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Fariborz Musavi Wilson Eberle William G. Dunford
Fariborz Musavi Wilson Eberle William G. Dunford
1
Fariborz Musavi Wilson Eberle
Student Member IEEE Member IEEE
2
William G. Dunford
Senior Member IEEE
Fig. 3. Bridgeless PFC boost converter Capacitor Ripple High High Low Low
Input Main
High High Low Low
C. Interleaved Boost Converter Ripple
The interleaved boost converter, Fig. 4, is simply two Magnetic Size Large Medium Small Small
boost converters in parallel operating 180° out of phase [20- Efficiency Poor Fair Fair Best
22]. The input current is the sum of the two inductor currents
ILB1 and ILB2. Because the inductors’ ripple currents are out of
phase, they tend to cancel each other and reduce the input IV. CIRCUIT OPERATION AND STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
ripple current caused by the boost switching action. The To analyze the circuit operation, the input line cycle has
interleaved boost converter has the advantage of paralleled been separated into the positive and negative half cycles as
semiconductors. Furthermore, by switching 180° out of explained in sub-sections A and B that follow. In addition,
phase, it doubles the effective switching frequency and the detailed circuit operation depends on the duty cycle,
introduces smaller input current ripples, so the input EMI therefore positive half cycle operation analysis is provided for
filters will be smaller [23-25]. It also reduces output capacitor D > 0.5 in sub-section C and D < 0.5 in sub-section D.
high frequency ripple, but it still has the problem of heat
management for the input diode bridge rectifiers. A. Positive Half Cycle Operation
In the following section, a new bridgeless interleaved Referring to Fig. 5, during the positive half cycle, when
boost PFC converter is proposed in order to improve overall the AC input voltage is positive, Q1/Q2 turn on and current
efficiency of the AC-DC PFC converter, while maintaining flows through L1 and Q1 and continues through Q2 and then
all the advantages of the existing solutions. L2, returning to the line while storing energy in L1 and L2.
When Q1/Q2 turn off, energy stored in L1 and L2 is released
as current flows through D1, through the load and returns
through the body diode of Q2 back to the input mains.
With interleaving, the same mode happens for Q3/Q4, but
with a 180 degree phase delay. The operation for this mode is
Q3/Q4 on storing energy in L3/L4 through the path L3-Q3-
Q4-L4 back to the input. When Q3/Q4 turn off, energy is
Fig. 4. Interleaved PFC boost converter
released through D3 to the load and returning through the
body diode of Q4 back to the input mains.
III. BRIDGELESS INTERLEAVED BOOST TOPOLOGY
The bridgeless interleaved (BLIL) PFC converter shown in B. Negative Half Cycle Operation
Fig. 5 is proposed to address the problems discussed in
Referring to Fig. 5, during the negative half cycle, when
section II. This converter introduces two more MOSFETs and
the AC input voltage is negative, Q1/Q2 turn on and current
two more fast diodes in place of 4 slow diodes used in the
flows through L2 and Q2 and continues through Q1 and then
input bridge of the interleaved boost PFC converter.
L1, returning to the line while storing energy in L2 and L1.
A detailed converter description and steady state operation
When Q1/Q2 turn off, energy stored in L2 and L1 is released
analysis is given in the following section. Table 1 shows the
as current flows through D2, through the load and returns
advantages and disadvantages of each topology.
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through the body diode of Q1 back to the input mains.
With interleaving, the same mode happens for Q3/Q4, but
with a 180 degree phase delay. The operation for this mode is
Q3/Q4 on storing energy in L3/L4 through the path L4-Q4-
Q3-L3 back to the input.
√2 | | (1)
In a positive half cycle of the input voltage, the duty ratio
of the proposed converter determines the following voltage
relation:
(2)
The intervals of operation are explained as follows. In
addition, the ripple current components are derived, enabling
calculation of the input ripple current, which provides design
guidance to meet the required input current ripple standard.
