5-9

Pharmaceutics-1

Pharmaceutical Calculatin. armaceutical lculatioms

5-8 and is used regardless by whether water or another
Pharmaceutrics-I

except at
the end
d olvent or vehicle and is liquid is the
following
SI symbols ofa expressed as % wv.

P e r i o d is
not used h Percent volume in volume : (v/v)
: Expresses the number of
4 mL
and 4 g. milkliters of a constituent in 100 mL of
sentence
and 4g,
not a solutiorn or
liquid
Examples
:4 mL
quotient
of two inits
uni preparation, expressed as % v/v.
or
is ratio
A compound
unit that
negative
exponent. a Percent weight in weight (w/w) :
Expresses the number of
or a
solidus () hour. grams of a constituent in 100 g of solution
indicated by a
not 5 mL per or prepa tion,
Examples:5
mL/h or 5 mL h , terms in expressed as % w/w.
combined
with spelled-out n the
should not
be Percentage welght by volume problems
Symbols
same expression. mg/milliliter. aHow many grame of dextroee are required to prepare 4000 m
not 3
3mg/mL, of a 5 sokrtion.
Examples added
when spelled out, have an

Plurals of unit names,

in singular and plurai
Ans.
the same
units, however are 5 g in 100 mL
Symbols for mLs.
Examples :5
milliliters or 5 mL, not 5 How much in 4000 mL?
mcg (often
used in pharma
Two symbols exist for microgram: 100mL 5g
practice) and ug (SI). 4000 mL x
meter is ms; for cubic centimeter, cm 4000x 5
The symbol for square X
cm* is considered equivalent 100
and forth. In pharmacy practice,
so
for cubic centimeter, is
not an 200g
to milliliter. The symbol c,

accepted SI symbol. should be uned in

b) How many grame of potassium pemanganate
compounding the following prescription ?
Decimal fractions are used, not common fractions. Ans.: Rx
Examples: 5.25 g not 548 Potassium Permanganate 0.02%
A should be placed in front ofa leading point t:
decimal
zero
Purified water ad 250 ml
prevent medication errors caused by uncertain decimal points
0.02 % means 0.02 g in 100 mL solution
Example: 0.5 g not 5 g.
100 mL >0.02 g
5.3 Percentage Preparations How in 250 mL?
The percentage concentrations of active and inactive constitutents X
250x0.0=0.05 g
100
in various types of pharmaceutical preparations are definea f B0
solution of urea

le the percentage strength (wv) of

follows by the USP. What
mL containe 12 .
a) Percent weight
in volume (w/v) : er o Ans.: 80 mL contains 12 8
Expresses the numoe
grams of constituent in 100 mL of solution
ration

or liquid prepara

TCA PHARMA
 Pharmaceutical Calu
Pharmacrstics I
5-10
Culat Pharmaceutics-1
5-11 Pharmaceutical Caleulations
grams ?
How many Percent welght In welgh problems
contain
will
mL
100
0 mL 128 How many grame of phenol ehould be used to prepare 240 of
(w/w) solution in water.
Ans.:5%% w/w means 5g in 100 g solution
100ml 8
x

100x12 15 8 5 g 100g solution

80
problems How many g of phenol for 240 g solution ?
volume
volume in
Percentage
peppermint oil
100g 5 8
a)Peppermint ophrt containe
10%
contain 75
mL of peppermint oll Wwha 240 gxg
volume of the
spirit will
Ans.: 10 % v/v means
240x
100
12 g
mL
10 mL in 100 from 2 s
mL ? what weight of a 5% (w/w) Solution can be prepared
so 75 mL in How many ctive ingredient

