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1st Tiane do Nascimento Vargas
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação (FEEC.)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas(UNICAMP.)
Campinas, Brazil
tiane.donascimentovargas@gmail.com
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I. I NTRODUCTION
In the last years, the transport sector has to be some changes
like the insertion of the electric vehicle (EV). The United
States, Europe, and China are response about 90% of the
world’s production of these vehicles [1]. Although the Brazil
has recently started to invest in EV, there are projected that
by 2030 the EV will be represent around 5% of the vehicles
on the streets [2].
The EV are one the best solution for future scarcity of
fossil fuels. In addition the EV representing an alternative to
reducing the CO2, emitted into the atmosphere. In another
hand the EV have some challenges to overcome, such the
limitation of the batteries, and the time to recharge.
In order to overcome these challenges, some alternatives are
studied such the development of the electric power systems
more efficient in order to become the recharge of the EV
more efficient and fast. Thus this paper aims to review electric
converters using to recharge the ev (MELHORA)
II. E ASE OF U SE
A. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
The research on EV has been intensified, in the last years,
with the goal to make the adoption of these vehicles greater.
Although the EV use has advantages over combustion cars,
these vehicles have some disadvantages, such as shorter au-
tonomy and long battery recharge times. These disadvantages
became a obstacles to its large-scale use.
In light of this, the search for solutions to these challenges
began, like as the development of new electric charges topolo-
gies. One of this search is the work of the authors [3] which
was proposed a three-phase electric charger which use the V2G
concept. The author got such as advantages these paper the
reduced number of switches and simplified control. Another
advantage is the possibility of filtering current harmonics.
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In the paper [4] the authors had as aims get low losses on
the switching, for this, was proposed the electric converter
DC-DC ZCS buck. In this converter the soft switching occurs
due to inserting an auxiliary switch in series with the resonant
capacitor.
On the work [5] was developed a Half Bridge LLC resonant
converter for Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) with a aims to had
a high efficiency and low component cost, in addition to have
a low switching losses. The efficiency related by the authors
was the 96.3% for the LLC converter.
Another converter that is widely used for electric chargers
for EVs is the Vienna Rectifier. This rectifier is a three-
phase converter that is derived from the boost converter. One
example of the use of this converter was presented in the
paper [6] the authors designed a 3kW Vienna rectifier with
an efficiency-related of 99%.
The Vienna Rectifier can condense in each phase three levels
of instantaneous voltages, concerning the neutral point, due
to this behavior the Vienna rectifier is capable to produce a
reduced number of harmonic currents, thus the size of the
filters reduced [7].
B. A single Phase Boost Converters
One of the most converters used on the stage AC-DC of
the chargers for EVs is the converters derived from the PFC
boost converter like the bridgeless and interleaving to a single
phase, and the three-phase Vienna rectifier.
The PFC technique is used when is required to reduce
the harmonics of the current from the electric network. This
technique allows the input current and voltage from the
network of mains to be in phase. Thus a high power factor
(PF) is obtained, in addition, the harmonics from the current
and electromagnetic interference are decreased [8].
The figure is shown one of the most used topologies of
the boost converter employed for PF correction. However,
when the electric power increases this topology show some
problems, such as the efforts on the switch [8] [9] [10].
In addition, the electric losses are increase, this behavior is
undesirable when designed an electrical charger for EVs.
To overcome these problems the interleaving technique can
be used, the Figure represents this method employed in the
boost converter. The main objective of this technique is the
reduction of electric losses, besides that, the method increases
TABLE I
power processing capacity, reduced ripple amplitude of the PARAMETERS USED IN SIMULATION
input current, and increased ripple frequency.
Input voltage (Vin ) 127 Vef
L1
D1 D2 D3 D4 Output voltage (Vou ) 250 V
L2
Network frequency (fr ) 60 Hz
Load
Switching frequency (fs ) 50kHz
CO
Vin

L3
Maximum Ripple of voltage (∆Vc ) 1.1%
L4
Maximum Ripple of the current (∆Ic ) 1.5%
Inductance (Lm)
S1
S2 S3 S4 Capacitor (Co )

Fig. 1. Interleaving Boost Converter.

