Int J Mech Mater Des
DOI 10.1007/s10999-014-9244-3
A new shear and normal deformation theory for isotropic,
transversely isotropic, laminated composite and sandwich
plates
Atteshamuddin Shamshuddin Sayyad •
Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal
Received: 30 September 2013 / Accepted: 27 January 2014
Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Abstract In the present study, a sinusoidal shear and
normal deformation theory taking into account effects
of transverse shear as well as transverse normal is used
to develop the analytical solution for the bidirectional
bending analysis of isotropic, transversely isotropic,
laminated composite and sandwich rectangular plates.
The theory accounts for adequate distribution of the
transverse shear strains through the plate thickness and
traction free boundary conditions on the plate bound-
ary surface, thus a shear correction factor is not
required. The displacement field uses sinusoidal
function in terms of thickness coordinate to include
the effect of transverse shear and the cosine function in
terms of thickness coordinate is used in transverse
displacement to include the effect of transverse
normal. The kinematics of the present theory is much
richer than those of the other higher order shear
deformation theories, because if the trigonometric
term is expanded in power series, the kinematics of
higher order theories are implicitly taken into account
to good deal of extent. Governing equations and
A. S. Sayyad (&)
Department of Civil Engineering, SRES’s College of
Engineering, Kopargaon 423601, Maharashtra, India
e-mail: attu_sayyad@yahoo.co.in
Y. M. Ghugal
Department of Applied Mechanics, Government
Engineering College, Karad 415124, Maharashtra, India
boundary conditions of the theory are obtained using
the principle of virtual work. The Navier solution for
simply supported laminated composite plates has been
developed. Results obtained for displacements and
stresses of simply supported rectangular plates are
compared with those of other refined theories and
exact elasticity solution wherever applicable.
Keywords Bidirectional bending  Isotropic 
Transversely isotropic  Composite plate 
Sandwich plate  Transverse shear 
Transverse normal
1 Introduction
The use of composite material for the design of
structures in aerospace, civil, mechanical, marine and
automotive applications has improved the perfor-
mance and reliability of structural system due to their
mechanical advantage of specific modulus and spe-
cific strength over monolithic materials, improved
fatigue and impact resistance, and design flexibility
(Mouritz et al. 2001; Altenbach 2011; Herakovich
2012). Laminated composite, one of the types of
composite materials, consist of layers of at least two
different materials that are bonded together. Lami-
nated composite plates, a class of laminated fibrous
composites, are made of laminae, each laminae
123

consisting of parallel fibres embedded in a matrix
material. Laminated composite plates are finding
increasing use in structural applications because of
their high specific strength. This necessitates the
development of precise theoretical model to accu-
rately predict the behavior of the laminated composite
plates. The researchers have paid much attention for
modeling of the laminated composite plates over the
past few decades and a variety of plate theories have
been introduced.
The classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) is
based on the assumption that straight lines which are
normal to the neutral surface before deformation
remain straight and normal to the neutral surface after
deformation. Since the transverse shear deformation is
neglected, it cannot be suitable for the modeling of
moderately thick or thick plates in which transverse
shear deformation effects are more significant. To
overcome the limitations of CLPT and accurately
incorporate the transverse shear effects, many shear
deformation theories have been developed. First order
shear deformation theories (FSDTs) are based on the
assumption that straight lines which are normal to
neutral surface before deformation remain straight but
not necessarily normal to the deformed neutral
surface. Mindlin (1951) and Reissner (1945) devel-
oped FSDTs which incorporate the effect of shear
deformation. In these theories, the transverse shear
strain distribution is assumed to be constant through
the plate thickness and therefore it requires shear
correction factor in order to satisfy traction free
boundary conditions at top and bottom surfaces of
plates. Ferreira et al. (2009) have studied static
deformations and free vibrations of shear flexible
isotropic and laminated composite plates with a first-
order shear deformation theory. Civalek (2008) has
developed the discrete singular convolution method
for static analysis of thick symmetric cross-ply
laminated composite plates based on the first-order
shear deformation theory. Fares and Elmarghany
(2008) presented a refined zigzag nonlinear FSDT of
composite laminated plates using a modified mixed
variational formulation.
The limitations of CLPT and FSDTs are stimulated
the development of higher order shear deformation
theories to avoid the use of shear correction factors, to
include effect of cross sectional warping and to get the
realistic variation of the transverse shear strains and
stresses through the thickness of plates. An extensive
123
A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal
review of laminated plate theories can be found in
Reissner (1985), Noor and Burton (1989), Mallikarj-
una and Kant (1993), Ghugal and Shimpi (2002),
Carrera (2003), Reddy and Arciniega (2004), Wanji
and Zhen (2008), Demasi (2008, 2009a, b, c, d, e) and
Kreja (2011).
Reddy (1984) has developed well-known higher
order shear deformation theory considering polyno-
mial functions in-terms of thickness coordinate.
Soldatos (1992) proposed a hyperbolic shear defor-
mation theory for homogenous monoclinic plates
whereas Meiche et al. (2011) proposed a new hyper-
bolic shear deformation theory for buckling and
vibration analysis of functionally graded sandwich
plates. A new inverse hyperbolic shear deformation
theory is proposed by Grover et al. (2013). Daouadji
et al. (2012) have developed hyperbolic shear defor-
mation theory with four variables for the bending
analysis of functionally graded plates. Karama et al.
(2003, 2009) proposed an exponential function in-
terms of thickness coordinate for laminated composite
beam and plates. Sayyad and Ghugal (2012a, b) also
studied an exponential shear deformation theory for
the bending, buckling and free vibration analysis of
isotropic plates. Sayyad (2013) applied exponential
shear deformation theory for the flexural analysis of
orthotropic plates. Aydogdu (2009) modified the
theory proposed by Karama et al. (2009) by introduc-
ing a transverse shear stress parameter whereas
Mantari et al. (2011) have done refinement in
Aydogdu (2009) model and the modified model was
applied to laminated composite and sandwich plates
and shells for static and dynamic analysis. Versino
et al. (2013) have been developed a Refined Zigzag
Theory for the analysis of homogeneous, multilayer
composite and sandwich plates. Xiang and Kang
(2013) have carried out bending analysis of function-
ally graded plates using nth-order shear deformation
theory and meshless global collocation method based
on the thin plate spline radial basis function. Ferreira
et al. (2011) have applied radial basis function
collocation technique for predicting the static defor-
mations, free vibrations and buckling behavior of thin
and thick cross-ply laminated plates using Carrera’s
Unified Formulation. Sturzenbecher and Hofstetter
(2011) have carried out bending analysis of cross-ply
laminated composites using an accurate and efficient
plate theory. Finite element analysis of laminated
sandwich plate based on an improved higher order
New shear and normal deformation theory
zigzag plate theory is studied by Pandit et al. (2010).
Saidi et al. (2010) studied bending of rectangular
plates based on third order shear deformation theory of
Reddy (1984). Shooshtari and Razavi (2010) have
employed closed form solution for linear and nonlin-
ear free vibrations of composite and fiber metal
laminated rectangular plates.
Carrera et al. (2010) carried out a refined finite
element analysis of multilayered plates. Moleiro et al.
(2010) have developed layerwise finite element mod-
els based on a mixed least-squares formulation for
both static and free vibration analysis of multilayered
composite plates. Nik and Tahani (2009) presented
analytical solutions of laminated composite plates
with arbitrary lamination and boundary conditions
subjected to transverse loads. Zhong et al. (2009)
presented a new symplectic approach for exact
bending solutions of moderately thick rectangular
plates with two opposite edges simply supported.
Zenkour (2009) studied the effect of transverse shear
and normal deformations on the thermo-mechanical
bending analysis of functionally graded sandwich
plates. Kumari et al. (2009) have developed an
efficient global zigzag theory for elastic laminated
plates by approximating the in-plane displacements by
a cubic expansion in thickness coordinate along with a
global zigzag function. Cetkovic and Vuksanovic
(2009) carried out analysis of laminated composite
and sandwich plates using a layerwise displacement
model. Moleiro et al. (2008) presented a mixed finite
element model for the static analysis of laminated
composite plates. Liu et al. (2008) studied static and
free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates
using the conforming radial point interpolation
method. Zhen et al. (2008) studied the effects of
higher-order global–local shear deformations on
bending, vibration and buckling of multilayered
plates. Demasi (2007) has employed a Navier-type
solution for the exact three-dimensional solution for
isotropic thick and thin rectangular plates. Oktem and
Chaudhuri (2007) presented Levy type solution of
cross-ply plates based on higher-order theory. Kim
et al. (2009) used two variable plate theory for the
analysis of laminated composite plates. Shi (2007) has
developed an improved simple third-order shear
deformation theory for the analysis of shear flexible
plates.
The theories containing trigonometric (sinusoidal)
functions involving thickness coordinate in the dis-
placement fields of plate theories are designated as
trigonometric or sinusoidal shear deformation theo-
ries. Ghugal and Sayyad (2013) have presented detail
literature review on this class of shear deformation
theory.
In this paper, a sinusoidal shear and normal
deformation theory (SSNDT) is used to develop the
analytical solution for the bidirectional bending ana-
lysis of transversely isotropic, laminated composite
and sandwich plates. The present theory differs from
other higher order theories because, in present theory
effect of transverse normal strain is included which is
not assessed by the other researchers. Exact elasticity
solutions for the bidirectional bending analysis of
laminated composite plates are given by Pagano
(1969), Zenkour (2007) and Valek and Baltacioglu
(2010). The results of present theory are compared
with those of other refined theories and exact solution
given by Zenkour (2007) to assess the validity of the
present theory.
2 Mathematical formulation for cross-ply
laminated composite plates
Consider a rectangular plate of the sides a and b, a
constant thickness h and origin o as shown in Fig. 1.
The plate consists of N number of homogenous layers
which are perfectly bounded and made up of linearly
elastic and orthotropic material. A transverse load
q(x, y) is applied on the upper surface of the plate
(i.e. z = -h/2).
Fig. 1 Plate geometry and coordinate system
123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