10 mL 1 0 ml
Ans.:5 g can prepare 100 g solution
. 2g can prepare ?g solution
75 ml x mL
5g 100 g
100x75 150 mL
10 2gx g8
of solution of 800a
b)What e the percentage strength vv
of 0.800 in enough water to maBe
2x100
5
40 8
Hquld wth epecific grevity
4000 mL ? to coatain not lese than 90
800 g of liquid into mL as % v/v is asked Tbuprogen tablets are permitted
of labelled amount
Ans.: First convert
pot more than 110 % ?
range in content of
the drug
What could be the permiesible
0.8 specific gravity means, Ans.: 90 % of 200 mg - 180 mg
I mL 0.8 g 110 % of 200 mg - 220 mg
800 g ? mL
Range =180 mg to 220 mg
0.89 1 mL
800 g x mL 5.4:Alligaton
that
800 1000 mL arithmetical method of solving problems
Alligation is an
0.8 solutions or mixtures of sohds possessing
involves the mixing of
1000 mL liquid present in 4000 mL solution different percentage strengths.
4000 mL solution contains 1000 mL
liquid Alligation method problems
100mL solution will contain ? should alcohol of
95 and 50 strength
100x 1000 n what proportlon
?
alcohol
25 % v/ bmred to make 70
4000

IfA PHARMA
 harmavhal Calos
-2 harmaceides-1
S-13

Ans.
The two loots
containing
more (50 %%
Pharmaceutica Calculations
AA desired
less (5
ercentage
percentage may be may
than desired percentage
and 20
eparately
linked to the lot%) than the
higher strength this is
parts
Suerat requind strength
fmon ut
containing
50 %
to be u d
kw stngths 5
tmom higher strength this is
parts ot
parts of 50 %
ointment
20 %
Suberat mpaired strerngth 10 %
5
to e ud parts of 20 %
ointment
ger strengths 5 %
10+40 50
it cam be wrihen as parts of 5 % ointment
O ie. 1: 1: 10
parts of 50 o, 20 % and
:5 5%
Parts of 95 % akcoho
to be mixed. ointment has
militers of 50 % w/v
igher Minus How meany
lttere of 5% w/v
dextroee
10 % wv solutlon.
dextrose solution and how
solutlon are
requred to prepare
500 mL of a
Required Ans.

25 Parts of 50 *% alcohol
50 5 Parts of 50 %solution
Ower
10 %

20 parts ot 95 % alcohol mixed with 25 parts of 50 % alcohol 40 Parts of 5 %solution

Ans:4 5 parts of 95 % and 50 % alcohol.
benzocaine ointment to be
Relative amount 5:40 or 1:8 with
b) hould 20
proportion
mined nointmnent bese to produce a 2.5 bensocaine 1+89 total parts
ointment ?
9 parts = 4500 mL
Ans.:
I part= 500 mL
20 25 Parts of 20 % ointment (So 500 mL of 50 % solution)
2.5 % 4500 mL
9 parts
8 parts = 4000 mL
0 17.5 Parts of ointment base
(400 mL of 5% solution)
2.5: 17.5 or 1: 7 of 20 % ointment and ointment base to be be added to 3200g of
How many grame of zinc oxide should
mixed.
zinc oxdde olntment to prepare an ointment containing 20
of zinc oxide.
Note: here ointment base has to be considered to contain 0 % drug Ans.
c)A hoeptal pharmaciet wants
ontment containing 50 3, 20
to uee three lots of Zinc Oxde
and 5 . m what proportion Relative amounts 15:80 or 3:16
should they be mixed to prepare a 10 % zinc oxdde ointment ?
16 parts =
3200 g

TCA
 Pharmaceutical Caleulation Pharmaceutics-1 5-15
Pharmaceutical Calculations
5-14

Important note
Pharmacestics-I

15 Parts of
100 % zinc oxide number of wine gallons of alcohol of specified
culate
Toent
To strength
a
given number of proof gallons observe the
uivalent to
to
100%
following.

20% ointment Proof gallons x 50%)

%
Parts of 5
80 Wine gallons Percentage strength of solution
5%
Problem

3 parts X8 y wine gallons of 20 % vv alcohol would be the

)H
of 20 proof gallons?
x 6008 equvalk

Calculations Ans.

