What were the terms of the other

peace treaties?
The treaties affecting Germany’s allies had a number of features in common
with the Treaty of Versailles.
● A war guilt clause
● An obligation to pay reparations
● Reduction in armaments
● Acceptance of the Covenant of the League of Nations
It was principally in the territorial provisions that the various treaties differed
from one another.

The Treaty of Saint Germain with Austria,

10 September 1919
The main points of this treaty USSR
were the following. e mia POLAND
Boh
● The new Republic of Austria Galicia
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
had to accept the break-up GERMANY
Mora
of the Austro-Hungarian via
Ruthenia
Empire. Slov
akia
● Austria had to recognise the
AUSTRIA
independence of Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, HUNGARY Transylvania
South
and Poland. Tyrol ROMANIA
● Territory from the former Trieste Fiume Croatia
Empire was transferred to
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Dalmatia
Yugoslavia, Italy, and Serbia
Bosnia
Romania.
YUGOSLAVIA
● Union between Austria and
Germany was forbidden. Montenegro BULGARIA
ITALY
Instead of being at the heart
of a grand empire, one of the
ALBANIA

great powers of Europe, Austria

was now a small landlocked
nation surrounded by hostile
states. Austria particularly
resented the fact that union
with Germany was forbidden
and that three million Sudeten
Germans were placed under Frontier of the former
Czech rule. This was seen as Austro-Hungarian Empire
a violation of the principle of
self-determination. ▲ Fig. 1.10 The Treaties of Saint Germain and Trianon: Territorial changes

Chapter 1 17
 The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, 4 June 1920
The main points of this treaty were the following.
● Hungary had to accept the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
● Hungary had to recognise the independence of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
● Territory from the former Empire was transferred to Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, and Romania.
Hungary was dismayed by these terms as more than 70% of its territory
and one third of its population had been lost. Since the treaty also deprived
Hungary of its seaports it was now, like Austria, a landlocked nation.

The Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria,

27 November 1919
The main points of this treaty
were the following. ROMANIA

● Bulgaria had to recognise the

independence of Yugoslavia. YUGOSLAVIA
● Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Black Sea
BULGARIA
Yugoslavia, and Romania.
Bulgarians regarded the treaty
Adrianople
as a national catastrophe. It
brought to an end the 40-year Eastern
struggle for the unification of the Western Thrace
Thrace Constantinople
Bulgarian-populated territories. ALBANIA
With the loss of land and the
blow to its national pride Bulgaria
faced an uncertain future. Chanak
GREECE TURKEY
The Treaty of Sèvres Aegean Sea

with Turkey, 10
August 1920 Smyrna
Athens
The main points of this treaty
were the following.
● Turkey had to recognise the
independence of the Kingdom
of Hejaz (later to form part of
Saudi Arabia) and Armenia. Rhodes
● Turkey lost its provinces in
the Middle East to Britain
and France.
Crete
● Turkey lost territory to Greece
and Italy. Bulgarian territory lost to Greece and Yugoslavia
Turkish territory lost to Italy
● The Dardanelles Strait was
Turkish territory lost to Greece (returned by the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923)
to become an international
waterway. ▲ Fig. 1.11 The Treaties of Neuilly and Sèvres: Territorial changes

18 Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair?

The plight of Turkey after the First World War sparked off a nationalist
movement led by Mustapha Kemal. He strongly objected to the terms of
Sèvres and challenged the peace treaty by force, driving the Greeks out of
Smyrna. This led to a renegotiated treaty.

The Treaty of Lausanne with Turkey, 24 July 1923

The main points of this treaty were the following.
● Turkey confirmed the loss of its provinces in the Middle East.
● Turkey received back most of its European territory.
● The Dardanelles Strait was to return to Turkish sovereignty.
● Restrictions on armed forces were removed.
● Turkey was no longer to pay reparations.

DISCUSSION TASKS
1. Which of Germany’s former allies suffered most from the peace settlement? 1. Which of Wilson’s Fourteen
2. How do you think each of the following would have reacted to the peace Points (see Table 1.3,
settlement? page 5) can be identified
in the treaties dealing with
● An export agent living in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary. Germany’s former allies?
● A Czech writer and poet living in Prague, once one of the main cities of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire and now the capital city of Czechoslovakia.
● A senior civil servant living in Vienna, once the capital city of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire and now the capital city of Austria.
● A Bulgarian army officer living in the port of Dedeagach in Western Thrace
given to Greece by the Treaty of Neuilly.

QUICK QUESTION 6
Do you think Clemenceau would
have agreed with the point of view
expressed in Figure 1.12?
▲ Fig. 1.12 The Reckoning, British cartoon published in 1919

Chapter 1 19