2.1 Assumptions made in mathematical ow h pz

formulation U ¼ u0  z þ sin /ðx; yÞ
ox p h
ow h pz
V ¼ v0  z þ sin wðx; yÞ ð5Þ
Assumptions of the proposed SSNDT are as follows: oy p h
1. The displacement components U and V are the h pz
W ¼ wðx; yÞ þ cos nðx; yÞ
displacements in x and y- directions and each p h
consists of extension, bending and shear Here /; w and n represents rotations of the plate at
components neutral surface.
U ¼ u0 þ ub þ us ; V ¼ v0 þ vb þ vs ð1Þ
2.3 Strain displacement relations
(a) u0 and v0 are the middle surface displace-
The infinitesimal normal and shear strains associated
ments in the x and y-directions, respectively
with the displacement field are as follows:
(extension components).
(b) The bending components ub and vb are 8 9 2o 38 9
0 0 <U=
< ex = ox
assumed to be similar to the displacements o
e ¼ 4 0 oy 075 V and
6
given by the CLPT. Therefore, the expres- : y;
ez o
: ;
0 0 oz W
sion for bending components can be given ð6Þ
8 9 2o o 038 9
as: < cxy = oy ox <U=
c ¼ 4 ozo 0 ox o 7
5 V
6
owðx; yÞ owðx; yÞ : xz ;
ub ¼ z vb ¼ z ð2Þ cyz o o
: ;
; 0 oz oy W
ox oy
Using Eq. (6), the six strain components compatible
(c) Shear components us and vs are assumed to
with the displacement field of Eq. (5), valid for thin,
be sinusoidal in nature with respect to
moderately thick and thick plate under consideration
thickness coordinate, such that the maxi-
are as follows:
mum shear stress occurs at neutral axis.
Consequently, the expressions for shear 8 9 8 09
e > ex > k gx >
8 9 8 9
components can be given as: < x >
> = >< > = < x>
> = h pz
>
< =
ey ¼ e0y þ z ky þ sin gy ;
h pz h pz ; p h>
us ¼ sin /ðx; yÞ; vs ¼ sin wðx; yÞ : >
> ; > > : >
> >
cxy : 0 >
>
kxy
:
gxy
;
cxy
;
p h p h
ð3Þ ( )
czx
( 0 ) ( )
pz czx h pz bzx
¼ cos þ cos ;
cyz h c0yz p h byz
2. The transverse displacement W in z direction is pz
and fez g ¼ sin n ð7Þ
assumed to be a function of coordinates x, y and z. h
h pz where
W ¼ wðx; yÞ þ cos nðx; yÞ ð4Þ
p h
ou0 ov0 ou0 ov0
3. The body forces are ignored in the analysis. e0x ¼ ; e0y ¼ ; c0xy ¼ þ ;
ox oy oy ox
4. The plate is subjected to transverse load only.
o2 w o2 w o2 w
kx ¼  ; ky ¼  ; kxy ¼ 2 ;
ox2 oy2 oxoy
2.2 The displacement field ð8Þ
o/ ow o/ ow
gx ¼ ; gy ¼ ; gxy ¼ þ ;
ox oy oy ox
The SSNDT to be developed is based upon the before
on on
mentioned assumptions. The displacement field of the c0zx ¼ /; c0yz ¼ w; bzx ¼ ; byz ¼ ;
theory is: ox oy

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

In which, E1, E2, E3 are the Young’s moduli in the x, y

2.4 Constitutive equations
and z directions respectively, G23, G13, G12 are the
shear moduli and lij are the Poisson’s ratios for
Since the laminate is made of several orthotropic
transverse strain in j-direction when stressed in the i-
layers, the stress–strain relations in the kth layer are
direction. Poisson’s ratios and Young’s moduli are
given as:
8 k9 2 k related as:
k < ekx =
38 9
< rx = 
Q k Q
11 Q12 13 lij Ej ¼ lji Ei ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ: ð12Þ
rk ¼ 4 Q k Q k Q k 5 eky and
: yk ; 12 22 23 :
rz Q13 Q23 Qk33
 k  k  ekz
;
3 Derivation of governing equations and boundary
8 k 9 2 k 38 k 9 ð9Þ
< sxy = 
Q 66 0 0 < cxy = conditions for sinusoidal shear and normal
k  k k
s ¼4 0 Q 0 5 cyz deformation theory
: yz k ;
44
 k : k ;
szx 0 0 Q 55 czx
The governing equations and boundary conditions of
where Qk are the transformed material constants, are
ij the SSNDT are derived using principle of virtual work.
expressed as: Let d be the arbitrary variations
 k ¼ Q11 cos4 hk þ 2ðQ12 þ 2Q66 Þsin2 hk cos2 hk
Q hkþ1 b a
N Z Z Z h
11 X
4
þ Q22 sin hk rkx dex þ rky dey þ rkz dez þ skyz dcyz
k¼1
 k ¼ ðQ11 þ Q22  4Q66 Þsin2 hk cos2 hk
Q hk 0 0
12
Zb Za
þ Q12 sin4 hk þ cos4 hk

i
þskxz dczx þ skxy dcxy dxdydz  qðx;yÞdwdxdy ¼ 0
 k ¼ Q13 cos2 hk þ Q23 sin2 hk
Q13 0 0
 k ¼ Q11 sin4 hk þ 2ðQ12 þ 2Q66 Þsin2 hk cos2 hk
Q 22 ð13Þ
þ Q22 cos4 hk
Substituting stresses and virtual strains into the
 k ¼ Q13 sin2 hk þ Q23 cos2 hk
Q principle of virtual work and integrating the Eq. (13)
23
 k ¼ Q33
Q by parts and collecting the coefficients of du0, dv0,
33
 k ¼ ðQ11 þ Q22  2Q12  2Q66 Þsin2 hk cos2 hk dw, d/, dw and dn, the following governing equa-
Q 66
tions and boundary conditions are obtained in-terms of
þ Q66 sin4 hk þ cos4 hk