5.5: ProofSplrlt
Firot method

1 proof gallon= 1 Wine gallon of 50% vv strength

Importantnote: in x 50%
20 (Proofgallons)
contained a given
the number of proof gallons =
50 Wine gallons
To calculate observe the followino 20%
alcohol of specified strength,
quantity of
calculated by the formula Second Method
because a proof gallon is of solution
Wine gallon x percentage strength 20 % v/v= 40 proof
Proofgallon 50 (%)
200(Proof gallons)x i00 (proot) - 50 Wine gallons
the formula can be 40 (proof)
is twice percentage,
Since, the proof strength
Wine gallonxProof strengh
of the solution
Proofgallon on alcohol le quoted as Rs. 13.50 per proof gallon,
100 (Proof) b) The tax
much would be caleulated 10 wine gallone of alcohol
bow tax on

marked 190 proof ?

Problem
Ans.
1. How many Proof gallons are in 5 wine gallons of 75% v/v 10 Wine gallansx 190FTOOI= 19 Proof gallons
alcohol 100 (Proof)
Ans.
19 (Proof gallons) x 13.5 =
256.5 Rs.
Firat method
Proof gallon = 1 Wine gallon of 50 % v/v strength.
5.6: Isotonicity Adjustment
5 (Wine
gallons)x 75 (%) =7.5 Proof gallons osmotic pressure to
50 %
Isotonicity means the preparation having same

Second method that of blood or lacrymal secretions.

75 % vv 150 proof membrane from
When asolvent passes through a semipermeable
5(Wine gallons)x1 50 (Proof) which results in
.5 Proof a dilute solution into a more concentrated one,
100 (Proof) gallons is called as
equal concentration on each side, the phenomenon

TCA PMARMA) TCA PHARMA)

 Pharmaceuics-1 5-17
Pharmaceutics - I 5-16 Pharmacewtical Calculations
to make 30 mL of solution,
Pharmac
naceutical alculations
Thus, t o m a k e

osmosis. The pressure responsible for this phenomenon is called 1% 0.3 g 300 mg dibucaine
osmotic pressure. 30
mL

0.76%
-
.228
0.228
g 228 mg
sodium
hydrochloride -
Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure termed as are 30mL chloride,
"Isosmotic'. Many solutions intended to be mixed with
body Note:
When a prescription call for more
than one
fluids are designed to have the same osmotic pressure for greater pharmaceu ingredien the sum of
the
medicinal and/or
comfort, efficiency and safety. acted from the required value
in freezing points
Solutions of lower osmotic pressure than that of a body fluid are wering
required by the determining
agent used the to
provide isotonicity
is

additonal
alculate thhe amount of sodium
hypotonic, whereas those having a higher osmotic pressure are
b) olutlon isotonic. chloride requlred to make 5%
hypertonic. d e x t r o s e

P. of 1% dextroee = -0.091 c
1 % sodlum chlorlde -0.576 C.
1) Freezing Point Method F
Ans. :
The freezing point of blood and other body fluids is -0.52C. The
preparation containing drug and additives must have equal
Freezing point of drug solution =5 x -

0.091 C= -

0.455 C
0.52-0.4550.065
freezing point. Thus, 0.576 0.576
F.P. of body fluid - F.P.of drug solution ofa particularstrength = 0.1128%

F.P. of tonicity adjusting agent

. Hence, 0.1128% sodium chloride is required to make 5% dextrose
Examples for Calculatione by Ueing Freezing Point Data. solution isotonic.
a) How many mllligrame each of sodium chlorlde and dibucaine
hydrochloride are requlred to prepare 30 mL of a 1% solution of Eind the concentration of NaCl required to make 1.5% solution
dibucaine Hydrochloride with tears ? of Cocaine HCI isomotdc with blood plasma.
Ans.: F. P. of 1% w/v solution of cocoain hydrochloride = - 0.6 C.
Ans.: F. P. of 1% Sodium Chloride = -0.576C
To make this solution isotonic, the be lowered
freezing point must
to 0.52. From Table 11.2, it is determined that a 1% solution of EP. of 1.5% Cocaine HCl = 1.5 x 0.9C: - 1.35 Cc

