Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Analytical method to investigate nonlinear dynamic responses of

sandwich plates with FGM faces resting on elastic foundation
considering blast loads
Behzad Mohammadzadeh, Hyuk Chun Noh ⇑
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An analytical approach is presented to investigate nonlinear dynamic responses of sandwich plates. To
Received 24 January 2017 obtain governing differential equations of motion, the higher order shear deformation theory is employed
Revised 14 March 2017 together with Hamilton’s principle. The Navier’s solution and Runge-Kutta method using available math-
Accepted 25 March 2017
ematical package software MAPLE 14 are used to solve the governing equations. This method can con-
Available online 20 April 2017
sider any required number of layers through the sandwich plate thickness. To evaluate the method
validity a sandwich plate with FGM face sheets and the FRC core resting on an elastic foundation is sub-
Keywords:
jected to the blast load due to the burst of 5 kg charge. The maximum plane-normal displacement is
Blast load
Sandwich plate
obtained by the analytical method and numerical approach. Comparison between results shows good
Functionally graded materials agreement. Thereafter, time histories obtained from both analytical and numerical approaches are com-
Fiber-reinforced concrete pared. The interlaminar stresses are obtained through the sandwich plate thickness. The results show
Dynamics that neither material failure nor delamination occurs.
Interlaminar stresses Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction weight [3]. Functionally graded materials (FGM) has recently

Sandwich structures have been widely used in industrial appli-
cations. Several studies paid considerable attention to the behavior
of structures in the case of applying blast or impact loads. Explo-
sive charges can target different kinds of structures, so it gains
importance to be studied. An explosion can be defined as a very
fast chemical reaction involving a solid, dust or gas, during which
a rapid release of hot gases and energy takes place [1]. The blast
wave pressure distribution, pressure-time history, can be stated
as a function of time as Eq. (1) represents [2]:



t bðt  t a Þ
PðtÞ ¼ Ps0þ 1  exp ; ð1Þ
t 0þ t 0þ
where Ps0þ is incident pressure (Maximum pressure of blast wave),
‘t’ time, t 0þ positive phase duration, t a blast wave arrival time and b
is dimensionless wave decay coefficient. Sandwich structures are
increasingly being applied to various types of industries and sectors
such as aerospace, marine and automobile engineering, because of
their superior characteristics and structural performance with light
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Behzad.alb@gmail.com (B. Mohammadzadeh), Cpebach@
Sejong.ac.kr (H.C. Noh).
attracted attentions because of their considerable advantages over
conventional materials [4]. The most common FGMs are a composi-
tion of metal and ceramic.
The ductile metallic part has superior fracture toughness while
the high thermal resistance is considerable property of the ceramic
part [5]. FGMs have many applications like those used in spacecraft
heat shields, heat exchanger tubes and fusion reactors [6].
In an explosion event the blast wave front together with high
elevated temperature affect surrounding stuffs and structures [7].
The sandwich plates can be made such that they resist against blast
loads, so the need for sandwich plates having FGM faces to sustain
high temperatures and transfer axial forces and bending moments
as well as a strong core such as fiber reinforced concrete which has
the ability of carrying compressive stresses comes up.
Recent developments in the analysis of composite laminated
plates point out that the plate thickness has more pronounced
effects on the behavior of composite laminates than isotropic
plates [8]. Also, due to low transverse shear moduli relative to
the in-plane Young’s moduli, transverse shear deformations play
a much important role in the kinematics of composite laminates.
Exposition of laminated plates to dynamic loads leads to character-
ize them by transverse shear deformation. Neglecting the trans-
verse shear effects and rotary inertia yields incorrect results,
even for thin composite laminated plates [9].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.087
0263-8223/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 143

Nomenclature

PðtÞ pressure-time history F6 shear strength

Ps0þ incident pressure a length of plate (long side)
t time c width of plate (short side)
t 0þ positive phase duration h thickness of the plate
ta blast wave arrival time hf thickness of the face sheet
b wave decay coefficient hfrc thickness of the core
E modulus of elasticity ti layer height through the plate thickness
m Poisson’s ratio PF effective material properties
q material density Pc temperature-dependent properties of ceramic
G shear modulus of elasticity K foundation stiffness
j curvature Pm temperature-dependent properties of metal
w charge weight Vc volume fraction of ceramic
Iji mass moment of inertias Vm volume fraction of metal
qx distributed load along with x-direction Z depth through the plate thickness
qy distributed load along with y-direction AM cross sectional area of matrix
qb distributed forces at the bottom layers Ar cross sectional area of reinforcement
qt distributed forces at the top of layers Ac cross sectional area of composite
N membrane force N volume fraction index
M bending moment a thermal expansion coefficient
P higher order bending moment
ij
Q constitutive stiffness matrix element
Q shear force U displacement in x-direction
R higher order shear moment V displacement in x-direction

T
N thermal force W displacement in z-direction
M
T thermal moment Wx rotation about y-direction

T
P thermal higher order moment Wy rotation about x-direction
O0 plate area U_ time-derivative of U
r stress V_ time-derivative of V
rT thermal stress W _ time-derivative of W
s shear stress W_x time-derivative of Wx
e strain W_y time-derivative of Wy
c shear strain U€ second time-derivative of U
Yt tensile strength €
V second time-derivative of V
S13¼23 interlaminar shear strength W€ second time-derivative of W
F1 yield stress in X-direction W€x second time-derivative of Wx
F2 yield stress in Y-direction W€y second time-derivative of Wy

To account for the effect of transverse normal strain, two kinds
of higher order shear deformation theories have been proposed.
One is the layer-wise theory which may trace the local variations
in each layer more accurately, but it is more complicated due to
large numbers of independent unknowns. Another one is the
equivalent single-layer theory which can accurately predict the
global structural responses including deflection, buckling and
vibration of the laminated plates. Further, Reddy[10] developed a
simple higher order shear deformation plate theory. This theory
assumes that the transverse shear strains have parabolic distribu-
tion across the plate thickness. The advantage of this theory over
the first-order shear deformation theory is that the number of
independent unknowns is the same as in the first-order shear
deformation theory, but no shear correction factor is required [10].
FGM were proposed by Japanese scientists in 1984. The volume
fraction of FGM constituents vary continuously along with thick-
ness direction. Therefore, the mechanical properties such as mod-
ulus of elasticity E, Poisson’s ratio t, material density q, shear
modulus of elasticity G, smoothly vary through the desirable direc-
tion. The FGM have been developed by combining the form of
fibers, particulates, whiskers or platelets of advanced engineering
materials [5]. Numerous researches interested in investigation of
FGM plates for the static, free vibration or buckling problems based
on the first-order shear deformation theory [11] the third-order
shear deformation [6] and three dimensional elasticity [4] with
or without foundation interaction effect. Zhen-Xin Wang et al.
[10] performed nonlinear analyses of sandwich plates with FGM
face sheets resting on elastic foundation. Very few studies have
been performed for investigating dynamic responses of FGM
plates. Akbarzadeh et al. [11] investigated dynamic responses of
FGM plate using hybrid Fourier-Laplace transform method. Dan
Sun et al. [12] studied dynamic response of the rectangular FGM
plates with clamped supports under impulsive load.
According to the above explanations, this study is motivated to
employ the higher order shear deformation theory and virtual
work principal to present an analytical approach to perform non-
linear dynamic investigation of sandwich plates having FGM faces
resting on elastic foundation subjected to blast load. Since the blast
wave is emitted into the surrounding area of sandwich plate, the
assumption has been made to consider distributed loads of qx
and qy along with x-direction and y-direction on plate sides,
respectively. Besides, uniformly distributed blast pressure is con-
sidered to subject to the plate face. Fig. 1 shows an illustration of
applied loads on the sandwich plate.
2. Characteristics of sandwich plate
A sandwich plate consisting of two FGM face sheets and a core
made of fiber reinforced concrete resting on elastic foundation is
considered to be subjected to the blast load. The aim is to find
the dynamic responses of plate by solving the corresponding gov-
erning differential equations including temperature change effects
and interaction between foundation and sandwich structure. Fig. 2
shows an illustration of the sandwich plate layout.
144 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

N
2Z þ h
mF ðZ; TÞ ¼ ðmb ðTÞ  mt ðTÞÞ þ mt ; ð4cÞ
2h
The mass density qF is assumed to be independent of the tem-
perature and is only a function of thickness.

N
2Z þ h
qF ðZÞ ¼ ðqb  qt Þ þ qt : ð4dÞ
2h
The core is made of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). The elastic
modulus of the composite in the loading direction can be obtained
from the law of mixtures as follows:
Ec ¼ Er V r þ EM V M ; ð5Þ
where V r is the volume fraction of longitudinal reinforcement, V M is
the volume fraction of matrix, Er is the elastic modulus of the rein-
Fig. 1. Illustration of applied loads on sandwich plate. forcement and EM is the elastic modulus of the matrix. V r and V M
are defined as given in Eqs. (6a) and (6b), respectively:
The FGM face sheet is made from a mixture of ceramic and Ar
metal for which the mixing ratio varies continuously and smoothly Vr ¼ ; ð6aÞ
Ac
in plane-normal direction, plate thickness, and can be obtained by
application of simple rule of mixture of composite materials. The AM
effective material properties PF including elastic modulus, EF , Pois- VM ¼ ; ð6bÞ
Ac
son’s ratio, mF and thermal expansion coefficient, aF , are defined as
follows: where Ar is the cross sectional area of reinforcement, AM is the cross
sectional area of matrix and Ac is the cross sectional area of compos-
PF ¼ Pc V c þ Pm V m ; ð2Þ ite. Poisson’s ratio of composite can be obtained as follows:
where P c and P m denotes the temperature-dependent properties of #c ¼ mr V r þ mM V M : ð7Þ
the ceramic and metal, respectively. V c is the volume fraction of
ceramic while V m is volume fraction of metal. Volume fractions of Density of FRC, qFrc and thermal coefficient aFrc are constant
metal V m for top and bottom of FGM face sheets are defined in through the thickness of the core.
Eqs. (3a) and (3b), respectively [10]: The constitutive stress-strain relation can be mentioned as