stress resultants:
 k ¼ Q44 cos2 hk þ Q55 sin2 hk
Q44 oNx oNxy
 k ¼ Q55 cos2 hk þ Q44 sin2 hk
Q ð10Þ du0 : þ ¼0 ð14Þ
55 ox oy
where hk is the angle of material axes with the oNxy oNy
dv0 : þ ¼0 ð15Þ
reference coordinate axes of each layer and Qij are the ox oy
plane stress-reduced stiffnesses, and are known in-
o2 M x o2 Mxy o2 My
terms of the engineering constants in the material axes dw : þ 2 þ þ qðx; yÞ ¼ 0 ð16Þ
ox2 oxoy oy2
of the layer:
s
oMxs oMxy s
E1 ð1  l23 l32 Þ E1 ðl21 þ l31 l23 Þ d/ : þ  Vxz ¼0 ð17Þ
Q11 ¼ ; Q12 ¼ ; ox oy
D D
E1 ðl31 þ l21 l32 Þ E2 ð1  l13 l31 Þ oMys oMxy
s
s
Q13 ¼ ; Q22 ¼ ; dw : þ  Vyz ¼0 ð18Þ
D D oy ox
E2 ðl32 þ l12 l31 Þ E3 ð1  l12 l21 Þ s
Q23 ¼ ; Q33 ¼ ; oVxzs oVyz p
D D dn : þ  Vzzs ¼ 0 ð19Þ
ox oy h
Q66 ¼ G12 ; Q55 ¼ G13 ; Q44 ¼ G23 ;
D ¼ 1  l12 l21  l23 l32  l31 l13  2l21 l32 l13 The boundary conditions along edges are of the
following form:
ð11Þ

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

At x = 0 and x = a At y = 0 and y = b

Either Nx = 0 or u0 = 0 Either Nxy = 0 or u0 = 0

Either Nxy = 0 or v0 = 0 Either Ny = 0 or v0 = 0
Either Vx = 0 or w=0 Either Vy = 0 or w=0
Either Mx = 0 or q w/ q x = 0 Either My = 0 or q w/ q y = 0
Either Msx = 0 or /=0 Either Msxy = 0 or /=0
Either Msxy =0 or w=0 Either Msy = 0 or w=0
Either Vsxz =0 or n=0 Either Vsyz = 0 or n=0

The stress resultants acting on the cross-section of the The moment resultants due to transverse shear defor-
laminate are defined as: mation effects (Mxs ; Mys ; Mxy
s
) are as follows:
hkþ1 hkþ1
N Z
X ou0 o2 w o/ N Z
ou0 o2 w
Nx ¼ rx dz ¼ A11  B11 2 þ As11
X
ox ox ox Mxs ¼ rx f ðzÞ dz ¼ As11  Bs11 2
k¼1 k¼1
ox ox
hk hk
2
ov0 ow ow p o/ ov0 o2 w
þ A12  B12 2 þ As12  As13 n ð20Þ þ Ass11 þ As12  Bs12 2
oy oy oy h ox oy oy
N Z
hkþ1 ow p
X ou0 o2 w o/ þ Ass12  Ass13 n ð26Þ
Ny ¼ ry dz ¼ A12  B12 2 þ As12 oy h
k¼1
ox ox ox
hk hkþ1
N Z
2
X ou0 o2 w o/
ov0 ow ow p Mys ¼ ry f ðzÞ dz¼As12 Bs12 2 þAss12
þ A22  B22 2 þ As22  As23 n ð21Þ ox ox ox
oy oy oy h k¼1
hk

N Zhkþ1   ov0 o2 w ow p
X ou0 ov0 þAs22 Bs22 2 þAss22 Ass23 n ð27Þ
Nxy ¼ sxy dz ¼ A66 þ oy oy oy h
k¼1
oy ox
hk hkþ1
N Z  
o2 w

o/ ow

s
X ou0 ov0
 2B66 þ As66 þ ð22Þ Mxy ¼ sxy f ðzÞ dz ¼ As66 þ
oxoy oy ox k¼1
oy ox
hk

o2 w
 
The moment resultants analogous to CLPT o/ ow
 2Bs66 þ Ass66 þ ð28Þ
(Mx ; My ; Mxy ) are as follows: oxoy oy ox
hkþ1
N Z
X ou0 o2 w o/ The transverse shear and transverse normal stress
Mx ¼ rx zdz ¼ B11  D11 2 þ Bs11
ox ox ox resultants (Vsxz, Vsyz, Vszz) are as follows:
k¼1
hk hkþ1
N Z  
ov0 o2 w ow p
X h on
þ B12  D12 2 þ Bs12  Bs13 n ð23Þ
s
Vxz ¼ sxz f 0 ðzÞ dz ¼ Acc55 þ/ ð29Þ
oy oy oy h k¼1
p ox
hk
hkþ1
N Z hkþ1
X ou0 o2 w o/ N Z 
h on

My ¼ ry zdz ¼ B12  D12 2 þ Bs12
X
0
ox ox ox Vyzs ¼ syz f ðzÞ dz ¼ Acc44 þw ð30Þ
k¼1
hk k¼1
p oy
hk
ov0 o2 w ow p
þ B22  D22 2 þ Bs22  Bs23 n ð24Þ N Z
hkþ1
oy oy oy h X ou0 o2 w
Vzzs ¼ rzz g0 ðzÞ dz ¼ As13  Bs13 2
N Z
hkþ1   k¼1
ox ox
X ou0 ov0 hk
Mxy ¼ þ
sxy zdz ¼ B66 o/ ov0 o2 w
k¼1
oy ox þ Ass13 þ As23  Bs23 2
hk
ox oy oy
o2 w
 
o/ ow ow p
 2D66 þ Bs66 þ ð25Þ þ Ass23  Ass33 n ð32Þ
oxoy oy ox oy h

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

oMx oMxy o2 u0 o2 u0 o2 u0 o2 u0 o2 v 0
Vx ¼ þ2 ¼ B11 2 þ 2B66 2 d/ :  As11  As 66  ð As 12 þ As 66 Þ
ox oy ox oy ox2 oy2 oxoy
2 3 3 3
o v0 o w o w ow o2 /
þ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þ  D11 3 þ Bs11 3 þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þ  Ass 11
oxoy ox ox oxoy2 ox2
o3 w o2 / o2 / o/ 2 2
ow
 ðD12 þ 4D66 Þ þ Bs 11 þ 2Bs 66  Ass66 2 þ Acc55 /  ðAss12 þ Ass66 Þ
oxoy2 ox2 oy2 oy oxoy
2 p on h on
ow p on þ Ass13 þ Acc55 ¼0 ð37Þ
þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þ  Bs13 ð32Þ h ox p ox
oxoy h ox
oMy oMxy o2 u0 o2 u0 o2 v 0 o2 v 0
Vy ¼ þ2 ¼ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þ dw :  ðAs12 þ As66 Þ  As66 2  As22 2
oy ox ox oy oxoy ox oy
3 3
2
o v0 2
o v0 o3 w o w ow
þ 2B66 2 þ B22 2  D22 3 þ Bs22 3 þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þ 2
ox oy oy oy ox oy
o3 w o2 / o2 / o2 w
 ðD12 þ 4D66 Þ 2 þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þ  ðAss12 þ Ass66 Þ  Ass66 2
ox oy ox oy oxoy ox
o2 w o2 w p on o2 w p on
þ 2Bs66 2 þ Bs22 2  Bs23 ð33Þ  Ass22 2 þ Acc44 w þ Ass23
ox oy h oy oy h oy
h on
The governing equations in-terms of unknown vari- þ Acc44 ¼0 ð38Þ
p oy
ables in the displacement field are as follows:
p ou0 p ov0 p o2 w
o2 u0 o2 u0 o2 v 0 dn :  As13  As23 þ Bs13 2
du0 :  A11 2  A66 2  ðA12 þ A66 Þ h ox h oy h ox
ox oy oxoy
p o2 w p o/ h o/
o3 w o3 w þ Bs23 2  Ass13  Acc55
þ B11 3 þ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þ h oy h ox p ox
ox oxoy2
2
o / 2
o / p ow h ow h2 o2 n
 As11 2  As66 2  Ass23  Acc44  2 Acc44 2
ox oy h oy p oy p oy
o2 w p on h2 o2 n p2
 ðAs12 þ As66 Þ þ As13 ¼0 ð34Þ  Acc 55 þ Ass33 n ¼ 0 ð39Þ
oxoy h ox p2 ox2 h2