F.P. of body fluid -F.P.of drug solution ofa particular strength

dibucaine hydrochloride has a freezing point lowering of 0.08 °C Thus,
Thus, sufficient sodium chloride must be added to lower the F.P. of tonicity adjusting agent
freezing point an additional 0.44° (0.52 0.08°)
0.52-1.35=
0.576
14409%
Also From Table 11.2, it is determined that a 1% solution of
sodium chloride lowers the freezing point by 0.58. Hence, 1.4409% sodium chloride is required to make 1.5% cocaine

HCL solution isotonic with blood plasma.

By proportion:
1%(NaCl)_a58° leotonicty
sodium chlonide
x % (NaCI) 0440 10
calculate the "equivalent tonic effect" to
its welgnt
multiply
x 0.76 % (the concentration of sodium chloride needed to lower Eented by an ingredient in a preparation,
the freezing point by 0.44, required to make the solution isotonic) byits E value:
 Pharmaceutical Caleulation Phamaceutics - I
5-19 Pharmaceutical Calculations
5-18
-

chlorida
sodium
Pharmaceudcs-I

tonic
etfect
to Calculate the sodium chloride equivalent for glycerin, a
equivalent
and
ensure the
the antity
witha molecular
8xE
value
-
g.
isotonic,
c a l c u l a t e

tonic effect of
of all other non-electrolyte weight of 92.
equivalent
i factor
solution -
1.0
To make a
and/ or
the p r e p a r a t i o n : Glycerin,
chloride the
sodium
0.9%
w/v in 18 92 0.35,
total 0.9% m/v
ingredients
to
(NaCl
tonicequivalents

x 100
g
(NaC)+g
mL (preparation)
Calculate the sodium chloride equivalent for timolol maleate, which
add stuce.
into two 1ons and has
from a drug
substance,
dissociates a molecular weight of 432.
solution
isotonic

To make
an
Timolol maleate, i factor =
1.8

water by the equation;

x
Evalue (drug
1u Substance)
substance)
mL water SA 432 0.14,
substance)

g (drug 0.009 18
volume with isot
sotonic Problems for Sample Calculation of Tonicity Agent Required
made to any
then be
This solution may m a i n t a i n its
isotonicity. sodium chloride
of should be used in
solution to a)How many grame
chloride the following prescription?
sodium
equation, given the compounding
from the
same

canbe derived Pilocarpine Nitrate 0.3 g

The E value of water required to Rx.
the m i l l i i t e r s
substance and
grams of drug Sodium Chloride q.s.
isotonic solution.
make an
Method Purified Water ad 30 ml
2 Sodium Chloride Equivalent method for calculation of
chloride equlvalent Make isoton. sol.
a . W h a t le sodium
teotonicity ?
these many gms of NaCI Sig. For the eye.
Ans.: 1 gm of substance > represents
The sodium chloride equivalent of a substance may be calculated Step 1 0.23 * 0.3 g 0.069 g of sodium chloride represented by
the pilocarpine nitrate.
as follows
Step 2: 30 x 0.009-0.270 g of sodi m chloride in 30 ml of an
Sodium chloride equivalent
Molecular weight of NaCl i factor of the substance isotonic sodium chloride solution.

i factor of NaCI Molecular weight of substances

Step 3:
Examples based on caleulations of Sodium Chloride Equivalent
method 0.270 g (from Step 2)
for calculation of isotonicity:
Papaverine Hydrochloride (M. : 376) is a 2-ion electrolyte
-

0.062 g (from step 1)

deeclating 80% In a given concentration. Calculate ite sodlum
chloride equlvalent. 0.201 g of sodium chloride to be used,
Ans.: Since, papaverine
hydrochloride is a 2-ion electrolyte,
dissociating 80%, its factor is 1.8.
58.5 1.8 0.156, or -

1.8 376* 0.16

or 0.16

TCA HARMA)
TCA PHARMA
 PharmevwNosl Calolati.
Pharmacewtlcs-1 6-21 Pharmaceutieal Calealatio
unding mey me of potasatumntrete conld b ed
Pharm ng preecription teotonte

Rx.
Sol. Silver Nitrate
macaine H v d r n h k i d e
1:500 w/v
Make isoton. sol.
Ciradutand

Sig. For eye use.