N follows:
Z  t0 8 9 2 38 9
V mt ¼ ; ð3aÞ
11
12
16 > exx >
t1  t0 < rxx >
> = Q Q Q < =
6

22
26 7
ryy ¼ 4 Q 12 Q Q 5 eyy ð8aÞ
>
: > > >


t3  Z
N rxy ;
16
Q
26
Q
66 : exy ;
Q
V mb ¼ ; ð3bÞ
t3  t2   " #
ryz
44
Q
45  cyz 
Q
where subscript ‘b’ refers to bottom and subscript ‘t’ refers to top. N ¼ ð8bÞ
rxz
45
Q
55
Q cxz
is the volume fraction index which dictates the material variation
profile through the FGM layer thickness. We can define the The thermal coefficients of FGM face sheet in X and Y-directions
temperature-dependent material properties as follows [13]:
ij ; can
are equal to aF . The elements of stiffness matrix of Eq. (8), Q

N be stated as follow:
2Z þ h
EF ðZ; TÞ ¼ ðEb ðTÞ  Et ðTÞÞ þ Et ; ð4aÞ
2h EF ðZ; TÞ mF EF ðZ; TÞ
Q 11 ¼ Q 22 ¼ ; Q 12 ¼ ; Q 16 ¼ Q 26 ¼ Q 45 ¼ 0;

N 1  m2F 1  m2F
2Z þ h EF ðZ; TÞ
aF ðZ; TÞ ¼ ðab ðTÞ  at ðTÞÞ þ at ; ð4bÞ Q 44 ¼ Q 55 ¼ Q 66 ¼ : ð9Þ
2h 2ð1 þ mF Þ

Fig. 2. Layout of sandwich plate resting on elastic foundation.

 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 145

2 " #

ij are defined as 4 Z @W
0
For the core, thermal coefficient is aFrc and Q


V ¼ V 0 þ Z Wy 

ðWy þ Þ ; ð15bÞ
follows: 3 h @Y
Ec mFrc Ec
Q 11 ¼ Q 22 ¼ ; Q 12 ¼ ; Q 16 ¼ Q 26 ¼ Q 45 ¼ 0;
0
W ¼W ð15cÞ
1  m2Frc 1  m2Frc
Ec The strain-displacement relations can be stated as follows:
Q 44 ¼ Q 55 ¼ Q 66 ¼ : ð10Þ
2ð1 þ mFrc Þ
0 1
@ W
0 2
0 1
@ W

0 2
@U @V
When an explosion happens the surrounding environment tem- e0xx ¼ þ ; e0yy ¼ þ ; e0zz ¼ 0;
@X 2 @X @Y 2 @Y
perature is drastically elevated. The plate temperature uniformly



increases from the initial temperature T i to the final value of T f e0yz ¼W
y þ @ W 0 ; e0 ¼ W
x þ @W 0 ;
at which the plate material failure may occur. The temperature @Y xz
@X

0 @V
@U
0 @W
0 @W
0
change is stated as DT ¼ T f  T i . e0xy ¼ þ þ ; ð16aÞ
@Y @X @X @Y
3. Derivation of equation of motion
e1xx ¼ e0xx þ Zðj01 Þ; e1yy ¼ e0yy þ Zðj02 Þ; e1zz ¼ 0; e1yz ¼ e0yz ;
To perform this part the concepts given in Refs. e1xz ¼ e0xz ; e1xy ¼ e0xy þ Zðj0xy Þ; ð16bÞ
[10,14,15,16,17,18,19] are used.
A rectangular sandwich plate having two face sheets made of e2xx ¼ e1xx þ Z 3 j2xx ; e2yy ¼ e0yy þ Z 3 j2yy ; e2zz ¼ 0; e2yz ¼ e0yz þ Z 2 j2yz ;
functionally graded materials (FGM) and a core made of fiber rein-
forced concrete is considered. The length of the plate is a, width is c e2xz ¼ e0xz þ Z 2 j2xz ; e2xy ¼ e1xy þ Z 3 j2xy : ð16cÞ
and total thickness of the plate is h. The coordinate system has its where
origin at the corner of the plate on the mid-plane. Let U,
V
and W
!
@W
x 4 @W
x @2W
@W
y
be the plate displacements parallel to a right-hand set of axes (X, Y, j 0
¼ ; j ¼
2
þ ; j0yy ¼ ;
Z), where X is longitudinal direction, Y is along with plate width
xx
@X xx
3h
2 @X @X 2 @Y

x and W

y are the mid-plane rotations !
and Z is normal to the plate. W 4 @W
y @2W

of the normal about Y and X axes, respectively. The displacement j2yy ¼  þ ; ð17aÞ
3h
2 @Y @Y 2
components are assumed to have the form as follow [10,15]:

x ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z 2 nx ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z 3 fx ðX; Y; tÞ;

0 ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z W




U¼U ð11aÞ 4
y þ @W 4
@W
j2yz ¼  W ; j2xz ¼  2 W x þ ; ð17bÞ
h
2 @Y h @X
V¼V
y ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z 2 ny ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z 3 fy ðX; Y; tÞ;

0 ðX; Y; tÞ þ Z W ð11bÞ !
@W
x @W
y 4 @W
x @W
y @2W

0 ðX; Y; tÞ;
W ¼W ð11cÞ j 0
¼ þ ; jxy ¼  2
2
þ þ2 : ð17cÞ
xy
@Y @X 3h @Y @X @X@Y
where ‘t’ represents time, U
0; V

0; W
x, W

0, W
y , nx , ny , fx , fy are
The equations of motion of sandwich plate having the FGM
unknowns. faces in Cartesian Coordinates XYZ are derived by use of virtual
Consideration of clamped boundary conditions can be noted as work principle:
follows [14,15]: Z t

y ¼ W

¼U

¼ 0; For X ¼ 0; a; ðdU þ dV  dKÞdt ¼ 0 ð18Þ
W ð12aÞ 0

where dU is virtual strain energy, dV virtual work done by external

x ¼ W
W
¼V

¼ 0; For Y ¼ 0; b: ð12bÞ applied forces and dK virtual kinetic energy. dU is derived as
The transverse shear stresses ryz and rxz are to be vanished at follows:
Z Z hn
the bounding planes of the plate, i.e., stresses at Z ¼  2h, so the 2
dU ¼ ððrxx þ rTx Þdexx þ ðryy þ rTy Þdeyy þ ðrqy gmaxy þ rTxy Þdexy
transverse shear strains e4 and e5 should also vanish there. There- X0 2h
fore, we have: o
þðrxz þ rTxz Þdcxz þ ðryz þ rTyz Þdcyz Þdz dxdy ð19aÞ
@V @W

e4 ¼ þ
y þ 2Zny þ 3Z 2 fy þ @ W 0 ¼ 0;
¼W ð13aÞ Substituting strains from Eq. (15) into Eq. (19a), dU can be rewritten
@Z @Y @Y
as follows:

Z (
2 !

@U @W
x þ 2Znx þ 3Z 2 fx þ @ W 0 ¼ 0; @dU 0 1 @W 0 @ Wx
e5 ¼ þ ¼W ð13bÞ dU ¼ ðNxx þ NTx Þ
þ d þ ðSxx þ STx Þd
@Z @X @X @x 2 @x @x
X0
From which the following conditions can be inferred:
 !
2
4 @2W @dV 0 1 @W 0
nx ¼ ny ¼ 0; ð14aÞ  2 ðPxx þ PTx Þd 2 þ ðNyy þ NTy Þ þ d
3h @x @y 2 @y




4 @W 0
@ Wy 4 2
@ W
fx ¼  þ W ; ð14bÞ þðSyy þ STy Þd  2 ðPyy þ PTy Þd 2
2 @X
x @y 3h @y
3h

@U 0 @V 0 @W 0 @W 0


 þðNxy þ NTxy Þd þ þ
4 @W 0
@y @x @x @y
fy ¼  þ Wy ; ð14cÞ

3h
2 @Y @ Wx @ Wy 8 @2W 0
þðSxy þ STxy Þ þ  2 ðPxy þ PTxy Þ
@y @x @x@y
Substituting Eqs. (13) and (14) into Eq. (11) results in:

3h

"
2 # 4 @W 0 4 @W 0

þ Q x  2 Rx Wx þ þ ðQ y  2 Ry Þ Wy þ dxdy:

0 þ Z W
U¼U
x  4 Z ðW
x þ @W 0Þ ; ð15aÞ h @x h @y
3 h @X ð19bÞ
146 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

2
T
T
T 3 2 3
The virtual work can be stated as given in Eq. (20): Nx M P n Z tk
Ax
6N
x x
7 X 6 7
Z 4
y
T
5¼
T T 3
M y P y 4 Ay 5 ð1; Z; Z ÞDTdZ ð23aÞ
dV ¼  ½qx du þ qy dv þ ðqb þ qt Þdw þ ðK 1 W  K 2 r2 WÞdw; N
T
T
M
T
P k¼1 t k1
Axy
X0 xy xy xy k

ð20Þ 2
T 3 2
T 3 2 T3
Sx Mx P
x
6
6
ST 7 6 M

7 4 6 T 7
4 y 5¼4 y 5 26
where qb and qt are the distributed forces at the bottom and the top T 7 7
4 Py 5 ð23bÞ
of the layers. qx and are distributed loads on sides in x and y direc-
ST T 3h T
tion, respectively. xy M xy P xy
Virtual kinetic energy is given as Eq. (21a) represents: where DT ¼ T  T 0 is the temperature rise from the reference tem-
Z Z t0 h i perature T 0 at which there are no thermal strains. Matrix A is
dK ¼ _ UÞ
qðZÞ ðUd _ þ ðVd
_ VÞ
_ þ ðWd
_ WÞ
_ dz defined as follows [15,18]:
X0 t1 2 3 2 32 3
Z t1 Z t2 Ax
11
Q
12
Q
16
Q 10 
þ _ UÞ
qc ½ðUd _ þ ðVd
_ VÞ
_ þ ðWd
_ WÞdz
_ þ _ UÞ
qðZÞ½ðUd _ 6 7 6

