2.

The modulation index can have value The value of modulation index is always
either less than one or more than one. less than one.

3. Since in FM, amplitude of the carrier is Transmitted power is dependent upon

constant, the transmitted power is constant 𝑚2
modulation index, 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 [1 + ].
and independent of the modulation index. 2

4. The modulation index determines the In AM signal, only two sidebands are
number of significant pairs of sidebands in produced for any value of modulation
a FM signal. index.
5. The amplitude of the carrier and sidebands The amplitude of the sidebands is
vary with the modulation index and can be dependent on the modulation index and is
calculated with Bessel functions. always less than the amplitude of carrier.
6. The bandwidth of an FM signal is The bandwidth of an AM signal is twice
proportional to the modulation index. the highest modulating frequency.
7. For FM, the percentage of modulation is For AM, the percentage is the ratio of
the ratio of the actual frequency deviation amplitude of modulating voltage to the
and the maximum permissible frequency amplitude of the carrier multiplied by 100.
deviation multiplied by 100.
8. The main advantage of FM over AM is its The AM system is more susceptible to
noise immunity as amplitude limiters may noise and more affected by noise that FM.
be used in receiver to remove amplitude
variations by noise.
9. The bandwidth of a typical FM channel is
The bandwidth required to transmit AM
200 KHz. signal is much less than that of FM
typically 10 KHz in AM broadcasting.
10. The circuits to produce and demodulate The demodulation of AM signal is
FM are usually more complex and practically very easy by use of diode;
expensive than AM circuits. which is very simple in operation and
economical.

Solved Examples
Example 9.8 A 400 Watt carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 80%. Calculate the total power in the
modulated wave.
𝑚2
Solution: 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + )
2

0.82
= 400 (1 + )
2
= 528 𝑊
Example 9.9 An AM transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power of 150 W is modulated simultaneously
by four modulating signals with modulation indices 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. Find:
i. Total modulation index
ii. Total transmitted power
iii. Each sideband power
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Solution:

i. 𝑚𝑡 = √0.32 + 0.42 + 0.52 + 0.62 = √0.86 = 0.93

𝑚𝑡2 0.922
ii. 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + ) = 150 (1 + ) = 214.5 𝑊
2 2
𝑃𝑐 𝑚𝑡2 150×0.922
iii. Sideband power = = = 31.74 𝑊
4 4

Example 9.10 The 𝑟𝑚𝑠 antenna current of an AM transmitter increases by 15% over its unmodulated value
when sinusoidal modulation by 1 KHz signal is applied. Determine the modulation index.

𝐼 2
Solution: 𝑚 = √2 [( 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) − 1]
𝐼 𝑐

Given 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.15 𝐼𝑐

1.15 𝐼𝑐 2
𝑚 = √2 [( ) − 1] = 0.8
𝐼𝑐

Example 9.11 A certain AM transmitter radiates 10 KW with the carrier unmodulated and 11.8 KW when
the carrier is modulated. Calculate modulation index, if another sine wave corresponding to 30% modulation
is transmitted simultaneously. Also determine the total radiated power.

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 11.8
Solution: 𝑚1 = √2 [ − 1] = √2 [ 10 − 1] = 0.6
𝑃𝑐

Given 𝑚2 = 0.3
𝑚𝑡 = √𝑚12 +𝑚22 + √0.62 + 0.32 = 0.67
𝑚𝑡2 0.672
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + ) = 10 (1 + ) = 12.24 𝐾𝑊
2 2

Example 9.12 Find the carrier and modulating frequencies, 𝑚𝑓 , 𝛿𝑓 of the FM represented by 𝑣 =
12 sin(6 × 108 𝑡 + 5 cos 1250𝑡). What power will this FM wave dissipate (emit) in a 10Ω resistor?
6×108
Solution: 𝑓𝑐 = = 95.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧
2Π

1250
𝑓𝑚 = = 199 𝐻𝑧
2Π
𝑚𝑓 = 5
𝛿𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑓𝑚 = 5 × 199 = 995 𝐻𝑧
2 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 12/√2
𝑃= =( ) = 7.2𝑊
𝑅 10

Example 9.13 A carrier is being frequency modulated by an A.F. signal of 2.4 V, 400 Hz and 𝑚𝑓 being 60.
Calculate maximum deviation. What will be the 𝑚𝑓 when A.F. signal is changed to 250 Hz, 3.2 V.
𝛿
Solution: 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑓 = 60
𝑚

∴ 𝛿𝑓 = 60 × 400 = 24 𝐾𝐻𝑧

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 𝛿 24 𝐾𝐻𝑧
(𝐾𝑓 ) Deviation constant = 𝑉 𝑓 = = 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧/𝑉
𝑚 2.4 𝑉
For 𝑉𝑚 = 3.2 𝑉, 𝛿𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑉𝑚
𝛿𝑓 = 3.2 × 10 = 32 𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝛿
We know that 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑓
𝑚
32000
= = 128
250
Example 9.14 In an F.M. system, the frequency deviation constant is 5 KHz/V. If a sinusoidal modulating
signal of 15 V, 10 KHz is applied, calculate the peak frequency deviation and the modulating index.

Solution: Given: 𝑓𝑚 = 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧

Frequency deviation constant (𝐾) = 5 𝐾𝐻𝑧/𝑉

AF voltage = 15 𝑉
Frequency deviation = 15 × 5 𝐾𝐻𝑧
= 75 𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝛿
Modulation index = 𝑓 𝑓
𝑚
75 𝐾𝐻𝑧
= = 7.5
10 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Example 9.15 A carrier 𝐸𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 is modulated by a signal, 𝑓(𝑡) = 2 cos 2Π𝑡 + 6 cos 103 2Π𝑡 +
7 cos 103 4Π𝑡. Find the bandwidth of FM using Carson’s rule. Assume 𝐾 = 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧/𝑉 and also find
deviation ratio.
Solution: (i) Maximum frequency deviation:

𝛿𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 𝐾𝑓 √𝑉12 +𝑉22 +𝑉32 = 10 × 103 √22 + 62 + 72
= 94 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Maximum modulating frequency is 2 KHz given in 𝑓(𝑡).
BW = 2[𝛿𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]
= 2[94 + 2] = 192 𝐾𝐻𝑧
(ii) Deviation ratio:
𝛿 94
= 𝑓𝑓 = = 47
𝑚 2

Example 9.16 A 101 MHz carrier is modulated by a 500 Hz audio signal. If the carrier voltage is 10 volts
and maximum deviation is 75 KHz, write the equation of FM.
𝛿 75 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Solution: 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑓 = = 150
𝑚 500 𝐻𝑧

𝜔𝑐 = 2Π𝑓𝑐 = 2Π × 101 × 106

𝜔𝑚 = 2Π𝑓𝑚 = 2Π × 500
𝑉𝐹𝑀 = 𝑉𝑐 sin[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
= sin[2Π × 101 × 106 t + 150 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
= 10 sin[2Π × 101 × 106 t + 150 cos 2Π × 500𝑡]

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Example 9.17 The modulating frequency of FM is increased from 10 KHz to 20 KHz. Determine the
increase in bandwidth.

Solution: 𝐵𝑊1 = 2[𝛿𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]

= 2[𝛿𝑓 + 10]
𝐵𝑊2 = 2[𝛿𝑓 + 20]
Increase in 𝐵𝑊 = 𝐵𝑊2 − 𝐵𝑊1
= 2[𝛿𝑓 + 20] − 2[𝛿𝑓 + 10]
= 20 𝐾𝐻𝑧

Example 9.18 For the angle modulated signal 𝑚(𝑡) = 10 cos[106 Πt + 5 sin 2Π 103 t]. Find the maximum
phase deviation and the maximum frequency deviation.

Solution: For 𝑚(𝑡) to be PM signal,

𝛿𝑃 = 𝑚𝑃 = 5 radians
For 𝑚(𝑡) to be FM signal,
𝛿𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝑓𝑚 = 5 × 103 = 5 KHz

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The carrier of useful power in an AM wave is
(a) carrier (b) sidebands
(c) both sidebands and carrier (d) none of the given
2. If amplitude modulation is 100% then signal amplitude is
(a) less than carrier amplitude (b) greater than carrier amplitude
(c) equal to carrier amplitude (d) none of the given
3. Over modulation in AM occurs when signal amplitude is
(a) less than carrier amplitude (b) greater than carrier amplitude
(c) equal to carrier amplitude (d) none of the given
4. Over modulation results in
(a) distortion (b) weakening of the signal
(c) excessive carrier power (d) none of the given
5. In Amplitude modulation, according to the strength of the signal
(a) amplitude of the carrier is varied
(b) both the amplitude and frequency of the carrier are varied
(c) both the amplitude and frequency of the carrier remains constant
(d) frequency of the carrier is varied
6. In Frequency modulation
(a) both the amplitude and frequency of the carrier wave vary
(b) both the amplitude and frequency of the carrier wave remains constant
(c) amplitude of the carrier wave remains the same
(d) frequency of the carrier wave remains the same
7. As the modulation level in AM is increased, the carrier power
(a) is increased (b) remains the same
(c) is decreased (d) none of the given
8. A carrier is amplitude modulated by two sine waves of different frequencies upto 40% and 60%. The
resulting overall modulation index is

29
 (a) 1 (b) .4
(c) .62 (d) .72
9. Modulation refers to a low-frequency signal controlling the
(a) amplitude of the carrier
(b) frequency of the carrier
(c) phase of the carrier
(d) may be any of the above
10. If a 50kW carrier is to be modulated to a level of 85 %, the power after modulation in one sideband will
be
(a) 8kW (b) 6kW
(c) 9kW (d) 18kW
Fill in the blanks by appropriate words/figures
1. In an AM wave, the majority of the power is in____________.
2. At 100% modulation in AM, the power in each sideband is _______ percent of that of carrier.
3. If a 50kW carrier is to be modulated to a level of 85 %.The carrier power after modulation will
be______kW.
4. In amplitude modulation, bandwidth is_________the audio signal frequency.
5. If the level of modulation is increased, __________power is increased in AM.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant by communication?
2. What do you understand by modulation?
3. What is the function of a transmitter and a receiver?
4. What is meant by EM spectrum?
5. Define AM.
6. What do you understand by modulation index in AM?
7. What is the bandwidth of AM wave?
8. What are the three frequency components in an AM wave?
9. What is the current relationship for AM wave?
10. The un-modulated rms current of an AM wave is 8.93A and increases to 11.25A with modulation. Determine
the modulation index.
11. What do you understand by Frequency Modulation?
12. What is frequency deviation?
13. What is modulation index for FM?

Review Questions
1. Draw the block diagram of a communication system. Describe the functionality of each block.
2. Define modulation. Explain the need of modulation.
3. Derive the expression for instantaneous value of AM wave. Also draw AM wave along with carrier and
message signal.
4. Derive the expression for instantaneous value of FM wave. Also draw FM wave along with carrier and
message signal.
5. What do you understand by modulation index in AM?
6. Prove the following relation between total power and carrier power in AM.
𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 2 )
7. Derive the expression for total modulation index in case of modulation by several sine waves?
8. Compare AM, FM and PM.

30
 9. Describe the AM wave generation process using analog multiplier.
10. What do you understand by modulation? Give a brief classification of various analog modulation processes.
11. Derive a relation between total power and carrier power in AM.
12. Derive the expression for instantaneous value of PM wave.

Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

1.(b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5.(a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8.(d) 9.(d) 10. (c)

Fill in the blanks

1. carrier 2. 25 3. 68.1 4. twice 5. sideband

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