Bonc Acd
60
Punsed Water ad contains 0.12 g of silver nitrate
The prescription
Make iscec sol Ans.:
Hydrochlorido
One drop in each eye 0.6 g of
Phenacaine
Step 1
Sig calls for
As: The prescription
chiorobutanol 0.33x 0.12 g0.04 g
of sodium chloride represented by lver
and 03 g of
nitrate

Step 1 by Phenacaine
chloride represented Step 2:
020 0 . 6 g -0120 g of sodium 60 ml of
Hydrochioride represented by 60x 0.009 0.54g of sodium chloride in an sotonac

chloride sodium chloride solution

of sodium
024 0.3 g 0.0Z2 g
Chiorobutanoi.
chloride represented by both ingredients. Step 3
Total: 0192 g of sodium 0.54 g (from step 2)
Step 2: 0.04 8 (from step 1)
isotonic
chloride in 60 mL of an
0.540 g of sodium make solubon
60 0.009 0.50 g of sodium chloride required to
sodium chloride solution.
isotonic
Step 3 0.540 g (From Step 2) incompatibie with
Because, in this solution, sodium chloride
is
nitrate.
0.192 g (from Step 1) silver nitrate, the tonic agent of choice is potassium
make the
0.348g of sodium chloride required to Therefore,
solution isotonic
But because the prescription calls for boric acid
Step 4:
nitrate)
0.50 g 0.58 (sodium chloride equivalent of potassium
Step 4:
0.86 g of potassium nitrate to be used.
0.348 g 0.52 (sodium
chloride equivalent of boric acid) -
0.669 8
of sodium chlorlde ahould be
of boric acid to be used. How manythegame preecription ?
compounding following

TCA MARMA)
ICA rMARMA
 Pharmaceutical Lculations Pharmaceutics-1
5-23
Pharmaceutical Calculations
5-22
Pharmaceutics-I
f a oyrup cont ntaining 65%
of its volume, what
contain ?
will t percentage (wv)
sucrose
Rx 0.5
Any convinient amount of syrup for example 100 mL, may
Ingredient X in the calculation.
be used
Sodium Chloride q.s. e evaporate 100 mL of the syrup to 85% of its volume, are will
we e
have 85 mL.
Water ad 50
Purified
85 mL 65 %
Make isoton sol. x%
100 mL
substanco
Sig. Eye drops X is a
new
for x 76.4 % or 76 %
that ingredient in Table 111
111
tound
is to be
assume

Let us for stock solutions

Ans.:
sodium
chloride equivalents
its i factor is 2.4, TH
The Calculetdons
which no is 295 and
molecular weight be calculated
its X may as
and that of ingredient How many mililfterm of a 1:400 wv stock solution should be
sodium
chloride equivalent k e 4 lters of L 1:2000 w/v solution.
follows
chloride equivalent
for ingredient X ABs.4 liters
=
4000 mL
026, the sodium
A 1:400 = 0.25 %

Then, 1:2000= 0.05 %

chloride represented for
1: 026 x 0.5 g 0.13 g of sodium 0.25 (%) 4000 (mL)
Step
0.05 (%) x (mL)
ingredient X
chloride in 50 mL of an
2: 50 0.009 0.45 g sodium of x = 800 mL
Step
isotonic sodium chloride solution. OR

Step 3 045 g (from step 2) V400 4000 (mL)