This interleaving technique consists of the power distribu-

tion between the converter cells, that are connected in parallel
and operating with the same frequency, but with control pulses
out of phase [11]. This behavior allows the current can be
split into the switches, which causes lower switching losses,
in addition, the harmonics of the input current are reduced.
Another option, that can be used for the DA-DC stage in Fig. 3. Output voltage and current of the Dual Boost Converter.
the electric charger to EVs is the bridgeless boost converter or
dual boost, shown in the Figure. In this converter the number
of semiconductors is reduced, thus the switching losses are TABLE II
PARAMETERS USED IN SIMULATION
reduced too [12]. In addition, such as each switch work only
a half clock cycle the efforts of current on the switches are
Input voltage (Vin ) 127 Vef
minimize [13]. Besides that, the dual boost converter allows Output voltage (Vou ) 250 V
the rectifier bridge can be removed, thus the electric losses Network frequency (fr ) 60 Hz
can be reduced [14]. Switching frequency (fs ) 50kHz
Maximum Ripple of voltage (∆Vc ) 1.1%
Maximum Ripple of the current (∆Ic ) 1.5%
Inductance (Lm)
D1 D2
Capacitor (Co )
Lm

Load
Vin
CO

Vou
250

200
S1 S2
150

100

50

Fig. 2. Dual Boost Converter. 0

Iou
20

15

C. A Three-Phase Vienna rectifier 10

III. R ESULTS 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Time (s)

In this paper, the PFC dual boost converter is compared with

the PFC interleaved dual boost. For this, the topologies were Fig. 4. Output voltage and current of the Interleaving Bridgeless Converter.
simulated on the software PSIM with the same parameters.

A. Bridgeless Boost Converter

The bridgeless boost converter, which was proposed in
[12] presents some advantages when compared with the
conventional boost converter. One of these advantages is
conduction, which occurs only in two semiconductors at any
time clock. Another advantage is the effective current which
minimizes switches. In another hand, this circuit increases the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) when compared with the
conventional boost [12] [11]. The tab. I presents the parameters Fig. 5. Output voltage and current of the Interleaving Bridgeless Converter.
used for the simulations
B. Interleaving Bridgeless Boost Converter [10] J.E. Baggio, H.L. Hey, H.A. Gründling, H. Pinheiro, J.R. Pin-
heiro,“Modelagem E Controle Discreto Para O Retificador Pfc Boost
C. Abbreviations and Acronyms Três Nı́veis”, Eletrônica de Potência - SOBRAEP, vol. 7, pp.54-61,
D. Equations November 2002.
[11] J.A. Borges,“ Projeto e análise de um conversor CA-CC monofásico
Boost entrelaçado sem ponte de diodos e com correção ativa do fator
de potência empregando a técnica de imposição de corrente média”,
a+b=γ (1) Ms.Thesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, February 2019
[12] R. Martinez, P.N. Enjeti “A High-Performance Single-phase Rectifier
E. LATEX-Specific Advice with Input Power Factor Correction”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol 11, , pp 311-317, March 1996.
[13] Y. Yao, Y. Chen,“Analysis and Design of One-CycleControlled Dual-
TABLE III Boost Power Factor Corrector”, in Proc of IPEMC, vol.2, pp.1-4, August
TABLE T YPE S TYLES 2006.
[14] F. Musavi, W. Eberle, G.W. Dunford “ A high-performance single-phase
Table Table Column Head ac-dc power factor corrected boost converter for plug in hybrid electric
Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead vehicle battery chargers”, Atlanda, September 2010[ 2010 IEEE Energy
copy More table copya Conversion Congress and Exposition]
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[15] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol.
2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[16] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[17] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
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[18] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
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[19] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: Univer-
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R EFERENCES
R EFERENCES
[1] Geographic,“ N. Electric Cars May Rule the World’s Roads by 2040”,
2017
[2] Globo, “Carro eletrico no Brasil: do zero aos bilhoes em 10 anos”, 2019
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[4] Ying-Chun Chuang, “High-Efficiency ZCS Buck Converter for
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[5] X. D. Gumera, A. Caberos, Shu-Chuan. Huang, “Design and Im-
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[6] Q. Wang, X. Zhang, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, A. M. White, M.
Kheraluwala, “Design and Implementation of a Two-Channel Interleaved
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[7] G. Radomski, “Analysis of Vienna rectifier,”Electrical Power Quality
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