o2 u0 o2 v 0 o2 v0 where, Aij, Bij, Dij, Asij, Bsij, Assij, Accij are the plate
dv0 :  ðA12 þ A66 Þ  A66 2  A22 2 stiffnesses, defined as follows:
oxoy ox oy hkþ1
o3 w o3 w XN Z
þ B22 3 þ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þ 2 Qkij 1 z z2 dz;

f Aij Bij Dij g ¼
oy ox oy
k¼1
o2 / o2 w hk
 ðAs12 þ As66 Þ  As66 2 ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ; ð40Þ
oxoy ox
o2 w p on hkþ1
 As22 2 þ As23 ¼0 ð35Þ N Z
h pz
oy h oy
X
f Asij Bsij g ¼ Qkij sin f 1 z gdz;
p h ð41Þ
o3 u0
 3
o3 v 0 k¼1

o u0 hk
dw :  B11 3  ðB12 þ 2B66 Þ þ ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 3; 6Þ;
ox oxoy2 ox2 oy
o3 v 0 o4 w o4 w hkþ1
 B22 3 þ D11 4 þ D22 4 N Z
h2 2 pz
oy ox oy 
Assij ¼
X
Qkij sin dz;
o4 w o3 / k¼1
p2 h ð42Þ
þ ð2D12 þ 4D66 Þ 2 2  Bs11 3 hk
ox oy ox
ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 3; 6Þ;
o3 / o3 w o3 w

 ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þ þ  Bs 22 hkþ1
oxoy2 ox2 oy oy3 N Z
2 2
X pz
Qkij cos2

p on p on Accij ¼ dz ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ ð43Þ
þ Bs13 2 þ Bs23 2 ¼ qðx; yÞ ð36Þ h
h ox h oy k¼1
hk

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

4 Navier’s Solution where,

K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16
2 3
In this section Navier solution for the simply sup- 6K
ported rectangular plate is developed satisfying the 6 12 K22 K23 K24 K25 K26 7
7
6 7
following boundary conditions 6 K13 K23 K33 K34 K35 K36 7
½K  ¼ 6
6K
7;
6 14 K24 K34 K44 K45 K46 7
Nx ð0; yÞ ¼ Nx ða; yÞ ¼ Ny ðx; 0Þ ¼ Ny ðx; bÞ ð44Þ 6
7
7
4 K15 K25 K35 K45 K55 K56 5
v0 ð0; yÞ ¼ v0 ða; yÞ ¼ u0 ðx; 0Þ ¼ u0 ðx; bÞ ð45Þ
K16 K26 K36 K46 K56 K66
wð0; yÞ ¼ wða; yÞ ¼ wðx; 0Þ ¼ wðx; bÞ ð46Þ 8
umn >
9 8
0 >
9
>
> > >
> >
wð0; yÞ ¼ wða; yÞ ¼ /ðx; 0Þ ¼ /ðx; bÞ ð47Þ
> > >
0 >
>
>
>
> vmn >
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
<w = <q >
nð0; yÞ ¼ nða; yÞ ¼ nðx; 0Þ ¼ nðx; bÞ ð48Þ
=
mn mn
fDg ¼ and fF g ¼ ð54Þ
> /mn > 0 >
Mx ð0; yÞ ¼ Mx ða; yÞ ¼ My ðx; 0Þ ¼ My ðx; bÞ ð49Þ > > >
> >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
> wmn
> > 0 >
Mxs ð0; yÞ ¼ Mxs ða; yÞ ¼ Mys ðx; 0Þ ¼ Mys ðx; bÞ
> > > >
ð50Þ
>
> >
> >
> >
>
: ; : ;
nmn 0
The transverse load acting on the top surface of the
plate is presented in the form of a double trigonometric where the elements of stiffness matrix [K] are given as
series. K11 ¼ A11 a2 þ A66 b2 ;
X 1
1 X K12 ¼ ðA12 þ A66 Þab;
qðx; yÞ ¼ qmn sin ax sin by ð51Þ
K13 ¼  B11 a3 þ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þab2 ;
 
m¼1 n¼1

where a = mp/a and b = np/b. The coefficients qmn K14 ¼ As11 a2 þ As66 b2 ;
of Fourier expansion is q0 when plate is loaded with K15 ¼ ðAs12 þ As66 Þab;
sinusoidally distributed load (SDL) and 16q0/mnp2 p
when plate is loaded with uniformly distributed load K16 ¼ As13 a;
h
(UDL), where, q0 represents the intensity of the load at
K22 ¼ A66 a2 þ A22 b2 ;
the plate center and (m, n) are odd numbers. For
K23 ¼  B22 b3 þ ðB12 þ 2B66 Þa2 b ;
 
sinusoidally distributed load m = 1 and n = 1. The
unknown variables u0(x, y), v0(x, y), w(x, y), /
K24 ¼ ðAs12 þ As66 Þab;
(x, y), w(x, y) and n(x, y) are presented in the follow-
ing trigonometric form, which satisfies boundary K25 ¼ As66 a2 þ As22 b2 ;
conditions exactly: p
K26 ¼ As23 b;
8 9 8 98 9T h
>
> u0 >
> >
> umn >> >
> cosaxsinby >> K33 ¼ D11 a4 þ 2ðD12 þ 2D66 Þa2 b2 þ D22 b4 ;
> v0 >
>
> >
> > vmn >
>
> >>
> > sinaxcosby >
> >
>
1 1
K34 ¼  Bs11 a3 þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þab2 ;
> > > > > >  
w wmn sinaxsinby
< = X X < =< =
¼
/ > m¼1;3;5... n¼1;3;5... > / >> cosaxsinby > K35 ¼  Bs22 b3 þ ðBs12 þ 2Bs66 Þa2 b ;
 
> mn >
>
>
> > > >> >
w w mn >> sinaxcosby >
> > > p p
>
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > 
K36 ¼  Bs13 a2 þ Bs23 b2 ;
> > > >
n nmn sinaxsinby
: ; : ;: ;
h h
ð52Þ K44 ¼ Ass11 a þ Ass66 b2 þ Acc55 ;
2

where umn, vmn, wmn, /mn, wmn, nmn are the unknown K45 ¼ ðAss12 þ Ass66 Þab;
coefficients of the respective Fourier expansions.  
p h
Substitute this form of solution and the load q(x, y) K46 ¼ Ass13 þ Acc55 a;
h p
into the governing Eqs. (34)–(39). The unknown
K55 ¼ Ass66 a2 þ Ass11 b2 þ Acc44 ;


coefficients (umn, vmn, wmn, /mn, wmn, nmn) are gov-
erned by, 
p h

K56 ¼ Ass23 þ Acc44 b;
½K fDg ¼ fF g ð53Þ h p

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

Table 1 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for isotropic square plate (b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (-h/2) (-h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0440 3.6534 0.2267 0.2267 0.1063 0.2444 0.2355 0.2444 0.2355
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0454 3.6630 0.2040 0.2040 – 0.2361 – 0.2361 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0439 2.9333 0.2125 0.2125 0.1060 0.2454 0.2380 0.2454 0.2380
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0443 2.9425 0.1988 0.1988 – 0.2383 – 0.2383 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0439 2.8286 0.2105 0.2105 0.1060 0.2455 0.2384 0.2455 0.2384
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0440 2.8377 0.1979 0.1979 – 0.2386 – 0.2386 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0439 2.7991 0.2100 0.2100 0.1060 0.2456 0.2385 0.2456 0.2385
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0440 2.8082 0.1976 0.1976 – 0.2386 – 0.2386 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0439 2.7949 0.2099 0.2099 0.1060 0.2456 0.2385 0.2456 0.2385
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0440 2.8040 0.1976 0.1976 – 0.2387 – 0.2387 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0742 5.6799 0.3185 0.3185 0.2082 0.4833 0.4201 0.4833 0.4201
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0758 5.6947 0.2948 0.2948 – 0.4606 – 0.4606 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0734 4.6252 0.3071 0.3071 0.1954 0.5044 0.4814 0.5044 0.4814
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0741 4.6397 0.2886 0.2886 – 0.4871 – 0.4871 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0734 4.4727 0.3054 0.3054 0.1942 0.5083 0.4921 0.5083 0.4921
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0737 4.4871 0.2876 0.2876 – 0.4931 – 0.4931 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0734 4.4299 0.3050 0.3050 0.1941 0.5091 0.4942 0.5091 0.4942
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0736 4.4442 0.2874 0.2874 – 0.4946 – 0.4946 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0734 4.4238 0.3049 0.3049 0.1941 0.5092 0.4944 0.5092 0.4944
Pagano (1969) Exact 0.0736 4.4381 0.2873 0.2873 – 0.4949 – 0.4949 –

h2 h2 p2
   
K66 ¼ 2 2
Acc55 a þ 2 Acc44 b þ 2 Ass33 ; ð55Þ
z h pz
p2 p h U¼ umn  hawmn þ sin /mn cosax sinby
h p h
Solving Eq. (53), the unknowns ð56Þ
umn, vmn, wmn, /mn, wmn, nmn can be readily deter-  z h pz

mined. Having obtained values of these unknown V¼ vmn  hbwmn þ sin wmn sinax cosby
h p h
coefficients one can then calculate all the displace-
ment and stress components within the plate using ð57Þ
 
Eqs. (5)–(9). h pz
W¼ wmn þ cos nmn sinax sinay ð58Þ
p h

8   9
 k
z
2 h pz
< Q11 aumn þ h ha wmn  p sin h a/mn þ
>
> >
>
> >
=
k
rx ¼   sinax sinby ð59Þ
>
 k
 z 
2 h pz  k pz >
> Q12 bvmn þ
> hb wmn  sin bwmn  Q13 sin nmn >
>
h p h h
: ;

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

8   9
 k
z
2 h pz
< Q12 aumn þ h ha wmn  p sin h a/mn þ
>
> >
>
> >
=
k
ry ¼   sinax sinby ð60Þ
>
 k
 z 
2 h pz  k pz >
: Q22 bvmn þ hb wmn  sin bwmn  Q23 sin nmn ;
>
> >
>
h p h h

Table 2 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for transversely isotropic square plate (b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (-h/2) (-h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.5736 39.146 0.1936 0.1936 0.1153 0.2461 0.2377 0.2461 0.2377
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.5705 38.952 0.1937 0.1937 0.1147 0.2385 0.2379 0.2385 0.2379
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.5669 39.257 0.1900 0.1900 0.1140 0.1592 0.2387 0.1592 0.2387
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.5669 36.091 0.1900 0.1900 0.1140 – 0.2387 – 0.2387
10 Present SSNDT 0.5679 36.578 0.1909 0.1909 0.1142 0.2463 0.2385 0.2463 0.2385
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.5635 36.295 0.1914 0.1914 0.1133 0.2387 0.2386 0.2387 0.2386
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.5669 36.598 0.1900 0.1900 0.1140 0.1592 0.2387 0.1592 0.2387
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.5669 36.091 0.1900 0.1900 0.1140 – 0.2387 – 0.2387
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.9629 61.577 0.2803 0.2803 0.2180 0.5024 0.4686 0.5024 0.4686
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.9570 61.250 0.2806 0.2806 0.2178 0.4912 0.4816 0.4912 0.4816
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.9479 61.732 0.2763 0.2763 0.2086 0.3300 0.4950 0.3300 0.4950
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.9479 57.127 0.2763 0.2763 0.2086 – 0.4950 – 0.4950
10 Present SSNDT 0.9500 57.835 0.2775 0.2775 0.2098 0.5098 0.4917 0.5098 0.4917
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.9427 57.385 0.2782 0.2782 0.2136 0.4944 0.4927 0.4944 0.4927
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.9479 57.864 0.2763 0.2763 0.2086 0.3300 0.4950 0.3300 0.4950
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.9479 57.127 0.2763 0.2763 0.2086 – 0.4950 – 0.4950

 z To ascertain the continuity of the shear

skxy  k
¼ Q66 bumn þ avmn  2 habwmn stresses at the layer interface, the expressions for
h
 ð61Þ transverse shear stresses are also obtained via
h pz
þ sin ½b/mn þ awmn  cosax cosby following equilibrium equations from theory of
p h
elasticity:
Transverse shear stresses can be calculated by using
constitutive relations gives a discontinuity of trans- orx osxy osxz ory osxy osyz
þ þ ¼ 0; þ þ ¼0
verse shear stresses at the layer interface. The ox oy oz oy ox oz
expressions for transverse shear stresses obtained via ð63Þ
constitutive relations are as follows:
  In Eq. (63) the relations for in-plane normal and
k CR


 k pz h shear stresses (rx, ry, sxy) are used for individual
sxz ¼ Q55 cos /mn þ anmn cosax sinby
h p layer. Transverse shear stresses obtained by consti-
tutive relations are indicated by sCR CR
xz , syz and they are
 
k cos pz wmn þ h bnmn sinax cosby
 CR
skyz ¼Q 44
EE EE
indicated by sxz , syz when they are obtained by
h p
using equilibrium equations. The following plate
ð62Þ

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

Table 3 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 2-layer (0°/90°) anti-symmetric composite square plate
(b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (-h/2) (-h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0111 1.9424 0.9062 0.0964 0.0562 0.127 0.112 0.127 0.112
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0113 1.9985 0.9060 0.0891 0.0577 0.125 0.110 0.125 0.110
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0088 1.9682 0.7157 0.0843 0.0525 0.091 0.122 0.091 0.122
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0088 1.0636 0.7157 0.0843 0.0525 – 0.122 – 0.122
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 2.0670 0.8410 0.1090 0.0591 0.120 – 0.135 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0092 1.2089 0.7471 0.0876 0.0530 0.130 0.120 0.130 0.120
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0092 1.2161 0.7468 0.0851 0.0533 0.127 0.120 0.127 0.120
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0088 1.2083 0.7157 0.0843 0.0525 0.091 0.122 0.091 0.122
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0088 1.0636 0.7157 0.0843 0.0525 – 0.122 – 0.122
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 1.2250 0.7302 0.0886 0.0535 0.121 – 0.125 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0189 2.9983 1.2603 0.1394 0.1104 0.239 0.136 0.239 0.136
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0190 3.0706 1.2691 0.1314 0.1070 0.241 0.143 0.241 0.143
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0144 3.0082 1.0636 0.1258 0.0992 0.191 0.239 0.191 0.239
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0147 1.6955 1.0763 0.1269 0.0934 – 0.246 – 0.246
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 3.1580 1.1840 0.1590 – 0.246 – 0.279 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0153 1.9070 1.1057 0.1307 0.0978 0.266 0.210 0.266 0.210
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0154 1.9173 1.1049 0.1274 0.0977 0.264 0.214 0.264 0.214
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0146 1.9050 1.0533 0.1265 0.0961 0.194 0.244 0.194 0.244
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0147 1.6955 1.0763 0.1269 0.0934 – 0.246 – 0.246
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 1.9320 1.0860 0.1300 – 0.246 – 0.248 –

material properties are used to obtained numerical

 
b z UE3
results: u 0; ; ¼ ;
2 h qhS3
Isotropic: 
a b z

W100E3
w ; ; ¼ ;
E1 ¼ E2 ¼ E3 ¼ 210 GPa; 2 2 h q hS4
 

E
a b z rx ; ry
G13 ¼ G23 ¼ G12 ¼ G ¼ ; ð64Þ rx ; ry ; ; ¼ ;
2 ð 1 þ lÞ 2 2 h qS2

ð67Þ
l12 ¼ l32 ¼ l31 ¼ l ¼ 0:3
 

a b z sxy
sxy ; ; ¼ ;
Transversely isotropic: 2 2 h qS2
 
b z ðszx Þ
E1 ¼ E2 ¼ 0:04; E3 ¼ 0:5; G13 ¼ G23 ¼ 0:06; ðszx Þ 0; ; ¼ ;
2 h qS
G12 ¼ 0:016; l12 ¼ l32 ¼ l31 ¼ 0:25 ð65Þ
 a z szx ; syz


syz ; 0; ¼ :
Laminated composite (graphite-epoxy): 2 h qS

E1 E3 G12 G13 G23 where S = a/h and E3 is elastic modulus of the middle
¼ 25; ¼ 1; ¼ ¼ 0:5; ¼ 0:2; layer.
E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
l12 ¼ l13 ¼ l23 ¼ 0:25
ð66Þ 5 Numerical results and discussion
Displacements and stresses are presented in the
following non-dimensional forms commonly avail- In order to prove the efficacy of the present theory,
able in the literature. following numerical examples are solved and results

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

Table 4 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 2-layer (0°/90°) anti-symmetric composite rectangular plate
(b = 3a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (h/2) (h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0246 4.0813 0.1904 0.3152 0.0530 0.2411 0.1799 0.0376 0.0511
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0248 4.1767 0.1825 0.3105 0.0589 0.2366 0.1759 0.0366 0.0513
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0204 4.1518 0.1780 0.3035 0.0447 0.1730 0.1923 0.0266 0.0556
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0208 2.4628 0.1799 0.1918 0.0417 – 0.1942 – 0.0415
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0220 4.3931 0.2246 0.3306 0.0598 0.2217 – 0.0527 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0213 2.7161 0.1843 0.2257 0.0438 0.2480 0.1941 0.0310 0.0423
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0214 2.7430 0.1802 0.2252 0.0650 0.2426 0.1911 0.0307 0.0435
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0207 2.7346 0.1795 0.2250 0.0403 0.1748 0.1938 0.0213 0.0442
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0208 2.4628 0.1799 0.1918 0.0417 – 0.1942 – 0.0415
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0209 2.7760 0.1878 0.2277 0.0440 0.1995 – 0.0437 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0362 5.6755 0.2566 0.1772 0.1435 0.3740 0.2077 0.2031 0.1545
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0364 5.7999 0.2477 0.1705 0.1466 0.3744 0.2118 0.2042 0.1599
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0295 5.7679 0.2432 0.2056 0.1367 0.2910 0.3151 0.1578 0.2246
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0299 3.4757 0.2448 0.0594 0.1118 – 0.3148 – 0.2110
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0319 6.1055 0.2985 0.2131 0.1450 0.3899 – 0.2196 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0309 3.8152 0.2506 0.0803 0.1187 0.4033 0.2868 0.2162 0.1983
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0310 3.8554 0.2454 0.0802 0.1580 0.3973 0.2843 0.2129 0.1990
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0298 3.8452 0.2447 0.0862 0.1180 0.2925 0.3153 0.1536 0.2126
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0299 3.4757 0.2448 0.0594 0.1118 – 0.3148 – 0.2110
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0302 3.9030 0.2543 0.0860 0.1211 0.3478 – 0.2233 –

0.50
0.50
SDL
UDL SDL
z/h

0.25 0.25 UDL

z/h

0.00 0.00

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
σx τxz
-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

Fig. 2 Variation of in-plane normal stress rx through the Fig. 3 Variation of transverse shear stress sxz through the
thickness of 2-layer (0°/90°) composite square plate (b = a) sub- thickness of 2-layer (0°/90°) composite square plate (b = a) sub-
jected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) jected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

Table 5 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 4-layered (0°/90°/0°/90°) anti-symmetric composite square
plate (b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (h/4) (h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

4 Present SSNDT 0.0087 1.5827 0.4057 0.7088 0.0351 0.1398 0.2644 0.1398 0.2644
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0087 1.9581 0.6146 0.7444 0.0457 0.2325 – 0.2410 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0065 0.6847 0.4531 0.5226 0.0266 0.1433 0.2778 0.1433 0.2778
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0066 0.7624 0.4942 0.5308 0.0292 0.2713 – 0.2714 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0062 0.5512 0.4598 0.4963 0.0254 0.1439 0.2797 0.1439 0.2797
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0062 0.5717 0.4706 0.4979 0.0260 0.2781 – 0.2781 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0061 0.5136 0.4617 0.4890 0.0251 0.1440 0.2802 0.1440 0.2802
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0061 0.5169 0.4636 0.4885 0.0251 0.2800 – 0.2800 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0061 0.5083 0.4620 0.4879 0.0250 0.1440 0.2803 0.1440 0.2803
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0060 0.5091 0.4626 0.4872 0.0250 0.2803 – 0.2803 –

0.50
0.50
SDL
UDL
z/h

z/h
0.25 SDL
0.25
UDL

0.00
0.00
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
-1.2 -0.6 0.0 0.6 1.2
σx
σx
-0.25
-0.25

-0.50
-0.50
Fig. 4 Variation of in-plane normal stress rx through the
Fig. 6 Variation of in-plane normal stress rx through the
thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/0°/90°) composite square plate
thickness of 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) composite square plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UD L (S = 4)
0.50
0.50
SDL
SDL UDL
z/h

0.25 UDL
0.25
z/h

0.00 0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -0.80 -0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80
τxz σy
-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

Fig. 5 Variation of transverse shear stress sxz through the Fig. 7 Variation of in-plane normal stress ry through the
thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/0°/90°) composite square plate thickness of 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) composite square plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) (b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

Table 6 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) symmetric composite square plate
(b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (-h/2) (-h/2) (-h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0092 1.9015 0.7535 0.0880 0.0496 0.2092 0.2768 0.1914 0.2088
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0091 1.9218 0.7345 0.0782 0.0497 0.2024 0.2855 0.1832 0.2086
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0055 1.5681 0.4370 0.0614 0.0369 0.1201 0.3368 0.1301 0.1968
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0068 0.4312 0.5387 0.0267 0.0213 – 0.3951 – 0.0823
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 2.0046 0.7550 0.0949 0.0505 0.2550 – 0.2170 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0071 0.7155 0.5720 0.0411 0.0278 0.2577 0.3670 0.1070 0.1179
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0071 0.7125 0.5684 0.0387 0.0277 0.2447 0.3693 0.1033 0.1167
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0065 0.6306 0.5134 0.0353 0.0252 0.1363 0.3806 0.0762 0.1108
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0068 0.4312 0.5387 0.0267 0.0213 – 0.3951 – 0.0823
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 0.7528 0.5898 0.0418 0.0289 0.3570 – 0.1200 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0154 2.8934 1.0343 0.1138 0.1097 0.3575 0.3751 0.4359 0.2933
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0152 2.9091 1.0177 0.1030 0.1092 0.3530 0.4036 0.4425 0.3947
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0088 2.3538 0.6546 0.0852 0.0736 0.2286 0.6395 0.3427 0.5528
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0107 0.6660 0.8076 0.0307 0.0426 – 0.7233 – 0.3859
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 3.0438 1.1229 0.1238 – 0.4428 – 0.4867 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0115 1.0954 0.8436 0.0510 0.0594 0.4607 0.6139 0.3467 0.3553
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0115 1.0900 0.8395 0.0481 0.0593 0.4409 0.6259 0.3443 0.3859
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0102 0.9642 0.7720 0.0442 0.0515 0.2530 0.7054 0.2633 0.4230
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0107 0.6660 0.8076 0.0307 0.0426 – 0.7233 – 0.3859
Zenkour (2007) Exact – 1.1539 0.8708 0.0529 – 0.6279 – 0.4009 –

are compared with those obtained by existing theories
in the literature.
5.1 Bidirectional bending analysis of isotropic
plates
In this section, efficiency of proposed theory is proved
for the bending response of thick, moderately thick
and thin isotropic plates under SDL and UDL.
Material properties defined by Eq. (64) are used.
Results obtained by present theory are compared with
those obtained by exact elasticity solution (Pagano
1969) and are presented in Table 1. Displacements
and stresses are presented in non-dimensional form
defined by Eq. (67). Examination of Table 1 reveals
that, present theory accurately predicts the displace-
ments whereas overestimate the in-plane normal
stresses for thick, moderately thick and thick plates.
Exact results for in-plane shear stress are not available
in the literature. Present theory overestimates the
values of transverse shear stresses when obtained by
using constitutive relations whereas it predicts those
stresses accurately when obtained by equilibrium
equations of theory of elasticity.
5.2 Bidirectional bending analysis of transversely
isotropic plates
This section validates the efficiency of proposed
theory for the bidirectional bending of transversely
isotropic plate under SDL and UDL. Material prop-
erties defined by Eq. (65) are used. Numerical results
are presented in non-dimensional form given by
Eq. (67). Comparison of displacements and stresses
are presented in Table 2. Since the exact elasticity
solution is not available in the literature, results
obtained by present theory are compared with those
obtained by higher order shear deformation theory of
Reddy (1984), FSDT of Mindlin (1951) and CLPT.
From the Table 2 it is observed that, results obtained

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

Table 7 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) composite rectangular plate (b = 3a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(h/2) (0) (h/2) (h/6) (h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0134 2.6421 1.0718 0.1045 0.0265 0.2845 0.3748 0.0380 0.0323
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0131 2.6411 1.0359 0.1028 0.0263 0.2724 0.3825 0.0348 0.0304
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0078 2.0547 0.6130 0.0934 0.0205 0.1566 0.4357 0.0257 0.0282
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0079 0.5034 0.6233 0.0251 0.0083 – 0.4395 – 0.0108
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0142 2.8211 1.1443 0.1087 0.0268 0.3510 – 0.0333 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0088 0.8681 0.6985 0.0403 0.0116 0.3020 0.4285 0.0177 0.0149
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0088 0.8622 0.6924 0.0398 0.0115 0.2859 0.4299 0.0170 0.0145
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0079 0.7531 0.6214 0.0375 0.0105 0.1578 0.4388 0.0133 0.0139
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0079 0.5034 0.6233 0.0251 0.0083 – 0.4395 – 0.0108
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0091 0.9189 0.7259 0.0417 0.0119 0.4201 – 0.0152 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0189 3.4254 1.2870 0.0030 0.1081 0.4078 0.4374 0.3776 0.3222
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0184 3.4107 1.2481 0.0019 0.1077 0.3976 0.4628 0.3755 0.3807
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0104 2.6225 0.7861 0.0002 0.0753 0.2485 0.6906 0.2845 0.4496
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0103 0.6455 0.7764 0.0023 0.0409 – 0.6845 – 0.3388
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0202 3.6551 1.4005 0.0048 0.1289 0.5085 – 0.4120 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0118 1.1041 0.8569 0.0029 0.0558 0.4512 0.5981 0.3093 0.3499
Reddy (1984) HSDT 0.0117 1.0962 0.8504 0.0027 0.0559 0.4309 0.6086 0.3029 0.3567
Mindlin (1951) FSDT 0.0103 0.9583 0.7774 0.0011 0.0493 0.2463 0.6845 0.2291 0.3648
Kirchhoff CLPT 0.0103 0.6455 0.7764 0.0023 0.0409 – 0.6845 – 0.3388
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0122 1.1689 0.8898 0.0029 0.0592 0.6158 – 0.3757 –

0.50 0.50
SDL
UDL

0.25 0.25
SDL
UDL
z/h
z/h

0.00 0.00

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
τ xz τ yz
-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

Fig. 8 Variation of transverse shear stress sxz through the Fig. 9 Variation of transverse shear stress syz through the
thickness of 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) composite square plate thickness of 3-layer (0°/90°/0°) composite square plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) (b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

Table 8 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for 4-layer (0°/90°/90°/0°) symmetric composite square plate
(b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(h/2) (0) (h/2) (h/4) (h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0083 1.8784 0.6830 0.6210 0.0442 0.2147 0.2262 0.2474 0.2959
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0086 – 0.7202 0.6625 0.0466 0.2193 – 0.2915 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0068 0.7173 0.5484 0.3898 0.0268 0.2783 0.3053 0.1588 0.1934
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0069 – 0.5586 0.4009 0.0275 0.3013 – 0.1959 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0068 0.5070 0.5405 0.3046 0.0228 0.2988 0.3294 0.1274 0.1544
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0068 – 0.5428 0.3083 0.0230 0.3281 – 0.1556 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0068 0.4435 0.5395 0.2750 0.0215 0.3058 0.3375 0.1165 0.1408
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0067 – 0.5393 0.2759 0.0215 0.3374 – 0.1411 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0068 0.4343 0.5394 0.2705 0.0213 0.3068 0.3387 0.1148 0.1388
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0067 – 0.5388 0.2710 0.0213 0.3388 – 0.1389 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0142 2.8570 0.9154 0.9191 0.1017 0.3797 0.3383 0.5076 0.4509
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0149 – 0.9845 0.9586 0.1367 0.3956 – 0.5804 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0112 1.1099 0.8132 0.5465 0.0559 0.5174 0.5416 0.4115 0.4673
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0114 – 0.8266 0.5596 0.0600 0.5556 – 0.4944 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0109 0.7938 0.8199 0.4115 0.0446 0.5634 0.6103 0.3790 0.4622
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0110 – 0.8221 0.4163 0.0455 0.6141 – 0.4660 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0109 0.6982 0.8238 0.3636 0.0405 0.5805 0.6376 0.3693 0.4611
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0109 – 0.8233 0.3648 0.0406 0.6396 – 0.4663 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0109 0.6842 0.8244 0.3562 0.0398 0.5833 0.6421 0.3679 0.4609
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0108 – 0.8235 0.3568 0.0398 0.6456 – 0.4690 –

0.50 0.50
SDL
UDL
z/h
z/h

0.25 0.25
SDL
UDL

0.00 0.00

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
σx σy
-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

Fig. 10 Variation of in-plane normal stress rx through the Fig. 11 Variation of in-plane normal stress ry through the
thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/90°/0°) composite square plate thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/90°/0°) composite square plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UD L (S = 4) (b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

0.50 provided exact 3D solutions for SDL and UDL.

Material properties defined by Eq. (66) and non-
dimensional form defined by Eq. (67) are used to
0.25 represent the numerical results.
SDL Displacements and stresses of the two-layer (0°/
UDL
90°) anti-symmetric cross-ply square and rectangular
z/h

0.00
plates under SDL and UDL are presented in Tables 3
and 4. Displacements and in-plane stresses predicted
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
by present theory and theory of Reddy (1984) are in
τxz
good agreement with those obtained by exact 3D
-0.25
solution under SDL and UDL. Present theory and
Reddy (1984) predicts lower values of transverse shear
stresses whereas theory of Mindlin (1951) and CLPT
-0.50
predicts excellent values of those when obtained using
Fig. 12 Variation of transverse shear stress sxz through the equations of equilibrium. It is also observed that, for
thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/90°/0°) composite square plate square plate, transverse shear stresses sxz and syz are
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) identical. Variation of in-plane normal stress rx
through the thickness of 2-layer anti-symmetric square
plate subjected to SDL and UDL is shown in Fig. 2. It
0.50
can be seen that, there is pronounced discontinuity at
SDL
the layer interface. Figure 3 shows the variation of
UDL
transverse shear stress sxz obtained using equations of
0.25 equilibrium to satisfy the continuity at layer interface.
Table 5 presents non-dimensional displacements
and stresses for four-layer (0°/90°/0°/90°) anti-sym-
z/h

0.00 metric square plate under SDL for various aspect

ratios. Through thickness variations of rx and sxz are
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
shown in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively. Examination of
τyz Table 5 reveals that, present theory accurately predicts
-0.25
the displacements and stresses of four-layer anti-
symmetric square thick or moderately thick plate
under SDL.
-0.50
Tables 6 and 7 contain the non-dimensional dis-
Fig. 13 Variation of transverse shear stress syz through the placements and stresses for the three-layer (0°/90°/0°)
thickness of 4-layer (0°/90°/90°/0°) composite square plate symmetric square and rectangular plates subjected to
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) SDL and UDL. For square plate (b = a) in-plane
normal stress ry is calculated at top surface of plate i.e.
by present theory and HSDT of Reddy (1984) are more z = -h/2, whereas for rectangular plate (b = 3a) it is
or less same. FSDT of Mindlin (1951) and CLPT calculated at layer interface i.e. z = h/6. It is evident
predict identical results. from Tables 6 and 7 that the present theory gives
excellent results for displacements and in-plane
5.3 Bidirectional bending analysis of cross-ply stresses for square and rectangular plates. However,
laminated composite plates there is a considerable difference with 3D-elasticity
solution for non-dimensional transverse shear stresses
This section validates the efficiency of proposed when obtained using constitutive relation. Present
theory for bidirectional bending analysis of laminated theory predicts excellent values of transverse shear
composite plates. Pagano (1969) has provided exact stresses when obtained using equations of equilibrium
3D solution for SDL whereas Zenkour (2007) which also violate the stress discontinuity at layer

123
 A. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal

Table 9 Comparison of non-dimensional displacements and stresses for sandwich (0°/core/0°) square plate (b = a)
S Theory Model u w rx ry sxy sCR
zx sEE
zx sCR
yz sEE
yz
(-h/2) (0) (-h/2) (-h/2) (h/2) (0) (0) (0) (0)

SDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.00858 3.5131 1.4313 0.2526 0.1358 0.2808 0.2435 0.1235 0.1024
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.00922 3.7981 1.5120 0.2532 0.1430 0.2386 – 0.1071 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.00699 1.0285 1.1310 0.1089 0.0676 0.3452 0.3016 0.0611 0.0509
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.00715 1.1002 1.1518 0.1098 0.0706 0.2997 – 0.0526 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.00689 0.5919 1.1033 0.0715 0.0499 0.3632 0.3175 0.0430 0.0359
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.00695 0.6132 1.1096 0.0699 0.0510 0.3173 – 0.0360 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.00687 0.4623 1.0970 0.0594 0.0443 0.3690 0.3227 0.0371 0.0309
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.00690 0.4674 1.0991 0.0569 0.0446 0.3231 – 0.0305 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.00687 0.4435 1.0962 0.0576 0.0434 0.3698 0.3234 0.0362 0.0302
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.00690 0.4464 1.0980 0.0549 0.0436 0.3241 – 0.0297 –
UDL
4 Present SSNDT 0.0147 5.2656 1.9327 0.3388 0.2952 0.4993 0.4190 0.2921 0.2274
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0155 5.9537 2.2201 0.3866 0.3298 0.4333 – 0.1934 –
10 Present SSNDT 0.0112 1.5500 1.6579 0.1285 0.1479 0.6221 0.5384 0.2058 0.1692
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0118 1.7537 1.8098 0.1717 0.1336 0.5453 – 0.1021 –
20 Present SSNDT 0.0108 0.8930 1.6240 0.0743 0.1098 0.6501 0.5665 0.1800 0.1499
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0113 0.9859 1.7644 0.1105 0.0890 0.5786 – 0.0722 –
50 Present SSNDT 0.0106 0.6983 1.6082 0.0578 0.0963 0.6574 0.5743 0.1720 0.1437
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0112 0.7540 1.7532 0.0904 0.0748 0.5916 – 0.0600 –
100 Present SSNDT 0.0106 0.6700 1.6053 0.0554 0.0940 0.6574 0.5755 0.1710 0.1429
Zenkour (2007) Exact 0.0112 0.7204 1.7523 0.0874 0.0728 0.5943 – 0.0576 –

0.50 0.50
SDL
UDL
SDL
z/h
z/h

0.25 0.25 UDL

0.00 0.00

-0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00
u σx
-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

Fig. 14 Variation of in-plane displacement u through the Fig. 15 Variation of in-plane normal stress rx through the
thickness of 3-layer square sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate thickness of 3-layer square sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4) (b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

interface (see Figs. 8 and 9). Examination of Table 6 underestimates the displacements and in-plane stres-
also reveals that, the present theory performs as good ses. Variation of in-plane normal stresses rx and ry
as Reddy (1984). Theory of Mindlin (1951) and CLPT through the thickness of 3-layer symmetric square

123
New shear and normal deformation theory

0.50 0.50

SDL

z/h
0.25 0.25 UDL
SDL
UDL

z/h
0.00 0.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30

-0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40
σy τyz
-0.25
-0.25

-0.50
Fig. 16 Variation of in-plane normal stress ry through the
thickness of 3-layer square sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)
-0.50
Fig. 18 Variation of transverse shear stress syz through the
thickness of 3-layer square sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)

ry is calculated at layer interface i.e. z = h/4. Trans-

0.50 sEE EE
verse shear stresses ( xz ; s yz ) obtained by present
theory are in excellent agreement with 3D-elasticity
SDL solution (see Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13).
0.25 UDL
5.4 Bidirectional bending analysis of sandwich
plates
z/h

0.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

τxz
-0.25
-0.50
Fig. 17 Variation of transverse shear stress sxz through the
thickness of 3-layer square sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate
(b = a) subjected to SDL/UDL (S = 4)
plate subjected to SDL and UDL are shown in Figs. 6
and 7 respectively. It can be seen from these figures
that, in-plane normal stress rx is maximum at top/
bottom layer whereas ry is maximum at central layer
(z = h/6).
The efficiency of the present theory is also checked
for four-layer symmetric (0°/90°/90°/0°) cross-ply
laminated square plates (b = a) for various aspect
ratios. Numerical results for this problem are pre-
sented in Table 8. It shows that the present results are
in good agreement with 3D elasticity solution in
deflection, and normal stresses. In-plane normal stress
Lastly, a proposed theory is applied for 3-layer square
sandwich (0°/core/0°) plate with different aspect
ratios. Obtained results for the displacements and
stresses of a square sandwich plate subjected to SDL
and UDL are presented in Table 9. The thickness of
each face sheet is h/10, where h is the total thickness of
the sandwich plate. The material properties of the face
sheets are that defined by Eq. (66) whereas those for
core material are given by Eq. (65). Pagano (1969) and
Zenkour (2007) provided the exact 3D elasticity
solution for the bending response of 3-layer sandwich
plate. Results obtained for various aspect ratios using
present theory are compared with those obtained by
Zenkour (2007) and are found in excellent agreement.
Through thickness variation in-plane displacement,
in-plane normal stresses and transverse shear stresses
are shown in Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.
6 Conclusions
In this paper, a SSNDT which included the effect of
transverse shear and transverse normal strain/stress is

123

applied to the bidirectional bending analysis of
rectangular plates. The theory is variationally consis-
tent and obviates the need of a shear correction factor
due to the realistic variation of transverse shear stress
through the plate thickness. The accuracy of the
present theory is ascertained by comparing it with
various available results in the literature which shows
that, the present theory is in close agreement with
higher order shear deformation theory of Reddy and
exact 3D solutions for analyzing the bending response
of isotropic, transversely isotropic, laminated com-
posite and sandwich plates.
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