22
26 7 6 7 a11
4 Ay 5 ¼ 4 Q 12 Q Q 54 0 1 5 ð23cÞ
t2
o
t3

16
26
66
a22
_ VÞ
_ þ ðWd
_ WÞdz
_ Axy Q Q Q 00
þðVd dxdy; ð21aÞ
in which a11 and a22 are the thermal expansion coefficient measured
where O0 is the plate area and the superposed dot on a variable in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. Consid-
indicates rate of change with respect to time. Substituting the strain ering Eqs. (18)–(23), a set of governing differential equations of
relations and mass moments of inertias into Eq. (21a) we can motion of sandwich plate resting on elastic foundation subjected
rewrite dK as given in Eq. (21b): to blast load is obtained as follows:
Z h T
 2
@Nxx @NTx @N xy @Nxy @2 U0 4 @ Wx
dK ¼ I0i ðu_ 0 du_ 0 þ v_ 0 dv_ 0 þ w_ 0 dw_ 0 Þ þ I1i ðU_ 0 dW_ xþW
_ x dU_ 0 þ þ þ ¼ I0 þ I 1  I 3
X0 @x @x @y @y @t2 3h
2
@t 2
  2

þV_ 0 dW_ yþW _ y dV_ 0 Þ þ PI2i W _ x dW_ xþW _ y dW _y 4 @ @W 0
 2 I3 2 þ qx ð24aÞ
3h @t @x
_ _
4
 2 I3i ðU_ 0 dW _ x þ U_ 0 @dW 0 þ W _ x dU_ 0 þ @ W 0 dU_ 0
3h @x @x T T
 2
@Nyy @Ny @N xy @Nxy @2V 0 4 @ Wy
_ _ þ þ þ ¼ I0 þ I  I
_ y þ V_ 0 @dW 0 þ W _ y dV_ 0 þ @ W 0 dV_ 0 Þ
1 3
þV_ 0 dW @y @y @x @x @t 2
3h
2
@t 2
@y @y 2

4 @ @W 0
4 @d W _ @ W_0  2 I3 2 þ qy ð24bÞ
 2 I4i 2W _ x dW _ xþW _x þ dW_x 3h @t @y
3h @x @x
! 
_ _0 @ 1 @W 0 4 @W 0 4
_ _ _ @dW @W _ ðNxx þ NTx Þ  2 ðPxx þ PTx Þ þ Q x  2 Rx
þ2Wy dWy þ Wy þ dWy @x 2 @x 3h @x h
@y @y
@W 0 8 @W 0
_ 0 @W _0 _ _ þðNxy þ NTxy Þ  2 ðPxy þ PTxy Þ
16 @dW _ x þ @ W 0 @dW 0
_ xþW
_ x dW _x @y 3h @y
þ I
4 6i
þW dW 
9h @x @x @x @x @ 1 T @W 0 4 @W 0 4
!# þ ðNyy þ Ny Þ  2 ðPyy þ PTy Þ þ Q y  2 Ry
_ 0 @W
@dW _0 @W _ 0 @dW _0 @y 2 @y 3h @y h
_ _ _
þWy dWy þ Wy þ _
dWy þ dxdy
@y @y @y @y @W 0 8 @W 0
þðNxy þ NTxy Þ  2 ðPxy þ PTxy Þ
@x 3h @x
ð21bÞ " ! !#
2
@ W0 4 @ @2U0 @ @2V 0
¼ Pðx; y; tÞ  ðKW 0 Þ þ I0  I
2 3 @x
þ
where Iji is the mass moment of inertias which can be defined as @t 2 3h @t 2 @y @t2
given in Eq. (21c): " ! !# !
4 @ @ 2 Wx @ @ 2 Wy 16 @ @ 2 Wx @ 2 W 0
Z ti  2 I4 þ  I
4 6 @x
þ
3h @x @t2 @y @t 2 9h @t 2 @t 2
Iji ¼ Z j qi ðZÞdz j ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; i ¼ 1; 2; 3 ð21cÞ !!
t i1
@ @ 2 Wy @ 2 W 0
þ þ ð24cÞ
The membrane force, N, shear force, Q, bending moment, M, @y @t2 @t2
higher order bending moment, P and higher order shear force, R
are defined as Eq. (22) represents [15–17]:
Z 4 @ @ @2 U0 @ 2 Wx
h Qx  Rx þ ðSxx þ STx Þ þ ðSxy þ STxy Þ ¼ I1 þ I2
ðN; M; PÞ ¼
2
rð1; Z; Z 3 ÞdZ; ð22aÞ h
2 @x @y @t 2
@t2
" !# " !#
h2 4 @ Wx
2 2
@ @ W0 16 @ Wx
2
@ @ 2 W0
 2 I4 2 þ þ 4 I6 þ
Z h 3h @t 2 @x @t2 9h @t2 @x @t2
2
ðQ x ; Rx Þ ¼ rxz ð1; Z 2 ÞdZ; ð22bÞ ð24dÞ
2h

Z h
4 @ @ @2 U0 @ 2 Wx
ðQ y ; Ry Þ ¼
2
ryz ð1; Z 2 ÞdZ; ð22cÞ Qx  Rx þ ðSxx þ STx Þ þ ðSxy þ STxy Þ ¼ I1 þ I2
h
2 @x @y @t 2
@t2
2h " !# " !#
4 @ Wx
2 2
@ @ W0 16 @ Wx
2
@ @ 2 W0

T, M
N
T,

T are the thermal forces, moments and higher
ST and P  2 I4 2 þ þ 4 I6 þ
3h @t 2 @x @t 2 9h @t 2 @x @t2
order moments caused by elevated temperature, respectively. They
are defined as given in Eq. (23): ð24eÞ
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 147

4 @ @ @2V 0 @ 2 Wy while the core should sustain compression as well as having the
Qy  Ry þ ðSyy þ STy Þ þ ðSxy þ STxy Þ ¼ I1 þ I2
h
2 @y @x @t 2
@t 2 ability of transferring shear stresses. It is of the great importance
" !# " !# that prefect bonding between the layers in laminar composites
4 @ 2 Wy @ @ 2 W0 16 @ 2 Wy @ @ 2 W0
 2 I4 2 þ þ 4 I6 þ remain intact during the service life of the structure to prevent
3h @t 2 @y @t 2 9h @t 2 @y @t 2 delamination which causes failure in composite and sandwich
ð24fÞ structures. This is the most common type of damage for laminated
composite and sandwich plates, which usually occurs in the pro-
duction process, or due to the impact forces [9]. Only if this is sat-
4. Solution method isfied, the panel will perform on the appropriate level. However,
this is not always satisfied, so delamination between the material
In order to find the solution of the equations of motion of sand- layers often occurs.
wich plate, the Navier solution is employed. To this aim, by consid- The interlaminar stresses have outstanding effects on delamina-
ering clamped boundary conditions, the fundamental tion even in the case that they are much lower than the failure
displacement fields are chosen as given hereunder [15,19]: strength. Delamination may cause deterioration of load carrying

 capacity of laminated composite plate such that they cannot act
2px 2py
U 0 ¼ U 11 ðtÞ sin 1  cos ð25aÞ for their desired function anymore. Delamination is able to develop
a c
in regions where the interlaminar shear is high and the out-of-

 plane compression is relatively low. It has been documented that
2px 2p y
V 0 ¼ V 11 ðtÞ 1  cos sin ð25bÞ the main reason of delamination is fast variation of interlaminar
a c
stresses in the vicinity of the free edge [8]. The illustration of inter-


 laminar stresses is provided in Fig. 3.
2px 2p y
W 0 ¼ W 11 ðtÞ 1  cos 1  cos ð25cÞ Taking look at the Fig. 3, it can be inferred that the interlaminar
a c
stresses are the out-of-plane stresses, rz , sxz , and syz , defined at the

 interfaces between layers in a laminated composite material. From
2px 2py
Wx ¼ Wx11 ðtÞ sin 1  cos ð25dÞ the figure, it is clear that a tensile stress rz along an interface
a c
would tend to separate the layers along the interface, and the

 interlaminar shear stresses would tend to shear apart the interface
2px 2py
Wy ¼ Wy11 ðtÞ 1  cos sin ð25eÞ in the corresponding directions. According to the explanations
a c
given above, to conceive the importance of interlaminar stresses,
Substituting the displacements functions from Eq. (25) into Eq. in current research the investigation of interlaminar stresses
(24) results in a set of time-dependent nonlinear differential between face sheets and core is taken into account.
equations:
€ x  c9 W
€  c8 W € 5.1. Interlaminar stress equations
c1 U þ c2 V þ c3 W þ c4 W 2 þ c5 Wx þ c6 Wy  c7 U
 c10 DT xi  c11 DT yi  qx ¼ 0 ð26aÞ In order to analyze the interlaminar stresses of the laminated
composite plates, in this study, the Reddy’s higher order shear
2 € y  d9 W
d1 U þ d2 V þ d3 W þ d4 W þ d5 Wx þ d6 Wy  d7 V€  d8 W € deformation theory is employed. It assumes that the transverse
 d10 DT yi  d11 DT xi  qy ¼ 0 ð26bÞ shear strains have parabolic distribution across the plate thickness.
The stress-strain relation can be stated as follow:
e1 UW þ e2 VW þ e3 Wx W þ e4 Wy W þ e5 W þ e6 W 2 þ e7 W 3 þ e8 Wx rxx ¼ Q
11 exx þ Q
12 eyy þ Q
16 exy ð27aÞ
€ þ e11 U
þ e9 Wy  e10 W € x þ e14 W
€ þ e12 V€ þ e13 W € y þ e15 W DT xi

