Highway Materials

4300:468/568
Assignment #3
Fall 2013

SUBMITTED BY
Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
Student Identification Number: 2824475
HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

Problem – 1:

a) Mention the two methods are commonly used in refining crude petroleum.
b) What desirable phenomenon does the vacuum in the vacuum distillation process
prevent against?
c) Following vacuum distillation, several additional refining processes can be used to
produce various asphaltic products. Name the process most likely to produce:
i) asphalts suitable for roofing
ii) a variety of products including resins and rejuvenating agents

Solution:

a) Two methods commonly used for refining crude oil are given below:
i. Vacuum Distillation
ii. Atmoshpheric Distillation

b) The reduced pressure (typically 55mm Hg, 1.0psi) in the vacuum tower in Vacuum
Distillation Process assists in flashing oils at lower temperatures to prevent thermal
cracking of the asphalt cement.

c) Processes are given below:

i. Roofing asphalts are manufactured with the process of batch air-blowing.
ii. Resins & rejuvenating agents are manufactured with the process of Solvent
Extraction (ROSE).

Problem – 2:

a) Define the following:

- Tack coat
- Fog seal
- Slurry seal
b) What kind of emulsion is commonly used in these applications?
c) What are the implications of using such emulsion?

Solution:

a) Tack Coat: A spray application of Asphalt Emulsion applied to an existing asphaltic

Portland cement concrete pavement prior to a new asphalt overlay, or
patching to eliminate slippage planes and provide a bond between new and
existing pavement layers
Fog Seal: A light spray application of dilute asphalt emulsion used primarily to seal
existing asphalt surfaces to reduce raveling and enrich dry and weathered
surfaces. It can also be used as a color coating and as a paint striping surface
preparation.
Slurry Seal: Slurry Seal is a cold mixed asphalt. It consists of a graded aggregate, a binder,
fines and additives. It is a hard wearing surfacing for pavement preservation.

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

b) Tack Coat: Rapid setting & Slow setting emulsions are used.
Fog Seal: Slow setting emulsions are used.
Slurry Seal: Slow setting emulsions are used.

c) Emulsions are safe to use. It has little danger of catching fire. Also it can operate at a low
temperature. It is also effective for damp pavements.

Problem – 3:

Recommend an asphalt product that would be appropriate for:

a) A fog seal over an existing pavement with crushed siliceous gravel. Assume that
the fog seal is being placed in a very warm environment and a relatively hard
grade of asphalt is desired.
b) A patching mixture, where stockpile life is to be maximized.

Solution:

a) Cationic slow setting emulsion (CSS-1h) can be used.

b) Medium Curing or Slow Curing Cutback Asphalts can be used.

Problem – 4:

Define the following asphalt grades and specify the units where applicable:
a) Pen 85-110
b) AC-10
c) AR-4000
d) PG 64-22

Solution:

Name Definition Unit

Penetration Graded Asphalt with penetration
Pen 85-110 0.1mm
of 85-110 at a temperature of 25°C
Viscosity graded asphalt with 1000poises of
AC-10
viscosity at a temperature of 60°C
Viscosity graded asphalt based on asphalt
AR-4000 residue from the RTFO test with viscosity of
4000poises at a temperature of 60°C
Performance graded asphalt which is stiff
enough to resist rutting up to 64°C and
PG 64-22
flexible enough to resist thermal cracking
down to -22°C

Problem – 5:

You are told that an asphalt binder was found to satisfy the penetration requirement
at 25oC for a 120-150 penetration grade, but you are not told the exact penetration

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 HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

value. If the penetration on the thin film oven TFO residue is measured to be 49,
could the asphalt possibly be a 120-150 penetration grade?

Solution:

According to ASTM, Penetration of TFO residue for Pen 120-150 should be 42% or greater.
Required minimum TFO residue penetration = 120*42/100 = 50.1 > 49 (Given).
So, the asphalt cannot be considered Pen 120-150 Grade.

Problem – 6:

The physical properties of three asphalt binders were measured using the
penetration test. The testing results are given in the table below.

a. Rank the original asphalt binders from most to least rutting susceptible.
b. Based on the percent-retained penetration values, which one of these asphalts is
more likely to experience cracking and why.