Interval 1 [t0-t1]: At t0, Q1/ Q2 are ON, and Q3/Q4 are off,
c) Interval 3: Q3 and Q4 are “ON”, and body diode of Q2 conducting
as shown in Fig. 6-a. During this interval, the current in series
Fig. 6. BLIL PFC boost converter operating at D > 0.5
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inductances L1 and L2 increases linearly and stores the ∆ (12)
energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in Q1 and Q2
Similarly, the ripple currents Q3 and Q4 are the same as
are the same as the current in series inductances L1 and L2,
the ripple current in series inductances L3 and L4:
where the ripple current is given by:
∆ (13)
∆ 1 (3)
The input ripple current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and
The current in series inductances L3 and L4 decreases
L3/L4:
linearly and transfers the energy to the load through D3, Co
and body diode of Q4. The ripple current in series ∆ (14)
inductances L3 and L4 is given by:
D. Detailed Positive Half Cycle Operation and Analysis for
∆ 1 (4) D < 0.5
The input ripple current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and
Fig. 8 shows the operating interval circuits of the proposed
L3/L4: converter for duty cycles smaller than 0.5 during the positive
∆ 1 (5) half cycle. The waveforms of the proposed converter during
Interval 2 [t1-t2]: At t1, Q3/Q4 are turned on, while Q1/Q2 these conditions are shown in Fig. 9. The intervals of
remain on, as shown I Fig. 6-b. During this interval, the operation are explained as follows.
current in the four inductors each increase linearly, storing
energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in Q1 and Q2
are the same as the ripple current in series inductances L1 and
L2 as given by.
∆ (6)
Similarly, the ripple currents in Q3 and Q4 are the same as
the ripple current in series inductances L3 and L4:
∆ (7)
The input ripple current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and a) Intervals 1 and 3: Body diodes of Q2 and Q4 conducting
L3/L4:
∆ (8)
Interval 3 [t2-t3]: At t2, Q1/Q2 are turned off, while Q3/
Q4 remain on, as shown in Fig. 6-c. During this interval, the
current in series inductances L3 and L4 increases linearly and
stores the energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in Q3
and Q4 are the same as the ripple current in series
inductances L3 and L4:
∆ 1 (9)
The current in L1 and L2 decreases linearly and transfers the b) Interval 2: Q1 and Q2 are “ON”, and body diode of Q4 conducting
energy to the load through D1, Co and body diode of Q2. The
ripple current in series inductances L1 and L2 is given by:
∆ 1 (10)
The input ripple current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and
L3/L4:
∆ 1 (11)
Interval 4 [t3-t4]: At t3, Q3/Q4 remain on, while Q1/Q2 are
turned on, as shown I Fig. 6-b. During this interval, the
currents in the four inductors each increase linearly, storing
energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in Q1 and Q2 c) Interval 4: Q3 and Q4 are “ON”, and body diode of Q2 conducting
are the same as the ripple currents in L1 and L2:
Fig. 8. BLIL PFC boost converter operating at D < 0.5
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Interval 2 [t1-t2]: At t1, Q1/Q2 turn on, while Q3/Q4
remain off, as shown in Fig. 8-b. During this interval, the
current in series inductances L1 and L2 increases linearly,
storing energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in Q1
and Q2 are the same as the current in series inductances L1
and L2, where the ripple current is given by:
∆ (17)
The current in series inductances L3 and L4 decreases
linearly and transfers the energy to the load through D3, Co
and body diode of Q4. The ripple current in L3 and L4 is:
∆ (18)
The input ripple current is the sum of the currents in L1/L2
and L3/L4:
∆ (19)
Interval 3 [t2-t3]: At t2, Q1/Q2 are turned off, while Q3/Q4
remain off, as shown in Fig. 8-a. During this interval, the
current in series inductances L1 and L2 decreases linearly
and transfers the energy to the load through D1, Co and body
diode of Q2. The ripple current in series inductances L1 and
L2 is given by:
∆ (20)
Similarly, the current in the series inductances L3 and L4 also
decreases linearly, transferring the energy to the load through
D3, Co and body diode of Q4. The ripple current in series
inductances L3 and L4 is:
∆ (21)
The input current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and L3/L4:
∆ (22)
Interval 4 [t3-t4]: At t3, Q3/Q4 are turned on, while Q1/Q2
remain off, as shown in Fig. 8-c. During this interval, the
Fig. 9. BLIL PFC boost converter steady-state waveforms at D < 0.5
current in series inductances L3 and L4 increases linearly and
Interval 1 [t0-t1]: At t0, Q1 and Q2 turn off, while Q3 and stores the energy in these inductors. The ripple currents in
Q4 remain off, as shown in Fig. 8-a. During this interval, the Q3 and Q4 are the same as the current in series inductances
current in series inductances L1 and L2 decreases linearly L3 and L4, where the ripple current is given by:
and transfers the energy to the load through D1, Co and body
diode of Q2. The ripple current in series inductances L1 and ∆ (23)
L2 is: The current in series inductances L1 and L2 decreases
linearly and transfers the energy to the load through D2, Co
∆ (15) and body diode of Q4. The ripple current in L1 and L2 is:
In addition, the current in the series inductances L3 and L4
also decreases linearly, transferring the energy to the load ∆ (24)
through D3, Co and body diode of Q4. The ripple currents in The input ripple current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and
series inductances L3 and L4 is: L3/L4:
∆ (25)
∆ (15)
The input current is the sum of currents in L1/L2 and L3/L4: The operation of converter during the negative input
voltage half cycle is similar to the operation of converter
∆ (16) during the positive input voltage half cycle.
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V. SIMULATION RESULTTS compensated output voltage, and then generates a control
signal to be compared with the switching career waveforms
PSIM simulation software was used to vverify steady state
to generate the gating signals for maain FETs.
waveforms of each component. Fig. 10 sshows the PSIM
Fig. 11 shows the PSIM simulatiion results of a BLIL PFC
simulation circuits of the proposed BLIL PFC
C converter. As it
boost converter. The input current is in phase with input
can be seen the power stage section of convverter consists of
four boost inductors – Ld1 to Ld4, four fasst boost diodes – voltage, and it has close to unity y power factor. Also the
Db1 to Db4, four switches – Q1 to Q4 and ttheir body diodes output voltage is regulated at arou und 400V, with a 120 Hz
Dq1 to Dq4. Also it consists of two currennt loops and one low frequency ripple. The converteer is operating at 70 kHz
voltage loop. The sensed input voltage is mmultiplied by the switching frequency, 240 V input voltage
v and 3.4 kW output
power.
VI. EXPERIMENTA
TAL RESULTS
An experimental prototype, illusttrated in Fig. 12, was built
to verify the operation of the proposed converter. Fig. 13
shows the input voltage, input curren nt and PFC bus voltage of
the converter under the following test
t conditions: Vin = 240
V, Iin = 15 A, Po = 3400 W, fsw = 700 kHz. The input current is
in line and phase with the input volttage, and its shape is close
to a sinusoidal waveform.
In order to verify the quality of the input current, its
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harmonics up to 39th harmonic order are given and compared is available from the mains feed to charge the batteries,
with the EN 61000-3-2 standard. Fig. 14 shows the input reducing charging time and electricity costs.
current harmonics versus harmonic numbers at full load for
120 V and 240 V input voltages. It is clearly shown that the 2.5
generated harmonics are well below IEC 61000-3-2 standard
for the input line harmonics which is required for PHEV 2
EN 61000-3-2 Class D Limits (A)
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
3
5
7
9
Harmonics Order
Fig. 14. Input current harmonics at full load for Vin = 120 V and 240 V
45
40
35
20 cm 30
THD (%)
25
Vin=240
20
15 Vin=120
10
5
Fig. 12. Breadboard prototype of BLIL PFC boost converter 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
Power factor
0.94
Input Current Vin=240
0.92
0.9 Vin=120
0.88
Fig. 13. Proposed BLIL PFC experimental waveforms; Test Condition: Po =
3400W, Vin = 240V, Iin = 15A 0.86
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
efficiency over entire load range is achieved in this topology, Output Power (W)
enabling fewer problems with heat dissipation and cooling Fig. 16. Power Factor vs. output power at Vin = 120V and Vin = 240V
systems. Furthermore, a higher efficiency means more power
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100 [7] "Guide to Energy Management - Power Factor," BC Hydro, Vancouver
2000.
99 [8] Dehong Xu; Jindong Zhang; Weiyun Chen; Jinjun Lin; Lee, F.C.;,
98 "Evaluation of output filter capacitor current ripples in single phase
PFC converters " in Proceedings of the Power Conversion Conference,
97 PCC. vol. 3 Osaka, Japan, 2002, pp. 1226 - 1231.
Efficiency (%)
96 [9] Lu, B.; Brown, R.; Soldano, M.;, "Bridgeless PFC implementation
Vin=240 V using one cycle control technique," in IEEE Applied Power Electronics
95 Conference and Exposition. vol. 2, 2005, pp. 812 - 817.
94 [10] Petrea, C.; Lucanu, M.;, "Bridgeless Power Factor Correction
Vin=220 V
Converter Working at High Load Variations," in International
93 Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, ISSCS. vol. 2, 2007, pp. 1
Vin=120 V -4
92
[11] U. Moriconi;, "A Bridgeless PFC Configuration based on L4981 PFC
91 Vin=90 V Controller ": STMicroelectronics Application Note AN1606, 2002.
90 [12] J. M. Hancock;, "Bridgeless PFC Boosts Low-Line Efficiency,"
Infineon Technologies, 2008.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
[13] Yungtaek Jang; Jovanovic, M.M.; Dillman, D.L.;, "Bridgeless PFC
Output Power (W) boost rectifier with optimized magnetic utilization," in IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2008, pp. 1017 – 1021.
Fig. 17. Efficiency vs. output power at Vin = 90V, Vin = 120V, Vin = 220V
[14] Yungtaek Jang; Jovanovic, M.M.;, "A Bridgeless PFC Boost Rectifier
and Vin = 240V
With Optimized Magnetic Utilization," IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 24, pp. 85 - 93 2009.
VII. CONCLUSION [15] Woo-Young Choi; Jung-Min Kwon; Eung-Ho Kim; Jong-Jae Lee;
Bong-Hwan Kwon;, "Bridgeless Boost Rectifier With Low Conduction
A high performance AC-DC boost converter topology has Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems," IEEE
been presented in this paper for the front-end AC-DC Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, pp. 769 – 780, April
converter in PHEV battery chargers. The proposed converter 2007 2007.
[16] Huber, L.; Yungtaek Jang; Jovanovic, M.M.;, "Performance Evaluation
topology has been analyzed and performance characteristics of Bridgeless PFC Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Transactions on Power
presented. A prototype converter was built to verify the Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 1381 - 1390 2008.
proof-of-concept. [17] Pengju Kong; Shuo Wang; Lee, F.C.;, "Common Mode EMI Noise
Suppression for Bridgeless PFC Converters," IEEE Transactions on
The theoretical waveforms were compared with the Power Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 291 – 297, January 2008 2008.
simulation results and the results taken from prototype unit. [18] Baur, T.; Reddig, M.; Schlenk, M.;, "Line-conducted EMI-behaviour of
Also some key experimental waveforms are given. Finally a High Efficient PFC-stage without input rectification," Infineon
Technology – Application Note, 2006.
input current harmonics at each harmonic order was [19] Frank, W.; Reddig, M.; Schlenk, M.;, "New control methods for
compared more explicitly with the IEC 6100-3-2 standard rectifier-less PFC-stages," in EEE International Symposium on
limits. The total harmonics distortion and power factor was Industrial Electronics. vol. 2, 2005, pp. 489 - 493
measured on prototype unit and showed great results. [20] M. O’Loughlin;, "An Interleaved PFC Preregulator for High-Power
Converters." vol. Topic 5: Texas Instrument Power Supply Design
The converter topology shows a high input power factor, Seminar, 2007, pp. 5-1, 5-14.
high efficiency over entire load range and excellent input [21] Yungtaek Jang; Jovanovic, M.M.;, "Interleaved Boost Converter With
current harmonics. It is an excellent option for single phase Intrinsic Voltage-Doubler Characteristic for Universal-Line PFC Front
End," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, pp. 1394 –
PFC solution in higher power applications. 1401, July 2007 2007.
[22] Balogh, L.; Redl, R.;, "Power-factor correction with interleaved boost
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