þ e16 W DT yi  Pðx; y; tÞ þ ðK 1 W 0  K 2 r2 W 0 Þ ¼ 0 ð26cÞ

rxy ¼ Q
16 exx þ Q
26 eyy þ Q
66 exy ð27bÞ

€
€ f W € ryy ¼ Q
12 exx þ Q
22 eyy þ Q
26 exy ð27cÞ
f 1 U þ f 2 V þ f 3 W þ f 4 W 2 þ f 5 Wx þ f 6 Wy  f 7 U 8 x  f 9W
þ f 10 DT xi þ f 11 DT yi ¼ 0 ð26dÞ ryz ¼ Q
44 eyz þ Q
55 exz ð27dÞ

g 1 U þ g 2 V þ g 3 W þ g 4 W þ g 5 Wx þ g 6 Wy  g 7 V
2 €
€ g W €
8 y  g9 W rxz ¼ Q
45 eyz þ Q
55 exz ð27eÞ
þ g 10 DT yi þ g 11 DT xi ¼ 0 ð26eÞ
Substituting displacement fields from Eq. (25) into Eq. (27) and
where ci ; di , ei , f i , g i are given in Appendix A. In order to solve the Eq. evaluating for the center of plate(x = a/2, y = b/2), result in equa-
(26), to find dynamic responses of the sandwich plate, forth order tions of interlaminar stresses as given hereunder:
Runge-kutta method is used.
X
4
rxx ¼ hxi F i ð28aÞ
5. Investigation into the interlaminar stresses i¼1

The composite materials are used in a wide range of industrial X

4
applications and structures because of their special superior ryy ¼ hyi F i ð28bÞ
mechanical properties. Sandwich plate is one of the composite i¼1

structures that is used in variety of structures such as ship hull,

containment building, aircraft fuselage, spacecraft fuselage and X
4

so on. They are made of different layers, usually three layers, two
rxy ¼ hxyi F i ð28cÞ
i¼1
face sheets and a core. Face sheets, by having high strength, are
able to transfer axial forces, bending moment and in some cases, ryz ¼ hyz1 F 5 þ hyz2 F 6 ð28dÞ
they have the ability of resisting against high temperature changes
148 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

Fig. 3. Illustration of interlaminar stresses on sandwich plate [8].

rxz ¼ hxz1 F 5 þ hxz2 F 6
6. Numerical results and discussion
6.1. Definition of the example problem
A structure subjected to dynamic loading may exhibit a differ-
ent behavior compared to a structure loaded statically, especially
if the applied load has a high peak value and is of short duration
such as blast load [20,21]. This study considers, as an example, to
investigate dynamic responses of a sandwich plate with FGM face
sheets and a core of made of fiber reinforced concrete(FRC) resting
on elastic foundation subjected to blast loads and thermal effects
due to a specific charge of 5 kg.
FGM face sheets are made of a combination of ceramic and
metal. The material properties of top of FGM sheet is those of cera-
mic while its lowest part, adjacent to the core, uses those of metal.
Based on the assumption of considering thermal effects, the mod-
ulus of elasticity and thermal expansion coefficient are function of
temperature change as expressed in Eq. (29) [10]:
PF ¼ P0 ðP1 T 1 þ 1 þ P1 T þ P2 T 2 þ P 3 T 3 Þ;
where T is the ambient temperature, P0, P1, P1, P2 and P3 are the
coefficients of temperature, T(K), and are unique to the constituent
materials. Table 1 shows the temperature-dependent coefficients
ð28eÞ FGM plate for which the material properties are defined. The mate-
rial properties corresponding to the midline of thickness of each
ply are considered as representative characteristics. To provide a
better understanding of considering three plies, an illustration of
sandwich plate layout is provided in Fig. 4.
Stiffness matrix elements are obtained by using the defined
material properties of sandwich plate plies. The material orienta-

ij ¼ Q . The FRC including
tion is set to zero i.e. h = 0 so that Q ij
Polypropylene fibers with no surfactant is considered for the core.
Table 2 shows the representative material properties correspond-
ing to each layer and ply.
Table 3 shows the amounts for Q ij which are obtained by using
the data provided in Table 2 and Eqs. (8) and (9).
Equations of motion of the sandwich plate are evaluated for the
center of the sandwich plate where x = a/2, y = c/2. The length of
plate is a = 1000 mm, while its width is c = 500 mm. The set of non-
linear dynamic equations in the time domain is solved by using
forth order Runge-Kutta method and commercial mathematics
software Maple 14.
To calculate the blast wave pressure which is considered to be
uniformly applied to the plate we need to calculate parameters
ð29Þ of Eq. (1). The wave decay coefficient b is defined as follows [22]:
b ¼ z2  3:7z þ 4:2 ð30Þ
where z ¼ R=w , w is the charge (explosive) weight and R is stand-
1=3

for ceramic and metal by which the temperature-dependent mate- off distance. In this study, the explosive weight of w = 5 kg and
rial properties are calculated. standoff distance of R = 1.0 m are considered. Depending on the
Each FGM face sheet has the thickness of 3 mm while the core value of b, different pressure-time histories can be described [23].
has the thickness of 30 mm. the volume fraction index, N, of FGM The correlation between the positive phase duration, t 0þ , and R is
face sheet is 1. Temperature-dependent characteristics of FGM face expressed as given in Eq. (31a):
 
sheets are defined by considering the temperature of T = 1000 K. As t 0þ R
the characteristics of FGM plate change through the plate thick- log 10  2:75 þ 0:27log 10 ð31aÞ
w1=3 w1=3
ness, to achieve a precise model, we consider three plies for each

Table 1
Temperature-dependent coefficients for FGM sheet materials [10].

Materials Parameter P0 P1 P1 P2 P3

Zirconia EF 244.27e9 0.000 1.371e3 1.214e6 3.681e10
aF 12.766e6 0.000 1.491e3 1.006e5 6.778e11
Ti-6Al-4V EF 122.56e9 0.000 4.586e4 0.000 0.000
aF 7.5788e6 0.000 6.638e4 3.147e6 0.000
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 149

Fig. 4. Sandwich plate layout and ply midline for defining material properties.

Table 2 Table 4
Representative material properties of sandwich plate. Numerical values for coefficients of Eq. (26) for plate center.

Layer Ply NO. EF(GPa) aF(E  6) qF(kg/m3) tF Sub-index i ci di ei fi gi

Top sheet 1 107.73 99.20 3238.17 0.29 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 91.18 55.03 3714.50 0.29 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 74.63 10.85 4190.83 0.29 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Core 4 12.00 10.00 1473.70 0.20
5 0.000 0.000 127.695 0.000 0.000
5 74.63 10.85 4190.83 0.29 6 0.000 652.131 0.000 0.000 1509.933
Bottom sheet 6 91.18 55.03 3714.50 0.29 7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7 107.73 99.20 3238.17 0.29 8 0.000 0.000 6774.423 0.000 0.000
9 0.000 0.000 13548.846 0.000 0.000
10 51.428 46.233 2.660E7 33.078 33.078
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
The impulse (I) is computed using Eq. (31b), Ps0þ is calculated 12 – – 0.000 – –
from Eq. (31c) and t0þ can be obtained by applying Eq. (31d) [24]: 13 – – 1.018E2 – –
14 – – 1.000E2 – –
w2=3 15 – – 0.000 – –
Is0þ ¼ 200 ð31bÞ 16 – – 0.000 – –
R2

1=3 2
1=3 3
w1=3 w w
Ps0þ ¼ 0:085 þ 0:3 þ 0:8 ð31cÞ plane-normal displacement at the center of plate, x = a/2, y = c/2,
R R R
is to be obtained.
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
t 0þ ¼ 1:2 6 w: R ð31dÞ
6.2. Solution to the problem by use of analytical and numerical
Having data given in Tables 2 and 3 as well as the numerical methods
values of Eq. (31) the coefficients of Eq. (26) are calculated with
respect to the conditions of the example problem. It is appropriate Theoretical methods are still valuable for design purposes, par-
to note that for the Winkler elastic foundation K = 10. The numer- ticularly for preliminary design, hazard assessments, security stud-
ical values of coefficients are given in Table 4 as follows: ies and for investigations after accidents [26]. Therefore, to provide
The interaction of the shock wave with a plate, imparts energy designers and researchers a good insight into the way of use of the
to the plate. The imposed energy is dissipated in the form of defor- presented approach an example problem is to be solved by
mation [25]. Considering all aforementioned conditions of the employing the method presented in this study and numerical
example problem and having corresponding coefficients, the method (FEM) by employing ABAQUS and guidelines given in

Table 3
Stiffness matrix elements.

Stiffness element(GPa) Top sheet Core Bottom sheet

ply number ply number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q11 117622.0 99552.4 81482.7 13101.9 81482.7 99552.4 117622.0
Q12 34110.4 28870.2 23630.0 3799.5 23630.0 28870.2 34110.4
Q22 117622.0 99552.4 81482.7 13101.9 13101.9 99552.4 117622.0
Q16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Q26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Q66 41755.8 35341.1 28926.4 4651.2 4651.2 35341.1 41755.8
Q44 41755.8 35341.1 28926.4 4651.2 4651.2 35341.1 41755.8
Q45 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Q55 41755.8 35341.1 28926.4 4651.2 4651.2 35341.1 41755.8
150 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

[27]. To solve the problem by present analytical method, the fourth Analytical Numerical
0.3
order Rugne-Kutta method, which requires four evaluations at
each step, is used as it is superior and more accurate than second 0.25
order Runge-Kutta method [28]. First, the presented method is val-
0.2
idated by making comparison between the results obtained from

w(mm)
two methods. Thereafter, time histories of the sandwich plate sub- 0.15
jected to blast load due to charge of 5 kg, obtained from both meth- 0.1
ods, are given in a comparative graph. Finally in order to evaluate
the failure condition of sandwich plate the interlaminar stresses 0.05
are to be found. 0
0 0.00050.0010.00150.0020.00250.0030.00350.0040.00450.0050.0055
6.2.1. Evaluating the validity of suggested approach time(sec)