0.13 g (from step 1) 2000 x (mL)
0.32 g of sodium chloride to be used. x = 800 mL

Calculations for Dilution and Concentration of Liquids OR

4000 mL of a 1:2000 W/V solution requires 2 g of active
a) If 500 ml of a 15% v/v solution are diluted to 1500 mL, what
will be the percentage strength (v/v) ? constituent (solute) thus,
Ans.
1(8) 400 (mL)
9,Quantity x G(Concentration) Q, (Quantity)xC, (Concentration) 2 (8) x (mL)
S00 (mLx15 (%) =
500 (mL) x x% x = 800 mL
x 5 %
Dilution of Alcohol
OR
1500(m) 15) How much water should be mlxed with 500 ml of 85%
wv
500 (mL) x (%) alcohol?
x 5%

TCA
PHARMA TCA PHARMA
 Pharmaceutical Calculas
lations
5-24 Pharmaceutics- 1 5-25 Pharmaceutical Caleulations
eraac-I
5000(mL)
2 5 mL 50 8
50(6) x (mL)
50 mL Aas:e
AB356) and enough
x 8500mL sw
v/v alcohol
alcohol wa To the nearest whole number of grams, what is the
85%
of mL be dissolved in 100 mL
use
5000
ml
to
make
8500
pimum amount of
max
a solute which can

35000 mL) of the solute in water is 1 in 7?

Therefore,

5000mL with
Answer3 of water if the solubility
(8500
Questdons b 10 g
Multiple
Cholce
78
milligrams
?
C148 d15g
0.05 g in Ans.: c
What is b 5 mg 17 8
0.5 mg d500mng You are required to make 350 g of a dusting powder
c 50 mg [Ams.:c according to the following
formula:
e 5,000 mg
millilitres? Ingredient A: 6 parts
litres in
What is 50 b 5,000 ml B: 6 parts
Q2 Ingredient
15 parts
a 500 mL
d500,000 ml Ingredient C: upto
C in the final preparation?
What is the weight of Ingredient
50,000 mL
C
[Ans.:c
5,000,.000 ml b 70 8
23.33g
microlitres in litres ? d300g
Q.3 What is 5236 1408
b0.5236 litres Ams.:b
a 5.236 litres
d 0.005236 litres e3508
c0.05236litres END..
Ans.:d
e0.0005236litres
ingredient. How much
Q.4 A cream contains 6% w/w of active

active ingredient would be present in 120 g of creamn?

a 68 b6.28
C7g d 7.2 g
e12g Ans.: d
Q5 How much active ingredient is present in 500g of a 5% v/w

ointment?
a 10 mL
b 25 8
TCA PHARMA)
TCA
PHARMA
 13-24
Semisolid Dosage Forms Phamacestics - I 13 25
Phamacrnios-I Semisolid Dosage Forms
creame and pastee.
olntmnts,
between They tend to spread
a12
Dierentiate 7 They tend to
spread They tend to adhere
on skin when easily on skin, and
Ans. to skin or mucous
applied, and are are
Creams Pastes easy to remove
membrane, forming
Ointment difficult to remove than that of a thick coat or film,
on application to ointments. that controls
Creams are o/w o r Pastes are more skin.
evaporation of
1 Ointments are oily of oil stiffer than
w/o emulsions water
in nature due to
dispersion of
and water, and are
ointments, due to
non-oily in nature. presence of high They are occlusive in They may or may
medicaments in
oleaginous bases
solid content. nature. not be occlusive in
nature.
In o/w creams, oil is In pastes, large
In ointments, liquid| They are more
or solid
dispersed in water amount of solids
(50 They are less greasy
medicaments are
and in w/o creams, %) are incorporated, greasy than pastes than ointments.
incorporated into water is dispersed in making them more 10 Methyl Salicylate
ointment base. oil to form stiff than Eg: Vanishing Eg: Zinc Paste B.P
Ointmernt B.P. Cream,
emulsions. ointments.
Hydrocortisone
3 Ointments show Creams show plastic| Pastes show
dilatent Cream.
plastic flow flow flow
These are less They are relatively They are more Multiple Choice Questions with Answerss
viscous than pastes less viscous than viscous than
ointments and ointments. Q.1 Which of the following contains more amount of solid
pastes.
particles
5 They have low They are easy to The spreadability of
spreadability, spread over skin a Ointments bCreams
because of their oily
pastes is very less as
hence, having high that of ointments, cPastes dJellies Ans. c
and greasy nature. spreadability than due to high solid
ointments. content. Q.2 Jellies can be classified as
6
They are meant to They are mostly Lubricating bMedicated
provide
They are meant to a
meant to provide
counter-irritant and provide protective c Both dNone of these Ans.e
medicated and effect by forming a *******
rubifacient effect. cosmetic effect.
protective film. Q.3 Which of the following is a type of emulsion
Ointments bCreams
Pastes djellies Ans.: b
Q.4 Methyl and propyl parabens are examples of
a p r e s e r v a t i v e s
bhumectants
 Sepensons
rotamine and zinc to maintain the pH between 6.9 and
pro
the preparation
Jowed by compounding
in final container
Suspension
ie. adrenocorticotropin zinc suspensions
TH
in the process is zinc hydroxide or zinc
iCitate formed
on
phsphate