Properties Asphalt No.1 Asphalt No.2 Asphalt No.3

Original Properties
o
Penetration, 25 C, 100 g, 5 sec 223 50 88
After Thin Film Oven Aging
Penetration, 25oC, 100 g, 5 sec 80 31 50

Solution:

a) Least susceptible to rutting:

i. Asphalt No-1 (Penetration = 223)
ii. Asphalt No-3 (Penetration = 88)
iii. Asphalt No-2 (Penetration = 50)

b) For Asphalt No-1, Percent-Retained Penetration = 100 = 35.87%

For Asphalt No-2, Percent-Retained Penetration = 100 = 62.00%

For Asphalt No-3, Percent-Retained Penetration = 100 = 56.82%

So, Most likely to experience cracking,
i. Asphalt No-1
ii. Asphalt No-3
iii. Asphalt No-2

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

Problem – 7:

What performance grade asphalt binder does ODOT specify for the following items
(Refer to ODOT Construction and Material Specification Manual 2010):

a) Item 424 Fine Graded Polymer Asphalt Concrete

b) Item 441 Contractor Mix Design; Type 1H
c) Item 441 Contractor Mix Design; Type 2 for heavy traffic
d) Item 442 Superpave Asphalt Concrete, Surface Course
e) Item 442 Superpave Asphalt Concrete, Intermediate Course
f) Item 443 Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete

Solution:

a) Use a PG76-22M asphalt binder or PG 64-22 asphalt binder modified by adding a 5.0
+/- 0. Percent by weight styrene butadiene rubber solids.
b) Use a PG 70-22M asphalt binder for type 1H mix.
c) Use a PG 64-28 asphalt binder for type 2 mix for heavy traffic.
d) Use a PG 70-22M asphalt binder for surface course.
e) Use a PG 64-28 asphalt binder for intermediate course.
f) Use PG 70-22M at 149°C and PG 76-22M at 154°C.

Problem – 8:

The following data are recorded from a Bending Beam Rheometer test on asphalt
binder:

Test temperature = -18.0oC

Beam width = 12.70 mm
Beam Thickness = 6.35 mm
Distance between beam support = 102 mm.

Stiffness
Time Deflection
S(t) m-value
(sec) (mm)
(MPa)
8 0.1877
15 0.2231
30 0.2730
60 0.3364
120 0.4152
240 0.5327

Assuming the load and length of the beam are constants throughout the test:

a) Plot the relationship between deflection and time.

b) Plot the relationship between stiffness S(t) and time (t) on a log-Log scale.

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

c) Fit a second degree polynomial regression equation to the Log(S(t)) - Log(t)

relationship established in part (b). Note that in order to fit a second degree
polynomial of a log-log curve in excel, you need to draw the actual log values of both
axes and then fit the points. Otherwise, you will be fitting a second degree polynomial
to the original not the log data.
d) Use the regression equation to find the rate at which the creep stiffness changes with
loading (m-value(t)) at the time increments shown in the above table.
e) Demonstrate whether this asphalt meets the Superpave requirements for low
temperature cracking or not.

Solution:

Time  Deflection  Stiffnes S(t) 

Log S(T)  Log (t) 
(Sec)  (mm)  (Mpa) 
8  0.1877  426.0  2.6294  0.9031 
15  0.2231  358.4  2.5543  1.1761 
30  0.2730  292.9  2.4667  1.4771 
60  0.3364  237.7  2.3760  1.7782 
120  0.4152  192.6  2.2846  2.0792 
240  0.5327  150.1  2.1764  2.3802 

a)

Deflection (mm)  Vs Time (Sec)
0.6000

0.5000
Deflection (mm)

0.4000

0.3000

0.2000

0.1000

0.0000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (Sec)

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

b)

Stiffness (Mpa) Vs Time (Sec) (Log‐Log Scale)
1000.0
Stiffness S(t) (Mpa)

100.0
5 50 500
Time (Sec)

c)

Log S(T) vs Log (t)
2.7000

2.6000

2.5000
Log S(T)

2.4000

2.3000
y = ‐0.0285x2 ‐ 0.211x + 2.8423
2.2000

2.1000

2.0000
0.7500 0.9500 1.1500 1.3500 1.5500 1.7500 1.9500 2.1500 2.3500 2.5500
Log (t)

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

d) The regression equation: y = -0.0285x2 – 0.211x + 2.8423

So, equation for m-value will be = abs(-0.057x - 0.211) , where x= Log (t)

Time 
Log (t)  m‐value 
(Sec) 
8  0.9031  0.2625 
15  1.1761  0.2780 
30  1.4771  0.2952 
60  1.7782  0.3124 
120  2.0792  0.3295 
240  2.3802  0.3467 

e) At t= 60 sec
Creep Stiffness = 237.7 Mpa ˂300Mpa ------------ OK
m-Value = 0.3124 ˃ 0.300 ----------- OK
So, the asphalt meets superpave requirements for low temperature cracking.