In order to evaluate the validity of presented method of this
study, numerical method (FEM) is employed. A sandwich plate
made of two FGM face sheets and a FRC core is considered to be
subjected to blast load due to explosive charge of 5 kg. Aim is to
find the amount of maximum plane-normal displacement of sand-
wich plate by using the presented method and FEM method using
ABAQUS. In order to perform numerical method explicit method is
used as it is more efficient than implicit method [29]. The compar-
ison between results obtained from both approaches is made as
given in Table 5. The time at which maximum displacement occurs
to the sandwich plate is given in second column of Table 5 which is
indicated by occurrence time. The time step which is considered
for the analysis is Dt = 0. 082 ms while the loading duration is
td = 2.63 ms.
As can be seen from last column of Table 5 the amount of dis-
crepancy between results obtained from both methods is as small
as (4.73%) so the validity of the present approach is approved. to
evaluate the error of Runge-Kutta method the one-step error esti-
mation is employed. I this approach the error is obtained by sub-
tracting the solutions obtained from 4th-order and 5th-order
Runge Kutta methods. The calculations of the error with respect
to time step(h) is given in Table 6.
As can be seen from Table 6 the error is proportional to h5
which is agree with theory of Runge- Kutta method.
6.2.2. Time history
In this part the time histories of sandwich plate subjected the
blast load due to burst of 5 kg charge are presented. To this aim,
two approaches, the present analytical method and FEM through
ABAQUS, are employed. Comparative graph including time histo-
ries obtained from both analytical and numerical methods is illus-
trated in Fig. 5 as follows:
As can be seen from time histories given in Fig. 5, line with solid
circles shows the results of the method which is suggested in this
Fig. 5. Comparative time history of sandwich plate obtained from analytical and
numerical methods.
study while line with hollow circles shows the results obtained
from FEM approach. Taking look into the results it is observed that
FEM underestimates the dynamic responses of sandwich plate sub-
jected to blast load.
6.2.3. Interlaminar stress
In this section, an attempt is to be made to obtain the interlam-
inar stresses of sandwich plate through the example problem
which have been already defined in previous part. The stresses
resulted from applied blast load due to charge of 5 kg on sandwich

ii ,
plate can be calculated by applying the stiffness elements, Q
which have been already calculated and given in Table 3, as well
as displacements and rotations, which are calculated by solving
the Eqs. (26) and (28). Table 7 shows the numerical values of coef-
ficients of Eq. (28) evaluated for the center of plate. It is worthy to
note that as the plate is symmetric with respect to Z-direction, the
coefficients of ply 1 & 7, 2 & 6, 3 & 4 are the same.
The numerical values of displacements and rotations which
have been already obtained for plate center, x = a/2, y = c/2, are
substituted into Eq. (28), so the stresses through the sandwich
plate thickness are obtained. The stresses caused by applied load
are to be given as plot through the plate thickness. The plots illus-
trate the changes in stresses through the thickness of plate with
respect to plane-normal direction. The variation of stress compo-
nents in x and y directions,rx and ry ; are plotted for orientation
of 0 through the sandwich plate thickness as given in Figs. 6 and
7, respectively.
As can be seen from the graphs provided in Figs. 6 and 7 the
stresses through the FGM face sheet are higher than those in core.
The stress at top face of the FGM sheet which is completely con-

Table 7
Table 5 Numerical values of coefficients of Eq. (28) for the point of X = 500 mm, Y = 250 mm.
Maximum plate displacement obtained by analytical method and FEM.
Layer Ply Number Sub-index i FGM Face
Method Occurrence Thickness Charge W(mm) Error
hx hxy hyz hxz
time (second) (mm) (kg) Analytical (%)
Analytical Numerical 0.00024 66 5 0.2585 4.73 FGM Sheet 1&7 1 235,244 68,221 0 0 0
0.00032 0.2463 2 0 0 0 0 0
3 68,221 235,244 0 – –
4 0 0 0 – –
2&6 1 199,105 57,740 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 57,740 199,105 0 – –
Table 6
4 0 0 0 – –
Calculation of the error of Runge Kutta Method.
3&5 1 162,965 47,260 0 0 0
Step size(h) Error 2 0 0 0 0 0
3 47,260 162,965 0 – –
0.002 0.08542 4 0 0 0 – –
0.001 0.03645
0.0005 0.00743 Core 4 1 26,204 7599 0 0 0
0.00025 0.00145 2 0 0 0 0 0
0.000125 0.00012 3 7599 26,204 0 – –
0.0000625 2.56253e5 4 0 0 0 – –
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 151

18 120
15
Plate thickness(mm)

12 100
9
6 80
3

σ1(MPa)
0 60
-3
-6 40
-9
-12 20
-15
-18 0
-120-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
σx(Mpa) Section orientation, θ
Fig. 6. Distribution of rx through the plate thickness (h ¼ 0 , t = 0.24 ms). Fig. 8. Variation of r1 with respect to h.

2
2
2
18
r1 r2 r1 r2 s12
þ  þ ¼1 ð32Þ
15 F1 F2 F 21 F6
12
9
Plate thickness(mm)

where F 1 is yield stress in X-direction, F 2 yield stress in Y-direction

6
3 and F 6 is shear strength. Failure occurs when LHS (Left-hand side) of
0 the Tsai-Hill criterion, Eq. (32), is equal to or greater than one. Eval-
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
σy(MPa)
Fig. 7. Distribution of ry through the plate thickness (h ¼ 0 , t = 024 ms).
sists of ceramic is lower than the stress in lowest level of face sheet
which is completely composed of metal. The highest stress value
corresponds to the FGM plates at levels 15 mm and -15 mm on
which the core and face sheets are contact. A transition state can
be observed from the face sheet to the core. This part is the most
critical part to which material failure and delamination may occur
and lead to failure of the sandwich structure. So, the need for
employing failure criterion comes up to investigate the stress con-
ditions through the thickness of the plate. To evaluate the occur-
rence of material failure, the Tsai-hill criterion is employed while
Chang-Springer failure criterion is used to inspect the delamina-
tion onset.
6.2.4. Tsai-hill criterion
Every material has certain strength, expressed in terms of stress
or strain, beyond which the load carrying capacity is destructed so
that the structure is failed. Both excessive stress and deformation
can cause structural failure. In case of excessive stress, the plastic
deformation or fracture makes structure too weak for service while
the structure is not usable, in case of excessive deformation, due to
misfit of structural components such as rotation of shafts [30].
A criterion used to hypothesize the failure is recognized as fail-
ure criterion while a theory behind a failure criterion is failure the-
ory. Hill extended the Von Mises criterion for ductile anisotropic
material. Azzi-Tsai extended this equation to anisotropic fiber rein-
forced composites. Tsai-Hill criterion can be stated in the form as
Eq. (32) represents [31]:
uation of stresses through the sandwich plate thickness, to investi-
gate the material failure at any level, gains the importance. To this
aim, we calculate the stress components for the layers which are
just next to the interface of core and face sheets (Z=15 mm &
15 mm), since it can be a critical section not only because of
delamination but also regarding material failure. It is worthy to
note that the material properties which is considered for FGM sheet
layer are those of metal (Ti-6Al-4V). For the case of metal layer the
yield stress is F 1 ¼ F 2 ¼ ry = 1100 MPa while the shear strength is
760 MPa. The yield stress for the core is F 1 ¼ F 2 ¼ ry = 38.3 MPa
and its shear strength is 31.5 MPa. Table 8 shows the parameters
which are required for calculating the left-hand side of Eq. (32)
for the section in the direction of h ¼ 0 .
As it can be seen from the last column of Table 8 the amount
obtained for LHS of Eq. (32) is lower than 1, the criteria for the fail-
ure given in the right hand side of Eq. (32), so the material failure
does not occur at the aforementioned sections to which the maxi-
mum stresses are formed. As the section orientation varies, the
stress is changed. To investigate the failure condition, the need
for finding stress in different section orientation comes up. The
variation of maximum stresses with respect to section orientation
in X and Y directions are given in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively.
Taking look at the Figs. 8 and 9 it can be inferred that r1
decreases as the orientation angle, h, increases from 0 , for which
the maximum stress of r1 = 104.38 MPa occurs, to 90 correspond-
ing to minimum amount of stress r1 = 28.76 MPa. An inverse trend
is observed for change in r2 with respect to change in h. Since, at
no section, the stress exceeds the maximum stress value which is
used in evaluation of Tsai-Hill criterion, no material failure is
occurred to the sandwich plate.
6.2.5. Delamination
As already mentioned one of the major causes of composite and
sandwich structures failure is delamination which results in sepa-
ration of the structure layers and finally leads to structural destruc-
tion. In order to investigate the delamination occurrence at

Table 8
Calculations of LHS of Tsai-Hill criterion formula (Eq. (32)) for section (h ¼ 0 ).

Layer ry(MPa) s (Mpa) Z(mm) h r1(MPa) r2(MPa) s12(MPa) LHS

FGM 1100.00 760.00 15.00 0.00 104.38 28.76 0.00 72.07E4
Core 38.30 31.50 0.00 12.84 2.37 0.00 95.48E3
FGM 1100.00 760.00 15.00 0.00 104.38 28.76 0.00 72.07E4
Core 38.30 31.50 0.00 12.84 2.37 0.00 95.48E3
152 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

120 to the symmetric points and the results of investigation of delam-

ination onset can be generalized for them.
100
Table 10 provides the calculated amounts of stress components
80 which are required for the Eq. (33) to evaluate delamination at
σ2(MPa)

60 interface of core and face sheets. The amounts of left hand side
of Eq. (33) are calculated for FGM face sheets and core at levels
40 of Z = 15 mm and 15 mm and provided in Table 10 as well.
20 According to the results given in Table 10, since the amount of
LHS of Eq. (33) is smaller than 1, it is inferred that delamination
0
does not occur to the sandwich plate at interfaces of core and face
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
sheets.
Section orientation, θ Considering results of Tables 8 and 10 it can be observed that no
Fig. 9. Variation of r2 with respect to h.
failure, neither material failure nor delamination, occurs to the
sandwich plate due to stresses which are caused by blast load
derived from burst of 5 kg charge.
intersection of FGM face sheets and FRC core, the Chang-Springer
failure criterion is employed [32]. It predicts onset of delamination 7. Conclusions
by Eq. (33) as follows:

