS- general use in
exposed & interior
walls where wide color
BRICKS ranges & variation in
sizes are permitted
• FBX- used in exterior &
interior walls where a
DIFFERENT BRICK TYPES
high degree of
mechanical perfection,
(I) COMMON narrow color range &
(II) FACE BRICKS little variation of size is
required
(III) GLAZED FACE BRICKS • FBA- nonconformity in
(IV) FIRE BRICKS size, color, & texture
(V) PAVING BRICKS
BRICK KILNS BRICK TYPES/ SIZES
• Burning of brick is (I) COMMON BRICKS
done in 4 stages
• Water smoking: • Common (now called Building)
400 °F • Most widely used
• Dark orange to deep red
• Dehydration:
color
300 -1800 °F • Many finishes & sizes
• Oxidation: 1000 BRICKS available
– 1800 °F • Meets ASTM C62 grading
• Vitrification: criteria:
1600 – 2400 °F • SW – severe weathering for
• Flashing (oxygen DIFFERENT BRICK TYPES exposure to heavy rainfall
reduction)– produces & freezing
different colors or (I) COMMON • MW – moderate
(II) FACE BRICKS weathering for avg.
color shading moisture and minor
• Cooling down – (III) GLAZED FACE BRICKS freezing
done in 2-3 days; rate • NW – Negligible
of cooling will affect (IV) FIRE BRICKS
weathering for exposure to
cracking, and color (V) PAVING BRICKS moisture & freezing

BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS

 **Refer color coding

Paving
Common
Face

Glazed-face
fire bricks
APPLICATIONS OF BRICKS
**Refer color coding

Glazed-face
Fire bricks
Paving
Common
Face
NOMINAL VS ACTUAL SIZE

** Note: actual dimensions may

vary among manufacturers of
brick – dimensions noted from
Graphics Standards 2000
publication

Unit Nominal Dimension Actual Dimension (in.)

(in.) **
WxHxD WxHxD

Modular 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 3 5/8 x 2 ¼ x 7 5/8

Utility 4 x 4 x 12 3 5/8 x 3 5/8 x 11 5/8

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BRICK BOND
• Bond – the arrangement of bricks in rows (courses).
• Bonds are designed for:
• Appearance
• To tie together a structural or outer wall (wythe) to an inner wall
• Wythe – a vertical section of wall one brick thick

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BRICK BOND

BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS

BRICK BOND

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BRICK BOND

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BRICK BOND

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EXAMPLES OF BRICKS

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BRICKS COLOURCAST

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PROPERTIES OF BRICK WALLS
• May be :-
(I) LOAD BEARING WALLS
• bearing (supports any
vertical load)
(I)NON LOAD BEARING WALLS
• or non-bearing
TYPES
SOLID WALLS
• Solid walls- 2 or more
wythes bonded together
by ties, headers
CAVITY WALLS
• Cavity walls – 2 walls spaced (III) FACED WALLS
2 in. apart by metal ties;
may fill cavity with
insulating material; Weep
holes must be in outer wall
in order for moisture to
escape ; not allowed in
earthquake zones BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS
BRICK WALLS & TIES
TYPES
FACED WALLS
• brick masonry units bonded to a
backup wall of another material
(common brick, hollow structural
clay tile, or CMU)
BRICK VENEERED WALLS
WALLS & • facing material is securely tied to
TYPES
TIES a structural wall but NOT bonded
to it (common residential wood-
frame construction)
DIFFERENT BRICK WALLS REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY
(I) SOLID WALLS • steel reinforcement is placed
vertically & horizontally and
(II) CAVITY WALLS often grout surrounds it
(spacing governed by local code
requirements)
(IV) VENEERED WALLS
TIES
(V) REINFORCED BRICK
MASONRY • May be standard unit ties/ adjustable
• Number and placement of ties
depends on application and building
code requirements
CLAY BRICK DIMENSION//SIZE
CLAY BRICK SIZE

CLAY BRICK SIZE

CLAY BRICK
SIZE/
DIMENSION

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Application bricks Special shape clay bricks

Types of clay bricks

8” clay tile wall

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Special shape clay bricks Special shape clay bricks

8” clay tile wall

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Special
Types ofshape clay bricks
clay bricks

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Special
Special shape
shapeclay
claybricks
bricks

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Special
Special shape
shapeclay
claybricks
bricks

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Special shape
additional clay clay
shape bricks
bricks

BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS

Special shape
additional clay clay
shape bricks
bricks

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 CLAY BRICKS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Water absorption MOISTURE & THERMAL MOVEMENT

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FIRE RESISTANCE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

CLAY BRICKS

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 CLAY BRICKS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

WALL COVERING PLASTER

• Formed by heating Gypsum
Plaster • For interior wall, ceiling and
Paint ornamentaion
Tile/Ceramic • As a paste to the surfaces
Stone/Brick/ Masonry • Processed to hardened –Gypsum
Cladding Board panel (Drywall)
Wall paper • Need skill
Timber panel
Glass
AESTHETIC QUALITY
Can be smooth or textured
Suitable for hard surface
Straight or curved
Molded to define a 3 dimensional
details
Excellent for other finishes PLASTER FINISHES
Can be carved, modeled, cast, colored,
stamped, stenciled and shaped Trowel finish – smooth and nonporous
Geometrically or naturalistically that Floated finish sandy and lightly textured
stimulate wood or stone carving surface
PROPERTIES Rougher finish – Sprayed on
WALL Fabric finish – wall paper and textile
Traditional – Lime, sand and water
Modern – Portland cement and water COVERINGS Paint finish – Different type of paint (matte,
gloss, acrylic etc)
with additional
Lime, acrylic or glass fibre BLD62003_AUG14_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS