Reading Test

65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTIONS

Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.

The passage is adapted from Saki, "The Background:'

Originally published in 1911.

"That woman's art-jargon tires me:' said Clovis to

his journalist friend. "She's so fond of talking of certain
pictures as 'growing on one: as though they were a sort
Line of fungus:'
5 "That reminds me:' said the journalist, "of the story
of Henri Deplis. Have I ever told it to you?"
Clovis shook his head.
"Henri Deplis was by birth a native of the Grand
Duchy of Luxemburg. On maturer reflection he
10 became a commercial traveller. His business activities
frequently took him beyond the limits of the Grand
Duchy, and he was stopping in a small town of
Northern Italy when news reached him from home
that a legacy from a distant and deceased relative had
75 fallen to his share.
"It was not a large legacy, even from the modest
standpoint of Henri Deplis, but it impelled him
towards some seemingly harmless extravagances.
In particular it led him to patronize local art as
20 represented by the tattoo-needles of Signor Andreas
Pincini. Signor Pincini was, perhaps, the most brilliant
master of tattoo craft that Italy had ever known, but
his circumstances were decidedly impoverished, and
for the sum of six hundred francs he gladly undertook
25 to cover his client's back, from the collar-bone down
to the waist-line, with a glowing representation of the
Fall of Icarus. The design, when finally developed,
CONTINUE
 was a slight disappointment to Monsieur Deplis, who
had suspected Icarus of being a fortress taken by
30 Wallenstein in the Thirty Years' War, but he was more
than satisfied with the execution of the work, which
was acclaimed by all who had the privilege of seeing it
as Pincini's masterpiece.
"It was his greatest effort, and his last. Without even
35 waiting to be paid, the illustrious craftsman departed
this life, and was buried under an ornate tombstone,
whose winged cherubs would have afforded singularly
little scope for the exercise of his favourite art. There
remained, however, the widow Pincini, to whom the
40 six hundred francs were due. And thereupon arose
the great crisis in the life of Henri Deplis, traveller of
commerce. The legacy, under the stress of numerous
little calls on its substance, had dwindled to very
insignificant proportions, and when a pressing wine
45 bill and sundry other current accounts had been paid,
there remained little more than 430 francs to offer
to the widow. The lady was properly indignant, not
wholly, as she volubly explained, on account of the
suggested writing-off of 170 francs, but also at the
50 attempt to depreciate the value of her late husband's
acknowledged masterpiece. In a week's time Deplis
was obliged to reduce his offer to 405 francs, which
circumstance fanned the widow's indignation into a
fury. She cancelled the sale of the work of art, and a few
55 days later Deplis learned with a sense of consternation
that she had presented it to the municipality of
Bergamo, which had gratefully accepted it. He left the

CONTINUE
 neighbourhood as unobtrusively as possible, and was
genuinely relieved when his business commands took
60 him to Rome, where he hoped his identity and that of
the famous picture might be lost sight of.
"But he bore on his back the burden of the dead
man's genius.On presenting himself one day in the
steaming corridor of a vapour bath, he was at once
65 hustled back into his clothes by the proprietor, who
was a North Italian, and who emphatically refused
to allow the celebrated Fall of Icarus to be publicly
on view without the permission of the municipality
of Bergamo.Public interest and official vigilance
10 increased as the matter became more widely known,
and Deplis was unable to take a simple dip in the sea
or river on the hottest afternoon unless clothed up to
the collar-bone in a substantial bathing garment. Later
on the authorities of Bergamo conceived the idea that
75 salt water might be injurious to the masterpiece, and
a perpetual injunction was obtained which debarred
the muchly harassed commercial traveller from sea
bathing under any circumstances.Altogether, he was
fervently thankful when his firm of employers found
80 him a new range of activities in the neighbourhood of
Bordeaux.His thankfulness, however, ceased abruptly
at the Franco-Italian frontier.An imposing array of
official force barred his departure, and he was sternly

-
reminded of the stringent law which forbids the
85 exportation of Italian works of art.

Which choice best summarizes the passage?

A) A man is unable to display a work of art.
B) A man is forced to consider whether or not to
obey the law.
C) A man finds his choices restricted because of the
result of an unpaid debt.
D) A man tries to steal art to please a deceased
relative.

CONTINUE
II
The passage most clearly suggests that Henri Deplis'
financial status before receiving the legacy was
A) chaotic.
B) meager.
C) wealthy.
D) destitute.

Ill
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 8-9 ("Henri Deplis ...Luxemburg")
B) Lines 16-18 ("It was ...extravagances")
C) Lines 21-25 ("Signor Pincini ...back'')
D) Lines 42-44 ("The legacy ... proportions")

Ill
In line 38, "exercise" most nearly means
A) express beliefs.
B) increase strength.

..
C) practice repeatedly.
D) ability to perform.

The journalist implies that the cherubs on Pincini's

tombstone were
A) artistic subjects.
B) religious icons.
C) particularly tiny.
D) plain stone.

CONTINUE
 The journalist indicates that Deplis reduced his offer As presented in the passage, the trouble Henri Deplis
to 405 francs because he encountered due to his tattoo is most accurately
A) thought he could trick Pincini's widow. described as
B) could no longer afford the 430 francs. A) socially awkward but well intended.
B) well-deserved but clearly cruel

-
C) wanted to annoy the widow.
D) thought she would accept a lower offer. C) obviously absurd but persistently troublesome.
D) uncomfortably restrictive but secretly flattering.

The author's statement that the widow "cancelled the IDI

sale of the work of art" (line 54) chiefly serves to Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) show that Deplis had to return the art. answer to the previous question?
B) preview Deplis' inability to travel. A) Lines 57-61 ("He left ...of")
B) Lines 62-63 ("But he ...genius")

..
C) demonstrate the unpleasant temper of the widow.
D) introduce an unexpected shift in perspective. C) Lines 78-81 ('�together, he ... Bordeaux")
D) Lines 82-85 ('J\n imposing ... art")

In line 67, "celebrated" most nearly means

A) welcomed.
B) famous.
C) decorated.
D) endless.

CONTINUE
 Questions 11-21 are based on the
following passages.

These passages discuss a phenome�on related to the

pollution of our oceans.

Passage 1
The fact that our planet rotates around its
own axis not only results in evenly distributed
temperatures across most of its surface-most people
Line simply refer to this as day and night, it has yet another
5 effect which is less readily apparent to us, earthbound
as we are. Termed the Coriolis effect, this centrifugal
force can be witnessed when observing objects
moving over large distances over time from a high
altitude: clouds exhibit clockwise curls and spirals in
10 the Northern, and counterclockwise patterns in the
Southern hemisphere. These wind forces in turn drive
oceanic currents, and thanks to the Coriolis effect
colossal rotating systems have taken shape in our ;eas.
One peculiarity of these rotating currents-ocean
75 gyres-that has caused quite a stir in the scientific
community as well as among environmentalists is
that they draw in and trap material in their relatively
calm centers. Captain Charles J. Moore inadvertently
witnessed this effect in 1997 sailing from Hawaii to
20 California. He later wrote: "I was confronted, as far as
the eye could see, with the sight of plastic. It seemed
unbelievable, but I never found a clear spot:' He did
not know it at the time, but he had stumbled across
what would later be referred to as the Great Pacific
25 Garbage Patch.
The size of the garbage patch can only be roughly
estimated since small to miniscule plastic particles
constitute the bulk of the waste's mass. Larger items
are rare by comparison. This means that sweeping
30 high-altitude surveys using satellites or airplanes lack
efficacy and that localized sea-level water samples
have to be used as a basis for extrapolation instead.
This introduces a measure of uncertainty that has
resulted in vastly diverging conjectures. For instance,
35 owing to extreme temporal heterogeneity, samples
tested for debris collected from the same coordinates
only days apart can yield immensely different
concentrations of plastic particles.
What adds to this is the virtually impossible task
40 of pinpointing and quantifying the origins of this
plastic flood. Since waste is constantly discharged into
the oceans, the size of the patch changes accordingly.
We do know the principal culprits are land-based
littering and illegal dumping, and we do know that
45 the relatively smaller contribution is generated on
CONTINUE ..
 vessels and platforms. Developing an accurate model
for these myriad, ever-shifting sources, though,
and putting concrete numbers on them remains a
formidable undertaking.

Passage2
50 Algalita, an organization founded and headed by
Charles J. Moore, has been at the forefront of research
on marine plastic pollution. Among other studies, it
is actively striving to reliably quantify the amount of
plastic pollution across our oceans.
55 In order to get a grip on the sheer mass of plastic
that has accumulated in our oceans worldwide,24
oceanic expeditions have been mounted over the
course of several years. Algalita's teams used neuston t
nets to conduct hundreds of tow sample collections.
60 Particles greater than 0.33 millimeters were collected
in towed nets to be sorted, categorized, analyzed and
recorded.
Another method employed were visual survey
transects of large plastic debris. This essentially
65 involved observers who would inspect the waters
up to20 meters off the side of the vessel over a set
amount of time. By limiting the distance and the
observation time, the teams could later determine the
exact area observed. The observers'job was to assign
10 the noted waste items to one of nine predetermined
categories of common debris items. Since the debris
could not be collected and weighed, this method at
least enabled the researchers to establish estimates
as to the mass of larger debris items within a given
75 parcel of water.
While all of this empirical data is crucial, it
does not take factors such as hydrodynamic forces ...
or fragmentation of plastic debris over time into
account. The researchers processed the data using
80 adjustments that took into account ocean currents
and wind stress to determine how many particles
might be forced downward from the surface and
thus escape sample collection. They also applied
conservative estimates of fragmentation rates to
85 determine the actual particle count of ocean waste.
These and numerous other adjustments resulted in a
model that gives us a pretty precise estimate on how
much plastic is polluting our seas-upwards of268
tons contained within more than 5 trillion particles.

1 Neuston is an umbrella term for organisms or particles that float

on the surface of or live right beneath the surface of water.

CONTINUE ..
"' The author of Passage 1 indicates that ocean gyres are
”륄
A commenter suggested that Algalita does not
ultimately caused by sufficiently comprehend the scope of research that
A) Earth's rotation. quantifying ocean pollution dictates.Which of the
following statements from Passage 2 most directly
B) calm spots in the sea.
contradicts this claim?
C) cloud patterns.
A) Lines 50-52 (''.Algalita ...pollution")
D) curling wind systems.
B) Lines 52-54 (''.Among ...oceans")
C) Lines 55-58 ("In order ...years")

廳; '
D) Lines 71-75 ("Since ...water")

"
The author indicates that the "altitude" in line 9
differs from the "altitude" in line 30 in that
A) the former implies much greater height than the
latter. The author of Passage 2 suggests that a disadvantage
of visual survey transects is that
B) the former is a natural effect while the latter is a
man-made phenomenon. A) an exact count of observed items is impossible.
C) the former is helpful in an endeavor while the B) predetermined categories often differ from actual
latter is of little consequence. debris.
D) the former represents a prerequisite while the C) there is a limit to the observable area.
latter presents an obstacle. D) this method is inherently imprecise.

廳;' ”륄
The author's use of the phrase "stumbled across" Passage 2 most strongly implies that the data
(line 23) mainly implies which of the following about compiled by way of neuston nets and visual survey
Captain Moore? transects alone
A) He was not a very capable navigator. A) is not truly representative of ocean conditions.
B) His discovery was not intentional. B) yields surprisingly accurate results.
C) He was dumbfounded by the amount of debris. C) defies claims that this kind of effort is futile.
D) His vessel had to navigate the garbage patch D) is only as good as the observers on the vessels.
carefully.

"' As used in line 46 and line 87, "model" most nearly

means
A) representation.
B) ideal.
C) miniature.
D) standard.
"월
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 64-67 ("This ...time")
B) Lines 76-79 ("While ...account")
C) Lines 79-81 ("The researchers ...stress")
D) Lines 87-89 ("a pretty ...particles")
"월
Which statement best describes the relationship
between the passages?
A) Passage 2 presents data that calls into question
a central claim made in Passage 1.
B) Passage 2 challenges the significance of the
phenomenon discussed in Passage 1.
C) Passage 2 offers concrete examples of a solution
advocated in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 places into historical context a
development presented in Passage 1.
”
The authors of both passages would most likely agree
with which of the following statements about plastic
polluting our oceans?
A) Attempting concrete, scientific measurements on it
is an impractical proposition.
B) We ought to allocate more resources on
quantifying it and finding its various origins.
C) It has been shown that research in this field is
viable given enough resources.
D) Attempts to gather reliable data on it involve
a variety of challenges.
四
How would the author of Passage 2 most likely
respond to the statement in lines 34-38, Passage 1?
A) Repeated measurements will result in reasonable
average values.
B) Such phenomena have been successfully taken
into account in other research.
C) This problem pales beside the complications
caused by plastic fragmentation.
D) This effect is hardly significant compared to the
slew of other data available.
Cl(l)Nl'INtJE"
 Questions 22-31 are based on the following
passages.
Passage 1 is adapted from Frank La Rue, "Report of the
Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the
Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression." ©2011 by
United Nations. Passage 2 is adapted from Vinton G. Cerf,
"Internet Access Is Not a Human Right." ©2012 by The New
York Times Company.

Passage 1
Unlike any other medium of communication,
such as radio, television and printed publications
based on one-way transmission of information, the
Line Internet represents a significant leap forward as an
5 interactive medium. By enabling individuals to
exchange information and ideas instantaneously and
inexpensively across national borders, the Internet
allows access to information and knowledge that was
previously unattainable. This, in turn, contributes to
10 the discovery of the truth and progress of society as a
whole.
Indeed, the Internet has become a key means by
which individuals can exercise their right to freedom
of opinion and expression, as guaranteed by
75 article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. The latter provides that:
(a) Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions
without interference;
20 (b) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of
expression; this right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all
kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in Writing
or in print, in the form of art, or through any other
25 media of his choice;
(c) The exercise of the rights provided for in
paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special
duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be
subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be
30 such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(d) for respect of the rights or reputations of
others;
(e) for the protection of national security or of
public order (ordre public), or of public health or
35 morals.
By explicitly providing that everyone has the right
to express him- or herself through any media, the
Special Rapporteur underscores that article 19 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
40 Covenant was drafted with foresight to include and
to accommodate future technological developments

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11 I"'
1I
through which individuals can exercise their right to In this context, engineers have not only a
freedom of expression. Hence, the framework of tremendous obligation to empower users, but also
international human rights law remains relevant an obligation to ensure the safety of users online.
45 today and equally applicable to new communication
technologies such as the Internet.
Passage2
Over the past few years, courts and parliaments in
countries like France and Estonia have pronounced
Internet access a human right.
50 But that argument, however well meaning, misses
a larger point: technology is an enabler of rights, not
a right itself.There is a high bar for something to be
considered a human right.Loosely put, it must be
among the things we as humans need in order to lead
55 healthy, meaningful lives, like freedom from torture
or freedom of conscience.It is a mistake to place any
particular technology in this exalted category, since
over time we will end up valuing the wrong things.
For example, at one time if you didn't have a horse it
60 was hard to make a living. But the important right in
that case was the right to make a living, not the right
to a horse.Today, if I were granted a right to have a
horse, I'm not sure where I would put it.
The best way to characterize human rights is to
65 identify the outcomes that we are trying to ensure.
These include critical freedoms like freedom of
speech and freedom of access to information-and
those are not necessarily bound to any particular
technology at any particular time.Indeed, even the
70 report by the United Nations' special rapporteur,
which was widely hailed as declaring Internet access
a human right, acknowledged that the Internet was
valuable as a means to an end, not as an end in itself.
What about the claim that Internet access is or
75 should be a civil right? The same reasoning above can
be applied here-Internet access is always just a tool
for obtaining something else more important­
though the arguf!lent that it is a civil right is, I
concede, a stronger one than that it is a human right.
80 Civil rights, after all, are different from human rights
because they are conferred upon us by law, not
intrinsic to us as human beings.
Yet all these philosophical arguments overlook a
more fundamental issue: the responsibility of
85 technology creators themselves to support human
and civil rights.The Internet has introduced an
enormously accessible and egalitarian platform for
creating, sharing and obtaining information on a
global scale.As a result, we have new ways to allow
90 people to exercise their human and civil rights.

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11 I"'
1I
In this context, engineers have not only a
tremendous obligation to empower users, but also
an obligation to ensure the safety of users online.

廳
The author of Passage 1 regards the Internet as a
medium of communication that is
A) invaluable, because it spurs the ongoing
development of international human rights laws.
B) underutilized, because it is rarely employed to
spread information about individuals'
guaranteed freedoms.
C) intriguing, because it requires a radically new
interpretation of existing legal frameworks.
D) beneficial, because it supports the overall
improvement of global society.

醫
Which choice provides the best evidence f<;>r the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 1-5 ("Unlike ...medium")
B) Lines 5-11 ("By enabling ...whole")
C) Lines 12-17 ("Indeed ...Rights")
D) Lines 43-46 ("Hence ...Internet")

” As used in line 17, "provides" most nearly means

A) supplies.
B) acquires.
C) states.
D) accepts.

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11
國 靈
Over the course ofPassage 2, the main focus
shifts from
A) an argument about how Internet access should
be categorized to an assertion ofthe
responsibilities oftechnology creators;
B) an explanation ofwhy access to the Internet has
been deemed a human right to a rejection of
claims that it is either a human or a civil right.
C) a discussion ofthe personal freedoms enabled by
Internet use to a warning about how the Internet
might be exploited to limit such freedoms.
D) a summary ofrecent developments in two
governments' approaches to technology and
human rights to a forecast oflikely future
m
developments.
“ As used in line 66, "critical" most nearly means
A) crucial.
B) instant.
C) demanding.
D) precise.
m
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.
Which potential objection to his argument does the
author ofPassage 2 address?
A) Technology creators have already demonstrated
their commitment to supporting rights on the
Internet.
B) People may be entitled to Internet access
according to a standard other than that of
human rights.
C) · France and Estonia are not the only countries to
proclaim Internet access a human right.
D) Most definitions ofhuman rights are too
subjective to be useful in determining whether or
not Internet access is a right.
Which choice provides· the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 53-56 ("Lo'osely ...conscience")
B) Lines 56-62 ("It is ... to a horse")
C) Lines 75-82 ("The same ...beings")
D) Lines 83-90 ("Yet ...rights")
Passage 1 and Passage 2 characterize the Internet as
A) a communications medium unlike any that has
come before it.
B) a tremendous opportunity for information
sharing.
C) a potential instrument ofrepression as well as
freedom.
D) an unrivaled source ofwisdom and insight.
CONTINUE
” "
 11
Questions 32-41 are based on the following
passage.
This passage is adapted from Robert T. Bakker, The Dinosaur
Heresies. ©1986 by Robert T. Bakker. "Duckbill dinosaurs" is a
term that encompasses several species of herbivorous
dinosaurs.

Duckbill dinosaurs did not display the deadly

cranial armature worn by Triceratops, a large,
three-horned herbivorous dinosaur. Nonetheless the
Line duckbill group enjoyed an extraordinary
5 evolutionary flourish of head ornaments and
adaptations in the final days of the Cretaceous, a
geologic period following the Jurassic. The term
"duckbill" is a biomechanical misnomer. True, the
duckbill dinosaurs did have wide, flattened beaks,
10 which at a distance vaguely resembled that of a
mallard. However, the edges of their beak were
turned down into a sharp, cookie-cutter edge,
sheathed in life by a self-sharpening horn. The entire
apparatus was a leaf-cropping adaptation for slicing
15 off mouthfuls of tough fodder in a single bite.
Duckbill teeth were one of the true marvels of
mastication, cited everywhere in texts on dental
evolution. Instead of one single row of teeth along
each jawline, the duckbill had multiple rows, which
20 combined to make a leaf-shredding surface
equivalent in function to an ever-sharp carrot grater.
No evolutionary device has ever evolved to masticate
tough plant fiber more effectively than the dental
shredder of the duckbills.
25 Although the feeding devices of the duckbills have
provoked no end of wonder among paleontologists
since the first duckbill was excavated in the
phosphate fertilizer mines of New Jersey
in the 1850s, it is the array of duckbill head
30 ornamentation that stirs up the most puzzlement and
debate. The common Lance Creek duckbill,
Edmontosaurus, seems built to a no-nonsense,
practical design. Its skull houses the beak, teeth, jaw
muscles, and sense organs. But close relatives from
35 Alberta and New Mexico show no such restraint in
the headgear: Parasaurolophus carried a
double-hollow bony tube like a trombone slide on
the back of its skull; Saurolophus had a solid bony
spike in the same position; Hypacrosaurus sported a
40 thin-shelled bony crest rising high above the full
length of its forehead and skull table.
This cranial exuberance at first glance reminds
one of all the head appendages some families of birds
employ to show off in premating rituals, such as the

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11 ti
45 combs of roosters, the domed foreheads of some
species of geese, the crests of cassowaries. And
perhaps here the first impression is the correct one.
Sex and premating ritual are parts of the basic
evolutionary game: genes that produce adaptations
50 which succeed in increasing their representation in
the next generation are the genes that survive. The
genes of the dinosaurs must have played by the same
statistical rule. If a garish head crest and some
accompanying behavior, such as a strutting
55 head-bobbing walk, made the male Parasaurolophus
more attractive to the female and more intimidating
to his rivals, then eventually the genes responsible for
this equipment and its use would be fixed in the
species. For most of this century, American
60 paleontologists avoided sexual interpretations of
dinosaur structures.
The European contemporaries of
American scientists weren't so prudish. The
Swedish paleontologist Carl Wiman hired an
65 American dinosaur hunter, Charles Sternberg, to
quarry and crate duckbills from New Mexico and
horned dinosaurs for the Swedish Museum at
Uppsala. Sternberg sent a magnificent
Parasaurolophus to Wiman, who noticed that the
10 double-hollow tube of the crest was simply a
U-shaped elaboration of the air tract from its nostril
to its windpipe. Wiman was a broadly educated
naturalist, well aware of the multitudinous ways in
which modern species of bird, frog, and mammal
75 attract their mates by making noise-hooting,
gurgling, chirping, and bellowing. So what was
Wiman to think of the U-tube in the duckbill's air
passages? It looked like a trombone, it was a
trombone! If the duckbill inhaled or exhaled with
80 force, the U-tube would be a resonating chamber,
enriching the tone and amplifying the noise.
Hollow crests in other duckbills also connected the
throat to nostrils, and the variety of crest shapes from
species to species would certainly produce a variety
85 of sounds specific to that species.

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11 ti
國
The passage as a whole is best described as
A) a sustained argument.
B) a philosophical analysis.
CJ an informative overview.
D) a chronological history.

" Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from a discussion of
A) commonalities between duckbills and
Triceratops to a discussion of features exclusive
to duckbills.
B) the discovery of duckbill fossils to a discussion of
theories about duckbill genetics.
CJ anatomical differences among duckbills to a
discussion of behavioral differences among
duckbills.
D duckbill feeding devices to a discussion of the
variety and possible uses of duckbill head
ornamentation.

國,
As used in line 16, "true" most nearly means
A) typical.
B) genuine.
C) steadfast.
D) accurate.

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11 ti
醫
The author uses the words "at first glance" (line 42)
”
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
and "perhaps" (line 47) primarily to answer to the previous question?
A) create an indecisive tone that reflects the A) Lines 25-31 ("Although ...debate")
uncertainty described throughout the paragraph. B) Lines 53-59 ("If ...species")
B) acknowledge the seeming plausibility of a claim C) Lines 62-63 ("The ...prudish")
that is refuted later in the paragraph.
D) Lines 79-81 ("If ...noise")
C) indicate the initially tentative nature of a view
that is supported later in the paragraph.
D) emphasize an absence of evidence that invites
the speculations offered throughout the
m
The author most strongly suggests that,
paragraph.

”
compared with European paleontologists,
American paleontologists tended to be more
A) influenced by propriety.
Which statement best describes the reasoning the B) reluctant to collaborate.
author employs in the third paragraph (lines 42-61)? C) insecure about their findings.
A) The author explains a behavioral trait unique to D) theoretical in their thinking.
duckbills by drawing an analogy with a
behavioral trait unique to birds.
B) The author accounts for the presence of certain
attributes in duckbills by appealing to a general
biological principle.
C) The author refutes a theory about the purpose of
particular features in duckbills by proving that
the theory rests on a false assumption.
D) The author shows that an argument about a
single duckbill species applies to all duckbill
species.

國
Which choice best states a central idea of the
passage?
A) The function of duckbills' head ornamentation
was likely defensive.
B) Some cranial characteristics of duckbills may
have been linked to duckbill mating activities.
C) Scientists have failed to reach a consensus about
the significance of duckbills' unusual teeth.
D) American and European paleontologists have
irreconcilable theories about the likely mating
rituals of duckbills.

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m
It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage
"＇
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
that duckbills would have been able to answer to the previous question?
A) mate with duckbills of species other than their A) Lines 34-41 ("But ...table")
own and produce fertile offspring. B) Lines 42-46 ("This ... cassowaries")
B) adapt to a much wider variety of ecosystems than C) Lines 48-51 ("Sex ...survive")
other groups of dinosaurs could.
D) Lines 82-85 ("Hollow ...species")
C) use their cranial ornamentation to fend off rivals
physically during the competition for mates.
D) distinguish sounds made by members of their
species from sounds made by other duckbill
species.

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1, ,I
Questions 42-52 are based on the following painted as caricatures of the nonmimetic and
passage. palatable yellow and black form of the tiger
This passage is adapted from Gibert Waldauer, How Not swallowtail and others weighted with approximately
to Be Eaten, The insects Fight Back. © 2012 by Gibert so equal amounts of black paint, which did not alter
Waldauer. their resemblance to the unpalatable pipevine
Over a period of years, Lincoln Brower and his swallowtail, were released in a woodland, in the
colleagues did a series of experiments in Trinidad, center of a mile-wide circle of seven traps baited with
releasing and recapturing male promethea moth female prometheas. The recaptured moths, more
Line painted to resemble a colourful toxic butterfly that is 55 than 40 percent of the 436 released, had run the
s common on Trinidad and mimicked by some gauntlet of more that sixty species of nesting birds -
nontoxic butterflies. Their presumably all of which capture at least some flying insects - for,
nonaposematic (lacking color markings that repel at the very least, half a mile, the radius of the circle of
predators) controls were promethea males with black traps.
paint brushed on their black wings. This did not 60 Our results leave no doubt that the moths
10 change their appearance, but it was a control for any resembling pipevine swallowtails were much more
possible effect on the moth of painting the likely to survive than those resembling nonmimetic
wings. The Brower group ultimately concluded that tiger swallowtails. We recaptured close to 30 percent
their experiments had not constituted a convincing of those that resembled the black pipevine
demonstration of mimetic advantage, because the 65 swallowtail but less that 13 percent of those that
75 artificial mimics and the presumed controls were resembled the yellow-patterned tiger swallowtail, a
usually recaptured in equal numbers, which ratio of well over two to one. Furthermore, all of the
indicated that they were equally likely to be captured recaptured yellow-painted but only 30 percent of the
by a predator. L. M. Cook, Brower, and John Alcock recaptured black-painted moths had wing injuries
said, "Taking all the evidence over the four years 10 attributable to attacks by birds.
20 there is no significant advantage to either mimic or
control moths ...and perhaps it should be concluded
that under wild conditions no clear selective
differential can be demonstrated with the promethea
moth mimicry system".
25 Jim Sternburg and I reinterpreted the results of
the Brower group's experiments, making what we
think is a persuasive case that they did not reveal a
mimetic advantage because their presumed controls,
black-painted promethea males, were actually
30 mimics of three toxic Trinidadian butterflies related
and similar in appearance to the pipevine
swallowtail. One of them, the polydamus swallowtail,
also occurs in the southern United States, where it
coexists with promethea. Consequently, the Brower
35 group had compared two different mimics, each
apparently protected to approximately the same
degree by its resemblance to a different toxic
butterfly. In their first publication on the promethea
system, Brower and his colleagues had themselves
40 pointed out that the male promethea may be a mimic
of the pipevine swallowtail.
Adopting the Brower grou먀 promethea release­
and-recapture system, the graduate student Michael
Jeffords, Sternburg, and I successfully demonstrated

-
45 mimetic advantage in the pipevine swallowtail
complex in central Illinois. Equal numbers of moths
1,
m m
Based on the passage, Brower and his colleagues
applied black paint to the wings of certain male
promethea moths in order to
A) rule out the potential objection that the sample
evaluated in the study was not representative of
the population being studied
B) ensure that the study's results were not
influenced by a factor irrelevant to the question
the study was intended to answer.
C) guarantee that the researchers could quickly
identify which of the two groups being studied
any individual belonged to.
D) determine whether the findings of the study
could be extrapolated to other conditions than
those used in the study.
,I
Which choice best supports the idea that the author
thinks that Brower and his colleagues had
information that could have helped them address a
potential flaw in their experiment?
A) Lines 1-6 ("Over ...butterflies")
B) Lines 6-9 ("Their…wings")
C) Lines 25-32 ("Jim ...pipevine swallowtail")
D) Lines 38-41 ("In their…swallowtail")
”
As used in line 27, "reveal" most nearly means
A) proclaim.
B) inform.
C) acknowledge.

m D) demonstrate.

Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts

from a discussion of

A) an experiment whose results appear to cast

doubt on a hyp othesis to a description of a
more recent experiment that supports it.
B) a method used by some scientists for testing a
hyp othesis to an explanation of why that
method led to results the scientists regarded as
inconclusive.
C) an assumption that guided past research to a
summary of recent experimental data that
undermine that assumption.
D) a study that suggested that a particular
phenomenon was restricted to one region to a
discussion of a later study that showed the
phenomenon to be widespread.

-
1, ,I
m m
Based on the passage, the author would likely agree One important function of the sentences in lines
with which statement about the black-painted moths 54-59 ("The recaptured ...traps") is to
in the experiment conducted by Brower and his
colleagues? A) describes the difference recapture rates for the
two groups of moths in the author's study.
A) They would have been recaptured as frequently
B) underscore the similarity between the habitat
as the artificial mimics if they had been
used in the author's study and the moth's natural
painted any color other than black.
habitat.
B) They would have been recaptured at a lower
C) emphasize the extent of the predation risk
rate if they had been painted a color that was
experienced by the moths in the author's study.
not shared by a local toxic butterfly.
D) explain why the proportion of moths recaptured
C) They were recaptured in comparable numbers
during the author's study was lower than expected

”
to the artificial mimics because they were more
numerous to begin with.
D) They were recaptured at a misleadingly low
rate because they closely resembled three toxic As described in the passage, the results of the author's

"
butterflies found in the area. experiment best support which claim about predatory
birds in the pipevine swallowtail complex?

A) They tend to behave as if mimetic moths are

Which choice provides the best evidence for the . unpalatable.
answer to the previous question?
B) They exclusively prey on nonmimetic moths.
A) Lines 9-12 ("This ...wings") C) They can distinguish natural mimetic moths from
artificial ones.
B) Lines 18-24 ("L. M. Cook ...mine")
D) They do not typically encounter m血etic moths.
C) Lines 32-34 ("One of…promethea")
D) Lines 34-38 ("Consequently ...butterfly")

m
As used in line 42, "adopting" most nearly means

A) endorsing.
B) absorbing.

C) employing.
D) fostering.
1,
國 區
According to figure 1, in which year did researchers
recapture the greatest percentage of both mimic
moths and control moths?
,I
Taken together, the passage and figure 2 most
clearly support which statement about the wing
injuries suffered by recaptured promethea moths?

A) 1964 A) Injuries greater than 1.00 square centimetre

were probably caused by birds.
B) 1965
B) Injuries to black-painted moths could not have
C) 1966
been caused by birds.
D) 1967
C) Injuries were rarely fatal unless they exceeded
1.00 square centimetre.
D) Injuries varied in location depending on the
color of the moth.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.
will respond with the same call, thus establishing the IDI
II!J dolphins' relative locations. The Saint Andrews team A) NOCHANGE
theorizes that this behavior allows the dolphins to B) dolphin's relative locations.

coordinate movements and keep track o( one another. -q dolphins' relative location's.
- D) dolphins relative location's.
It is not known how many ofthese signature whistles
a dolphin can m remember and use, but research has m
shown that individuals do IJJ hang on to signature
A) NOCHANGE
whistles in long-term memory. Jason Bruck 1 a researcher B) remember and use, but,
at the University ofChicago, has confirmed captive - C) remember and use but,
D) remember, and use but,
dolphins' ability to recognize the signature whistles, or

ID
"names," offamiliar dolphins. Bruck performed a
controlled experiment that involved playing other
A) NOCHANGE
dolphins' signature whistles over a speaker in a target
B) retain
dolphin's enclosure. He found that the dolphins C) stash away
responded to the signature calls ofknown D) put away
individuals-even former pod mates last seen twenty
years earlier-and largely ignored those ofunknown ID
individuals. IIJ Bruck's study provides an illuminating The writer wants to describe the results ofthe
research discussed in this paragraph in a way that
means ofcomparing the function oflong-term memory reflects the main idea ofthe passage. Which choice
best accomplishes this goal?
in humans and dolphins.
A) NOCHANGE
B) Bottlenose dolphins thus join the wide range of
animals that use vocalizations to communicate
with one another.
- C) Although these abilities are impressive,
researchers recognize that the whistles of
bottlenose dolphins cannot perform many ofthe
functions ofhuman language.
- D) This result suggests that bottlenose dolphins can
distinguish and remember the "names" of
acquaintances for long periods oftime.

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12
the Middle East. Young people from different cultures are • Ill
invited to spend two weeks together in the United States A) NOCHANGE
in an intense session known as a "Life Raft." Giving up B) together in surroundings that are unfamiliar and
C) in surroundings that are unfamiliar and
their cell phones and their privacy, participants
D) in surroundings
cohabitate Im together in surroundings foreign to all and
engage in trust-building activities. Another
Im organization, the International Writing Program at
ID
A) NOCHANGE
the University of Iowa offers writers from around the B) organization, the International Writing Program
at the University of Iowa,
world a three-month residency in which to share not only
C) organization: the International Writing Program
stories and poems II!J as well as the experience of at the University of Iowa,
m getting to know
-
navigating a new environment. By D) organization, the International Writing Program
(at the University oflowa)
their peers in an unfamiliar setting, participants in both
programs have the rare opportunity to reevaluate-and
perhaps even modify-their cultural perceptions.
A) NOCHANGE
B) but also
C) in addition to
D) but also share

Ill
Which choice most effectively links the information
in the previous sentence with the information that
follows?
A) NOCHANGE
B) living with their adversaries for three months,
C) freeing people from a dependence on
technology,
D) reading each other's work,

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 29 CONTINUE