2
2
2 In this manuscript, the higher order shear deformation theory
r33 s13 s23
þ þ ¼1 ð33Þ was employed together with Hamilton’s principal to obtain the
Yt S13¼23 S13¼23
governing differential equations of motion of sandwich plate rest-
where Y t is tensile strength and S13¼23 is interlaminar shear ing on elastic foundation subjected to blast load. Since during an
strength. In this study, the assumption of plane-stress, r33 ¼ 0; explosion event the ambient temperature elevates very fast, so
has been taken into account to derive the equations of motion. At the effects of high temperature change were included into the
the plate center the out of plane shear stresses vanish. Considering obtained governing differential equations. The nonlinear dynamic
the values of r33 ; s13 and s23 the left hand side of the Eq. (33) is zero equations were obtained by employing Navier solution to the gov-
so delamination does not occur at the center of plate. To investigate erning differential equations of motion. In order to evaluate the
delamination at the points far from the center the other point hav- validity of the suggested method of this study, an example problem
ing the coordinates of X1 = 50 mm, Y1 = 50 mm is considered and was defined through which the maximum plane-normal displace-
the corresponding stresses at interface of FGM face sheets and core, ment of sandwich plate was found by employing the presented
Z = 15 mm and Z = 15 mm, are calculated. The corresponding coef- method and numerical approach with ABAQUS. In this example
ficients of Eq. (28) are given in Table 9. problem a sandwich plate consists of two FGM face sheets and a
It is appropriate to note that as the plate is symmetric in all core made of fiber reinforced concrete was subjected to a blast load
directions, the calculated stresses at symmetric points, due to charge of 5 kg. It is worthy to note that the Runge-Kutta
X1 = 50 mm, Y1 = 450 mm, X1 = 950 mm, Y1 = 50 mm and method was applied to the nonlinear dynamic equations to solve
X1 = 950 mm, Y1 = 450 mm, are the same with those of the point the problem. Then, FEM method using ABAQUS was used to find
at X1 = 50 mm, Y1 = 50 mm. Therefore, the same stresses happen the maximum displacement. Thereafter the comparison was made

Table 9
Numerical values of coefficients of Eq. (28) for the point of X = 50 mm, Y = 50 mm.

Layer Ply Number Sub-index i FGM Face

hx hy hxy hyz hxz

FGM Sheet 1&7 1 21364.35 6196.66 0.00 1201.24 0.00

2 5.23E4 5.08E4 0.00 0.00 2464.30
3 1350.64 4657.37 0.00 – –
4 0.00 0.00 7584.34 – –
2&6 1 18082.25 5243.85 0.00 1016.70 0.00
2 4.42E4 4.30E-4 0.00 0.00 2085.72
3 1143.15 3941.89 0.00 – –
4 0.00 0.00 6419.20 – –
3&5 1 14800.16 4292.05 0.00 832.16 0.00
2 3.62E4 3.52E4 0.00 0.00 1707.15
3 935.66 3226.40 0.00 – –
4 0.00 0.00 5254.06 – –
Core 4 1 2379.77 690.13 0.00 133.81 0.00
2 5.82E5 5.66E5 0.00 0.00 274.50
3 150.45 518.78 0.00 – –
4 0.00 0.00 844.82 – –

Table 10
Calculations of LHS of Eq. (33).

Layer Coordinates (mm) Y t (MPa) S13 (Mpa) Z (mm) r33 (MPa) s13 (MPa) s23 (MPa) LHS
FGM Sheet X = 50,Y = 50 1100.00 760.00 15.00 0.00 4.46 0.49 3.48E5
Core 38.30 31.50 0.00 0.72 0.08 5.23E4
FGM Sheet 1100.00 760.00 15.00 0.00 4.46 0.49 3.48E5
Core 38.30 31.50 0.00 0.72 0.08 5.23E4
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 153
"
X@ 2 2 2 2
between results of both methods. The small discrepancy between
c5 ¼ ðQ
16 Þ 4p hi cos 2px sin 2py þ ðQ
66 Þ 2p hi sin 2px cos 2py
i i
the results showed that a good agreement was achieved so the i¼1
3ac a c 3c2 a c
method presented in this study was validated and can be used in
#
2

11 Þ 2p hi sin 2px 1  cos 2py
2
practical application. Time histories of sandwich plate obtained ðQ i
by method presented in this study and FEM method were plotted
3a2 a c
in a comparative graph. Thereafter the interlaminar stresses were "

X@ 2 2 2 2
found as they might lead to delamination onset which is the most c6 ¼ ðQ
26 Þ 2p hi 1  cos 2px cos 2py þ ðQ
12 Þ 2p hi

66 þ Q
i i
common reason of composite and sandwich structures failure. i¼1
3c2 a c 3ac
#
Based on the higher order shear deformation theory the governing 2 2
2px 2py
16 Þ 2p hi cos 2px sin 2py
equations of interlaminar stresses were derived. Then the numeri-  sin cos þ ðQ i
a c 3a2 a c
cal values of stresses of desired sandwich plate were calculated. To
evaluate the occurrence of failure to the sandwich plate, the Tsai- @ 
X
2p x 2p y
Hill failure criterion was employed for inspecting material failure c7 ¼ I0i sin ð1  cos Þ
i¼1
a c
and Chang-Springer failure criterion was applied to investigate
X@ 


the delamination status. Results showed that no failure occurred 4 2px 2p y
to the considered sandwich plate. c8 ¼ I1i  2 I3i sin 1  cos
i¼1 3h a c
"
#
Acknowledgment X@
8p 2px 2py
c9 ¼ 2
I 3i sin 1  cos
i¼1 3ahi
a c
This work is supported by 1) National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF-2014R1A1A2056157) and 2) Korea Agency for Infras-
tructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) Grant funded by the X
@  
c10 ¼
11 a11 þ Q
Q
12 a22 hi
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant 13IFIP- i
i¼1
C113546-01).
X
@  
c11 ¼
16 a11 þ Q
Q
26 a22 hi
Appendix A. Coefficients for equations of motion-displacements i
i¼1
and rotations

X @ 

12 Þ 4p hi cos 2px sin 2py  ðQ
16 Þ 4p hi
2 2
@ is the number of layers and plies considered through the d1 ¼ ðQ i i
sandwich plate thickness. i¼1
ac a c a2


2px 2py
26 Þ 4p hi sin 2px cos 2py
2
@ 
X
  sin 1  cos þ ðQ
4p2 hi

16 Þ 2px 2 py
11 Þ 4p hi sin 2px 1  cos 2py
2
a c i
c2 a c
c1 ¼ ðQ i cos sin  ðQ i
ac a c a2 a c 4 p 2
h 2 p x 2 p y
i¼1
þðQ
66 Þ i
cos sin
i

66 Þ 4p hi sin 2px cos 2py þ ðQ
16 Þ 4p hi cos 2px sin 2py
2 2
ac a c
þðQ i i
c2 a c ac a c
X@ 


26 Þ 4p hi sin 2px cos 2py  ðQ

22 Þ 4p hi 1  cos 2px
2 2
@ 
X
 d2 ¼ ðQ
4p hi

12 Þ
2
2px 2 py
26 Þ 4p hi 1  cos 2px sin 2py
2 i
ac a c i
c2 a
c2 ¼ ðQ i sin cos  ðQ i i¼1
ac a c c2 a c
i¼1
2py
26 Þ 4p hi sin 2px cos 2py
2
4p 2
h 2p x 2p y 4 p 2
h 2p x 2 p y  sin þ ðQ

66 Þ
16 Þ c i
ac a c
i i
þðQ i sin cos þ ðQ i cos sin
ac a c a2 a c 4p 2 h i 2px 2py


þðQ 66 Þi cos sin
" a2 a c
X
@ 2
8p 3 h i 2px 2py
2

26 Þ 8p hi ð1  cos 2pxÞ
3
c3 ¼
16 Þ
ðQ cos sin þ ðQ "

i i X
@ 2
8p 3 h i 2px 2py
2

22 Þ 8p hi 2px
2 3
3a c a c 3c3 a
12 Þ
i¼1 d3 ¼ ðQ i 2
cos sin þ ðQ i 1  cos
2 2 3a c a c 3c3 a
2py
12 Þ 8p hi sin 2px cos 2py  ðQ

66 þ Q
3

11 Þ 8p hi
3 i¼1
 sin  ðQ 2 2
c i
3ac 2 a c i 3 2py
26 Þ 16p hi sin 2px cos 2py  ðQ
3

16 Þ 8p hi
3

 #3a  sin  ðQ i i
3 2 c 3ac 2 a c 3a3 #
2px 2py
16 Þ 16p hi cos 2px sin 2py

sin 1  cos  ðQ i 2px 2py 16 p3 2
h 2 p x 2p y
a c 3ac2 a c  sin 1  cos
66 Þ
 ðQ i
cos sin
i
a c 3ac2 a c
X @ 


16 Þ 8p hi sin2 2px 1  cos 2py sin 2py
3
c4 ¼ ðQ X @ 


12 Þ 8p hi sin2 2px 1  cos 2py sin 2py
3
i
i¼1
ca2 a c c d4 ¼ ðQ i

2 i¼1
ca2 a c c

26 Þ 8p hi 1  cos 2px cos 2py sin 2py
3

2
þðQ
22 Þ 8p 3
h i 2 p x 2 p y 2 p y
i
c3 a c c þ ðQ i 1  cos cos sin


 c3 a c c
8p 3
h 2 p x 2 p x 2py 2p y


þ ðQ
66 Þ i
sin 1  cos 1  cos cos 8p 3
h 2 p x 2 p x 2py 2p y
i
ac2 a a c c þ ðQ
26 Þ i
sin 1  cos 1  cos cos
i 2

2 ac a a c c
8p 3
h 2p x 2 p x 2 p y
2
þ ðQ
11 Þ i
cos sin 1  cos
16 Þ 8p 3
h i 2 p x 2 p x 2p y
i
a3 a a c þ ðQ i cos sin 1  cos

 a3 a a c
8p 3
h 2 p y 2 p x 2p x

þ ðQ
12 Þ i
sin
2
sin 1  cos
26 Þ 8p 3
h i 2 2 p y 2 p x 2p x
i
ac2 c a a þ ðQ i sin sin 1  cos


 ac2 c a a




16 Þ 8p 3
hi 2p x 2 p x 2p y 2p y

66 Þ 8 p 3
h 2 p x 2p x 2py 2py
 ðQ i cos 1  cos 1  cos sin ðQ
i
cos 1  cos 1  cos sin
a2 c a a c c i
a2 c a a c c
154 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157
" "

X@ 2 2 2 2 X
@
p3 h2i 2py px 2py
d5 ¼ ðQ
12 Þ 2p hi cos 2px sin 2py þ ðQ
26 Þ 2p hi sin 2px cos 2py e4 ¼ ðQ 12 þ 2Q 66 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin
22

cos
1 cos
i i 315a2 c a c c
i¼1
3ac a c 3c2 a c i¼1

 # 3 2



2 p2 h i
2
2px 2 py

2
4p2 hi 2px 2py p hi 2px 2px 2py 2py
ðQ 16 Þi sin 1  cos  ðQ 66 Þi cos sin þðQ 16 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin cos sin 1  cos
3a2 a c 3ac a c 315a3 a a c c
2

"
 3p3 hi 2px 2px 2py 2py
X @ 2 2 þðQ 26 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin 1  cos sin cos
d6 ¼ ðQ
22 Þ 2p hi 1  cos 2px cos 2py 315ac2 a a c c
i
3c 2 a c 2

i¼1 2p3 hi 2px 2px 2 2py
# þ ðQ 66 Þi ð210  32hi Þcos 1  cos sin
4p h i2 2
2px 2py 2p2 hi
2
2px 2p y 315a2 c a a c


þðQ 26 Þi sin cos

þ ðQ 66 Þi cos sin 3 2

 2
3ac a c 3a2 a c p hi 2px 2py 2py
þ ðQ 22 Þi ð210  32hi Þ 1  cos sin cos
315c3 a c c
X@ 


2px 2py 3 2
2p hi 2px 2px 2py
d7 ¼ I0i 1  cos sin þ ðQ 26 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin 1  cos cos
a c 315ac2 a a c
i¼1


@ 

 2py
X 4 2px 2p y  1  cos
d8 ¼ I1i  2 I3i 1  cos sin c
3h a c
@ 
i¼1
"
 # X 92p2 hi 2px 2p y 92p2 hi
X@
8p 2px 2py e5 ¼ ð2Q 45 Þi sin sin  ðQ 55 Þi
d9 ¼ I 1  cos sin 15ac a c 15a2
2 3i i¼1
i¼1 3bhi
a c

2px 2py 92p hi
2
2px 2py
 cos ð1  cos Þ þ ðQ 44 Þi 1  cos cos
X
@   a c 15c2 a c
d10 ¼ Q
22 a22 hi

12 a11 þ Q
i
i¼1 @ h
X  2
8p4 h2i 2
X
@   e6 ¼ ðQ 11 Þi 63a4
ð32hi  21Þsin 2pa x 1  cos 2pc y
d11 ¼ Q
26 a22 hi

16 a11 þ Q i¼1
i
i¼1 8p 4 h2 2  
" þðQ 12 Þi 63a2 ci2 ð32hi  21Þsin 2pa x cos 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
X
@
2
4p3 hi 2 2px 2py 16p4 h2  
e1 ¼ ðQ 11 Þi ð2h i  3Þsin 1  cos þðQ 16 Þi 63a3 ci ð32hi  21Þsin 2pa x ð1  cos 2pa xÞsin 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
3a3 a c
i¼1


 32p4 h2   2
4p3 hi 2px 2px 2py 2py þðQ 66 Þi 63a2 c2i ð32hi  1Þcos 2pa x 1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y
þðQ 16 Þi ð3  2hi Þsin 5cos  2 sin 1  cos  2 2
2
3a c a a c c 8p 4 h2


 þðQ 22 Þi 63c2i ð21  32hi Þ 1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y
1 8p3 hi 2px 2px 2 2py 16p4 h2  
þ Q 66 þ Q 12 2
ð3  2hi Þcos 1  cos sin 2
þðQ 66 Þi 63a2 c2i ð64hi  1Þsin 2pa x cos 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
2 i 3ac a a c

 8p 4 h2   2
4p3 hi 2 px 2 px 2py 2py þðQ 12 Þi 63a2 ci2 ð21  32hi Þcos 2pa x 1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y
þ ðQ 26 Þi ð3  2hi Þsin 1  cos sin cos
3c3 a a c c 16p4 h2  

 þðQ 26 Þi 3ac3 i ð21  32hi Þsin 2pa x ð1  cos 2pa xÞsin 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
8p3 hi 2 2 px 2py 2py i
þðQ 66 Þi ð3  2hi Þsin cos 1  cos 8p 4 h2
3ac2 a c c þðQ 26 Þi 3ac3i ð64hi  3Þsin 2pa x ð1  cos 2pa xÞsin 2pc y cos 2pc y
X @ 


1 8p3 hi 2 2px 2py 2py
e2 ¼ Q 66 þ Q 12 ð3  2hi Þsin cos 1  cos @ h
X
2 2 3
i 3a c a c c p4 hi 2 2px
i¼1 e7 ¼ ðQ 11 Þi 83a 4 ð3  2hi Þsin cos 2pa x ð1  cos 2pc yÞ

 a
4p hi
3
2px 2px 2py 2py i¼1
þðQ 16 Þi ð3  2hi Þsin cos sin 1  cos 4   
þð2Q 12 Þi 83ap2 ch2i ð3  2hi Þsin 2pa x sin 2pc y 1  cos 2pa x 1  cos 2pc y
2 2
3a3 a a c c



4p3 hi 2px 2px 2py 2py p4 hi   2
þ ðQ 26 Þi 2
ð3  2hi Þsin 1  cos sin 5cos 2 þðQ 16 Þi 163ac 3 ð3  2hi Þsin a cos a
2px 2px
1  cos 2pa x 1  cos 2pc y sin 2pc y
3ac a a c c  2 3

 p4 hi
8p3 hi 2px 2px 2 2py
þðQ 26 Þi 163ac 3 ð3  2hi Þsin a
2px
1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y
þðQ 66 Þi ð3  2hi Þcos 1  cos sin  2 2  
3a2 c a a c þðQ 66 Þi 16 p4 hi
ð3  2hi Þcos 2pa x 1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y


 3a2 c2
4p3 hi 2px 2px 2py 2py p 4 hi  
2px 3
þðQ 22 Þi ð3  2h i Þsin 1  cos sin 1  cos þðQ 22 Þi 83c 4 ð3  2hi Þ 1  cos a
2
sin 2pc y cos 2pc y
3c3 a a c c
p 4 hi  2  
"
2 þðQ 26 Þi 83ac 3 ð3  2hi Þsin a
2p x
1  cos 2pa x sin 2pc y cos 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
X @
p3 h2i 2 2px 2py  2
e3 ¼ ðQ 11 Þi 3
ð32hi  210Þsin 1  cos 4
þðQ 16 Þi 163ap3 chi ð3  2hi Þsin 2pa x sin 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
3

i¼1
315a a c
3 2

 þðQ 26 Þi 163ac
4
p hi 2py 2 2py
3 ð3  2hi Þsin a ð1  cos a Þ sin c cos c ð1  cos c Þ
2px 2px 2py
3p hi 2px 2px 2py 2py i
þðQ 16 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin cos sin 1  cos p4 hi 2     2
315a c 2 a a c c þðQ 66 Þi 16
3a2 c2
ð3  2hi Þsin 2pa x 1  cos 2pa x cos 2pc y 1  cos 2pc y
p3 h2 2px 2px 2 2py
þ ðQ 12 þ 2Q 66 Þi ð210  32hi Þcos ð1  cos Þsin @ 

315ac2 a a c X 46phi 2px 2p y

 e8 ¼ ðQ 55 Þi cos 1  cos
p3 h2 2px 2px 2py 2py 15a a c
þ ðQ 26 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin 1  cos sin cos i¼1

315c3 a a c c 46phi 2p x 2py
2
 þðQ 45 Þi sin sin c
2p3 hi 2 2p x 2p y 2 p y 15b a c
þ ðQ 66 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin cos 1  cos
3ac2 a c c

 X @ 

2p3 h
2
2px 2px 2py 46phi 2p x 2py
þ ðQ 16 Þi ð210  32hi Þsin 1  cos sin e9 ¼ ðQ 44 Þi 1  cos cos
315a2 c a a c i¼1
15c a c


2py 46phi 2p x 2py
 1  cos þðQ 45 Þi sin sin
c 15a a c
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 155
"


X@
2px 2py 32pI6i "
e10 ¼ I0i 1  cos 1  cos  X
@ 3

a c 4
11 Þ 68p2 hi 2 px 2 py
i¼1 9hi f5 ¼ ðQ sin 1  cos

 i
315a2 a c
1 2px 2py 1 2px 2p y i¼1
 sin ð1  cos Þ þ ð1  cos Þsin 3 3

16 Þ 136p hi cos 2px sin 2py þ ðQ
66 Þ 68p hi sin 2px cos 2py
2 2
a a c b a c þ ðQ
" # i
315ac a c i
315c 2 a c
X@
8p 2px 2py

e11 ¼ I3i cos ð1  cos Þ
23hi 2 px 2 py
2 þðQ 55 Þi sin 1  cos
i¼1 3ah i
a c 15 a c
"
 #
X@
8p 2p x 2py "
e12 ¼ I3i 1  cos cos X
@   2 3 2 3

66 68p hi sin 2px cos 2py þ ðQ
16 Þ 68p hi
2 a c
i¼1 3bhi f6 ¼
12 þ Q
Q i
" !
# i¼1
i 315a2 a c 315ac
X@
8pI4i 32pI6i 2px 2p y

e13 ¼ 2
þ 2
cos 1  cos 2px 2py
3

26 Þ 68p hi 1  cos 2px cos 2py
2

i¼1 3ahi 9ahi a c  cos sin þ ðQ i

a c 315c2 a c
" !
 #

X@
8pI4i 32pI6i 2p x 2py 23h 2 p x 2 p y
e14 ¼ þ 1  cos cos þðQ
45 Þ i
1  cos sin
i
3ahi
2
9ahi
2 a c 15 a c
i¼1