which ACTH is adsorbed. This combination

when administered. Addition
sin
sus long acting preparation
in lon
phosphate
salts and organic phosphates results in
ACTH preparations.
nger acting
1 D o u b l o d e c o m p o s i t i o n
preparation of suspension using simple chemistry.
zrolves
Eapie:White lotion
zinc sulphate and sulfurated potash
2 s
formed by mixing
to form zinc
polysulphide.
soiunons,
and Deflocculated Suspension
9.4: Flocculated
deflocculated and fiocculated euepeneione.
( P P U Dec.-16, :
Marks 3]
4Explaie
and deflocculated
flocculated
between (Marks 5]
OR Diierentiate
sapensione.
Deflocculated suspensions
Flocculated suspensions
suspensions
with
Deflocculated
exhibit high concentrations exhibit
Flocculated suspensions
plastic or pseudo plastic dilatent behaviour.
behaviour. occur as
Particles in suspension
Particdes in suspension occur in s e p a r a t e entities.
the form of loose agglomerates.
Particles tend to settle
of rate ot
Floccules settle as collection separately
hence, the
particles, hence the rate of sedimentation is slow
sedimentation high. sedimentation
is slow
Rate of
Rate of sedimentation is rapid
TCA
PHARMA)
 Pharmaceuics-1 9-9
5. Since particles are loosely Over a
period of
Suspensio
packed, hard cake is not sediments are clostime the
formed. Such suspensions are
resulting in ely packed,
easily dispersed on shaking. cake, which formation
is not
of hard
dispersed on shakingreadily
6.
Supernatant liquid is clear due Supernatant liquidis turbid
to rapid sedimentation of turbid ot
cloudy due toto slow rate
cloudy
particles. of
7.
sedimentation.
Viscosity is constant Viscosity increases at the
throughout the suspension. bottom of the
8. There occurs attractive suspension.
There occurs
forces between particles. repulsive forces
between particles.
9 The pressure distribution in
flocculated suspension is Pressure Distribution is not
uniform throughout the uniform. It may vary at the
ind bottom of the top
suspension. suspension.
10. In
potential energy curve, it In
represents primary minimum. potential energy curve, it
11. represents secondary minimum
Flocculated suspensions do not
show pleasing appearance. Deflocculated suspensions
12. Low bioavailability. pleasing appearance. show
Bioavailability is comparable
high than that of floccuiated
suspensions.
9.5: Evaluation of
Q.5 Write in
brief
Suspensions
about evaluation
of
Suspensions are evaluated
suspenslons. Marks 5
as follows
1. Sedimentation volume
2. Rheological method
3. Micromeritic methods
4. Electrokinetic methods
5.
Determination of
Preservative eficacydegree
6. of air
test entrapment
 8-26 Monophasic Liquid Dosage armaceutics-1 8-27
Pharmacextics-I FoTma with the help of Monophasic Liquid D
to
b e applied
camel brush Dosage Fomm
Ellul
3. Syrupe
and plied on broken skin
applied

Elirs b tobe
Syrups
enot
to be applied on broken skin
Elixers are sweet, flavoured
Syrups are
sweet, aqueous
of
and
sucrose hydro-alcoholic preparations to
be applied with the help of cotton
wool
solutions
concentrated containing water and alcohol. Mouthwashes are meant to be used [Aas. : c
in water.
It consists of alcohol, ie.
a5 in buccal
or other
anol in antiseptic action cavity for
It consists of concentration of 4 to 40%
sucrose

main ingredient.
sugars as
t o remove ath and refresh
viscous in
nature. They are less viscous as
ared buccal cavity
They are to syrups. t o treat xerostomia

They are not sweet. above

They are sweet. all of the
drowsiness. The presence of alcohol produces are diluted with warm water before An:d
They do not produce sedation and drowsiness. use

Eg. Compound Ferrous Phosphate Eg. Phenobarbitone Elixir Bp Gargles

bThroatpaints
Syrup B.P.C
CMouthwashes
dAllof above Aas
a.7 are meant to treat throat infection.
Multiple Cholce Questions wlth Answers aGargles bBoth (a) and (c)
Q.1 Syrups (Simple Syrup IP.) contains about % W/w of Throat paints d Lozenges
sucrose in water. ARs:b
as The amount of alcohol in elixirs ranges from
a66.7% b 60 %
a 4 to 40 % b 76 %
c64.74 o% 70 % [Ans.: a c 70 % d 5 to 50
Ans.:a
Q.2 Simple syrup U.S.P. contains about % w/w of sucrose. a.9 are aqueous/ oily/ alcoholic meant for external
a 66.7 % application to skin without friction.
b65.3%
*****

67.1%
d 64.74% a Liniment
*** bCreams
[Ans.:d c Lotions d Gels
Q.3 are sweet, flavored
[Ans.:
for oral administration. hydro-alcoholic preparations mean Q.10 are liquid dosage forms and externally inserted into
body cavity to promote defecation.
aElixirs
bMouthwash a Enema
cSyrups d Gargles Ans.:a
b Pessaries

Q4 Liniments are directed to be

Suppositories d Bougies Ans.:
as applied with special instrucu on
END.E
 8-25 Monophasic Liqutd Dosage Forms
P h a r m a c e w t i c s -1

U.S.P.
A n s 1.P. and SImple Syrup
Syrup

mple Simple Syrup U.S.P.

Simple Syrup LP.
of sucrose
in
concentration
ose in The
s
suuc
crro
%
of water is about 64.7
concentrati
ation of purified
about 66.7
%
The w a t e r
is w/w.
purified wa

purified
cold process
W/w. Prepared by
process
hot than
by less stable
Prepared Comparatively
stable.
more simple syrup I.P.
I.P. is
syrup
Simple sweet than
less
Comparatively
simple syrup I.P.
More sweet

Lotlons
and
Liniments
Lotions
2
or
Liniments oily
Lotions
a r e aqueous,
alcoholic liquid preparations,
or oily without
alcoholic skin
on
Liniments
are to
intended to apply
intended
preparations,
friction. friction.
iquid with
on skin with the
apply on
skin
are
applied
They wool.
cotton

on skin by help of
applied skin
Theyare meant
to impart
effect.
are
These
rubbing soothing
and
protectant
to produce
cOunter-irritant a n d
Ihey are applied rubifacient
friction
without

applied
action. are
They broken
on
friction.
with be applied
can

hey are applied They

on
to ly skin.
are not meant IP.
They lotion
C a l a m i n e

broken skin
Eg:
1.P.
Eg Turpentine liniment