Problem – 9:

What is the PG grade of the asphalt whose results are shown in the table below?
Show all calculations and comparisons with Superpave requirements.

Test Results
Original Binder Properties
Flash point temperature, oC 278
o
Viscosity @ 135 C 1.9 Pa.s
Dynamic shear Rheometer
@ 76oC G* = 1.1 kPa,  = 77o
@ 70oC G* = 1.4 kPa,  = 73o
@ 64oC G* = 1.9 kPa,  = 69o
RTFO-Aged Binder
Mass loss, % 0.63
Dynamic shear Rheometer
@ 76oC G* = 1.7 kPa,  = 75o
@ 70oC G* = 2.4 kPa,  = 71o
@ 64oC G* = 3.1 kPa,  = 66o
PAV-Aged Binder
Dynamic shear Rheometer
@ 34oC G* = 3550 kPa,  = 60o
@ 31oC G* = 4200 kPa,  = 58o
@ 28oC G* = 5250 kPa,  = 56o

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HIGHWAY MATERIALS Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
4300:468/568 Student Identification Number:2824475
ASSIGNMENT #3
Fall 2013

Bending Beam Rheometer

@ -6oC, 60-sec S = 255 MPa, m-value = 0.329
@ -12oC, 60-sec S = 290 MPa, m-value = 0.305
@ -18oC, 60-sec S = 318 MPa, m-value = 0.277
Solution:

Original Binder Properties 
Test  Value  Requirement  Comment
Flash point temperature,
o
C 278  ≥230  OK 
Viscosity @ 135oC 1.9 Pa.s ≤3 Pa.s  OK 
Dynamic shear Rheometer  G*/ sin
@ 76oC G* = 1.1 kPa,  = 77o 1.13  ≥1 Kpa  OK 
@ 70oC G* = 1.4 kPa,  = 73o 1.46  ≥1 Kpa  OK 
@ 64oC G* = 1.9 kPa,  = 69o 2.04  ≥1 Kpa  OK 

RTFO Aged Binder 
Test  Value  Requirement  Comment
Mass loss, % 0.63  ≤1 %  OK 
Dynamic shear Rheometer  G*/ sin
@ 76oC G* = 1.7 kPa,  = 75 o 1.76  ≥2.2 Kpa  NOT OK 
@ 70oC G* = 2.4 kPa,  = 71o 2.54  ≥2.2 Kpa  OK 
@ 64oC G* = 3.1 kPa,  = 66o 3.39  ≥2.2 Kpa  OK 

PAV Aged Binder 
Test  Value  Requirement  Comment
Dynamic shear Rheometer  G* sin
@ 34oC G* = 3550 kPa,  = 60o 3074.39  ≤5000 KPa  OK 
@ 31oC G* = 4200 kPa,  = 58o 3561.80  ≤5000 KPa  OK 
o
@ 28 C G* = 5250 kPa,  = 56o 4352.45  ≤5000 KPa  OK 
Test  Value  Requirement Requirement  Comment
S (At 60 m‐value  (At 
Bending Beam Rheometer 
Sec) 60 Sec) 
S = 255 MPa, m-value =
@ -6oC, 60-sec
0.329 ≤300 Mpa  ≥0.3  OK 
S = 290 MPa, m-value =
@ -12oC, 60-sec
0.305 ≤300 Mpa  ≥0.3  OK 
S = 318 MPa, m-value =
@ -18oC, 60-sec
0.277 ≤300 Mpa  ≥0.3  NOT OK 

PG Grade High Temperature = 70°C

PG Grade Low Temperature = -12-10 = -22°C
So, the asphalt grade is PG 70-22.

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