@ 
X

phi
12 a22 Þ sin 2px 1  cos 2py

11 a11 þ Q @ 

e15 ¼ ð2hi  3ÞðQ i X 2px 2py
3a a c f7 ¼ I1i sin 1  cos
i¼1

 a c
2phi
26 a22 Þ 1  cos 2px sin 2py

16 a11 þ Q
i¼1
þ ð2hi  3ÞðQ i
3a a c
" #
X @ 
 X@
8 16 2p x 2py
phi
22 a22 Þ 1  cos 2px sin 2py

12 a11 þ Q f8 ¼ ðI2i  2 I4i þ 4 I6i Þ sin ð1  cos Þ
e16 ¼ ð2hi  3ÞðQ i 3hi 9hi a c
3b a c i¼1
i¼1


2phi
16 a11 þ Q

26 a22 Þ sin 2 p x 2 p y
þ ð2hi  3ÞðQ i 1  cos " !
#
3a a c X
@
32p 8p 2p x 2p y
" f9 ¼ I 
4 6i
I
2 4i
sin 1  cos
X @ 2 2

 9ahi 3ahi a c

11 Þ 2p hi sin 2px 1  cos 2py
i¼1
f1 ¼ ðQ i 2
3a a c
i¼1
# " 2 #
2 2 2 2 X@
hi


16 Þ 2p hi cos 2px sin 2py þ ðQ
þð2Q
66 Þ 2p hi sin 2px cos 2py f 10 ¼

ðQ 11 a11 þ Q 12 a22 Þi
i
3ac a c i
3c2 a c i¼1
6

"
X
@
2p2 hi
2
2p x 2p y
2 " #

16 Þ 2p hi
2
f2 ¼
12 þ Q
ðQ
66 Þ sin cos þ ðQ X@ 2
hi

3ac i
a c i
3a2 f 11 ¼

ðQ 16 a11 þ Q 26 a22 Þi
i¼1
# 6
2 2

 i¼1
2px 2py
26 Þ 2p hi 1  cos 2px sin 2py
 cos sin  ðQ i
a c 3c2 a c "
X
@ 2 2

66 Þ 2p hi cos 2px sin 2py þ ðQ
26 Þ 2p hi sin 2px
2 2
" g1 ¼ ðQ
12 þ Q
X
@ 3
 i
3ac a c i
3c 2 a

11 Þ 32p3 hi 2px 2py i¼1
f3 ¼ ðQ i 3
sin 1  cos #
315a a c 2py 2 2
i¼1
3 3  cos  ðQ
16 Þ 2p hi sin 2px ð1  cos 2pyÞ
i

66 Þ 32p hi sin 2px cos 2py  ðQ
16 Þ 32p hi
3 3 c 3a2 a c

12 þ 2Q
ðQ i 2 i
315ab a c 315a2 c
3 3


2px 2py
26 Þ 32 p h 2 p x 2py "
 cos sin þ ðQ i
1  cos sin X
@ 2 2
a c i
315c3 a c 2p2 hi

26 Þ 2px 2p y
66 Þ 2p hi cos 2px
2
g2 ¼ ð2Q sin cos þ ðQ

45 Þ 46p h i 2 p x 2 p y 3ac i
a c i
3a2 a
þ ðQ ð1  cos Þ sin i¼1
#
i
15c
a c  2 2


2py
22 Þ 2p hi 1  cos 2px sin 2py

55 Þ 46phi sin 2px 1  cos 2py
ðQ  sin  ðQ i
i
15a a c c 3c2 a c
"
2
X
@
4p 3 h i
2
2p x 2px 2py "
f4 ¼
11 Þ
ðQ cos sin 1  cos X
@ 3 3
i¼1
i
3a3 a a c g3 ¼ ðQ
16 Þ 32p h cos 2px sin 2py

12  2Q
3 2

 i
315a2 c a c

12 Þ 4p hi sin2 2py sin 2px 1  cos 2py
i¼1
þðQ i

3ac2 c a c 32p3 h
3
2p x 2py 3 3
3 2


22 Þ
þðQ 1  cos sin
26 Þ 32p h sin 2px
 ð3Q

16 Þ 4 p h 2 p x 2 p x 2 p y 2py i
315c3 a c i
315ac2 a
ðQ i
i
cos ð1  cos Þ sin 1  cos
3a2 c a a c c


 2py
3

16 Þ 32p h sin 2px 1  cos 2py
3
2

4p3 hi 2 2p x 2p y 2py  cos  ðQ
þ ðQ 16 Þi sin sin 1  cos c i
315a3 a c
3a2 c a c c




44 Þ 46phi 1  cos 2px sin 2py
2 2

26 Þ 4p 3
h 2 p x 2 p y 2 py þ ðQ
þ ðQ i
1  cos sin cos i
i
3c3 a c c 15c a c

 #

3 2

4 p h 2 p x 2 p x 2py 2p y

45 Þ 46phi sin 2px 1  cos 2py
þðQ 66 Þi i
sin ð1  cos Þ 1  cos cos þðQ
3ac2 a a b c i
15a a c
156 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157

"

X@ 3 2 F 2 ¼ 2p 2 W 2
g4 ¼ ðQ
12 Þ 4p hi sin2 2px sin 2py 1  cos 2py
i
i¼1
3a2 c a b c



12 ð1  cos 2pxÞ cos 2py
2 2

22 Þ 4p hi 1  cos 2px cos 2py sin 2py
3
þ ðQ hx3 ¼ Q
i
3c3 a c c a c
3 2


þ ðQ
26 Þ 4p hi sin 2px ð1  cos 2pxÞ 1  cos 2py cos 2py

i
3ac2 a a c c 2p 2p Z 4Z 3 2p 4p2
F3 ¼ Vþ Wy  2 Wy þ 2 W
3 2

2 c c 3h c c

16 Þ 4 p h 2 p x 2 p x 2 p y
þ ðQ i
i
sin cos 1  cos
3a3 a a c


2
16 sin 2px sin 2py

26 Þ 4p hi sin 2px 1  cos 2px sin2 2py
3
hx4 ¼ Q
þ ðQ i a c
3ac2 a a c

 #
3 2

ðQ
66 Þ 4p hi cos 2px 1  cos 2px sin 2py ð1  cos 2pyÞ 2p 2p 4p2 2 2px 2py
i
3a2 c a a c c F4 ¼ Uþ Vþ W ð1  cos Þ 1  cos
c a ac a c
"
 3

X@
 2 3 Wx Wy 8pZ Wx Wy 4pW

45 Þ 23hi sin 2px 1  cos 2py þ ðQ
66 Þ 68p hi

12 þ Q þ 2p Z þ  þ þ
g5 ¼ ðQ i i c a 3h
2 c a ac
i¼1
15 a c 315ac
2px 2p y
3


26 Þ 68p hi sin 2px cos 2py
2
 cos sin þ ðQ i
12 cos 2px 1  cos 2py
hy1 ¼ Q
a c 315c2 a c
2 3

# a c

16 Þ 68 p h 2p x 2 p y
ðQ i
i
sin 1  cos
315a2 a c
2

2

12
Q 2 2p x 2py Q 22 2px 2 2py
" hy2 ¼ sin 1  cos þ 2 1  cos sin
X@
 2 3
a 2 a c c a c
g6 ¼
44 Þ 23hi 1  cos 2px sin 2py þ ð2Q
ðQ
26 Þ 68p hi
i i
15 a c 315ac
i¼1


2p x 2py
3

66 Þ 68p hi cos 2px sin 2py
2
22 1  cos 2px cos 2py
hy3 ¼ Q
 sin cos þ ðQ i a c
a c 315a2 #a c
2 3



22 Þ 68 p h 2 p x 2 p y
þðQ i
1  cos cos
i
315a2 a c
26 sin 2px 2py
hy4 ¼ Q sin
a c
X@ 

2px 2py

g7 ¼ I1i 1  cos sin
16 cos 2px 1  cos 2py
a c hxy1 ¼ Q
i¼1 a c
"
 #
X@
8 16 2px 2py
16
2

2
g8 ¼ ðI2i  2 I4i þ 4 I6i Þ 1  cos sin Q 2 2px 2py Q 26 2px 2 2py
a c hxy2 ¼ sin 1  cos þ 1  cos sin
i¼1 3hi 9hi a2 a c c2 a c
" !
 #

X
@
32p 8p 2px 2py
g9 ¼ I  I 1  cos sin
26 1  cos 2px cos 2py
hxy3 ¼ Q
4 6i 2 4i a c
i¼1 9bhi 3bhi a c
" #
X
@
h
2

22 a22 Þ

12 a11 þ Q
66 sin 2px sin 2py
hxy4 ¼ Q
g 10 ¼ i
ðQ i a c
i¼1
6


" #
44 1  cos 2px sin 2py
hyz1 ¼ Q
X
@
h
2
a c
g 11 ¼ i
ðQ
26 a22 Þ

16 a11 þ Q
i
i¼1
6


45 sin 2p x 2p y
hyz2 ¼ Q 1  cos
a c
Appendix B. Coefficients for equations of motion: Interlaminar


stress
45 1  cos 2px sin 2py
hxz1 ¼ Q
a c




55 sin 2p x 2p y
hx1
11 cos 2px 1  cos 2py
¼Q hxz2 ¼ Q 1  cos
a c a c
"
#

 2p 4Z 2 2p
2p 2p Z 4Z 3 2p 4p2 F 5 ¼ Wy þ W  2 Wy þ W
F1 ¼ Uþ Wx  2 Wx þ 2 W c c
a a 3h a a h

2

2 "
#

11
Q 2 2px 2p y Q 12 2p x 2 2p y 2p 4Z 2 2p
hx2 ¼ sin 1  cos þ 2
1  cos sin F 6 ¼ Wx þ W  2 Wx þ W
a2 a c b a c a h a
 B. Mohammadzadeh, H.C. Noh / Composite Structures 174 (2017) 142–157 157

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